Lecture presented on the current state of Ghana electricity supply and RE potential. Issues such as RE barriers and RE polices are also presented

1. CURRENT STATE OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY-
THE POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY(RE) IN GHANA”
PRESENTED: UNIDO-ISEC Center, Lanzhou-
China
June, 2015
By Felix Amankwah Diawuo
Team Members: Sharon; Frank; Rashid

2. Presentation outline
• Introduction-Geographical background
• Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in
perspective (Demand and Supply)
• RE generation potential in Ghana
• RE Barriers
• RE Policies
• Conclusion
• References
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3. Introduction-Geographical Background
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Location: West Africa
Climate: Tropical Zone
Land size: 240,000km2
Population: 25million
GDP: US$ 43 Billion
CO2 Emission: 0.4 kg/capita

4. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in
perspective
ElectricityConsumption
76%
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0.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
8,000.00
10,000.00
12,000.00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
GWh
Year
Total Electricity Consumed (GWh)
Total Electricity Consumed (GWh)

5. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in
perspective
LoadProfile
5
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6. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian
situation in perspective
6
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
H15
H16
H17
H18
H19
H20
H21
H22
H23
H24
MW
Hour
Industrial sector
Commercial sector
Residential sector
Total demand
Daily Sectorial Demand Characteristic Curve
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7. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation
in perspective
7
Pattern of Yearly Sectorial Consumption in Ghana since the year 2000
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8. EnergyOutlook-TheGhanaiansituationin
perspective
• Basically 2 Types of Power Generation:
Hydropower (about 57%)
Thermal Plants: Fuel Flexibility (NG, LCO or DIESEL)
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9. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in
perspective
Installed grid electricity generation Capacity, 2013 (EC, 2014)
• Maximum Capacity =2,631.0 MW
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10. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in
perspective
• Location of some Existing Plants
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11. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation
in perspective
11
Demand vs Supply
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0.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
8,000.00
10,000.00
12,000.00
14,000.00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
GWh
Year
Total Electricity Consumed (GWh)
Total Electricity Generated

12. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation
in perspective
12
Ghana’s total available capacity compared to peak demand
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13. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation
in perspective
13
Reserve Margin based on Generation and Demand Forecast: 2010-2020
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
MW
year
New Capacity_Dep
Existing Capacity_Dep
System Peak
System Peak + 15% Reserve Margin

14. Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in
perspective
• Transmission and Distribution losses in Ghana:
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15. Generation Potential Resource: Solar
• Daily Solar Irradiation: 4-6 kWh/m2/year
• Annual Sunshine Duration: 1800-3000 hrs
• Estimated Possible Energy Harness: 35 EJ (9.7 PWh)
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16. Generation Potential Resource: Solar
Potential of Solar energy resources at some selected locations in
Ghana
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17. Generation Potential Resource: Solar
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18. Generation Potential Resource: Solar
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19. Generation Potential Resource: WIND
• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along the coast: 7-9m/s
[3000MW/7300GWh]
• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along Border: 9-9.9m/s [300MW/800GWh]
• Wind Power Density: 600-800W/m2
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20. Generation Potential Resource: WIND
Wind energy resource of Ghana at 50m height
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21. Generation Potential Resource: WIND
Measured wind speed at 40 m, 50 m and 60 m height of NRG 60 m XHD wind
mast
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22. Generation Potential Resource: WIND
• No of potential sites: 70
• Potential Generation Capacity:2000MW
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23. Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS
RESOURCE
• Biomass energy accounts for 50% of Africa’s total
primary energy supply, and about 60% in sub-
Saharan Africa.
• Biomass resources cover about 20.8 million
hectares of the 23.8 million hectare land mass of
Ghana and supply about 64% of the total energy
used in the country.
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24. GenerationPotentialResource:BIOMASS RESOURCE
It has been estimated that there are 553,000 tonnes
of maize cob and stalk produced with a potential
energy of 17.65-18.77 MJ/kg and 19 tonnes of
paddy rice husks with a potential energy of 16.14
MJ/kg.
As well, 193,000 tonnes of oil palm shells, 136,000
tonnes of sorghum stalks, 150,000 tons of millet
stalks and 56,000 tonnes of groundnut shells
•The waste generation per day in the
city is about 0.6 kg/person
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25. GenerationPotentialResource:BIOMASS
Average household waste composition in Kumasi
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26. Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS
Location Installed
Capacity (kW)
Average Annual
Generation (GWh)
Kwae Oil Palm 420 1.50
Juanben Oil
Palm
424 1.50
Benso Oil Mill 500 1.90
Twifo Oil Palm 610 2.10
Total 1954 7.00
Installed biomass co-generation plants in Ghana
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27. Barriers to RE Utilization
The barriers to renewable energy exploitation in
Ghana include:
• higher electricity costs compared to the non-renewably-
sourced electricity
• compatibility with existing transmission and distribution
networks
• the remoteness of resources from key electricity demand
sectors
• technological immaturity
• institutional inexperience and the lack of skilled technical
manpower to oversee renewable energy projects
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28. RE Policies
•Regulatory Framework
Renewable Energy Act, 2011 (Act
832)
•To stimulate massive investment
into the renewable energy sector.
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29. RE Policies
The recently passed Renewable Energy Act to generate 10% of the country’s
electricity from RE sources by the year 2020.
Some Specific policies has been introduced:
• feed-in-tariff (FIT) scheme which is made up of feed-in-tariff rates
• mandatory purchase of electricity generated from renewable sources
• free access to the distribution and transmission systems
• creation of the Renewable Energy Fund dedicated to the promotion
development of the renewable energy sub-sector in Ghana (monies
accrued shall be used for financial incentives, capital subsidies, promotion
of
-Scientific, technological and innovative research into renewable energy.
–research into the establishment of standards for the utilisation of
renewable energy.
–the production or fabrication of equipment for the development and
utilisation of renewable energy in the country.
• Capacity building
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30. RE Policies
Technology Specific feed-in-tariff
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Technology Capacity Factor
Rate (U$
Cent/kWh)
Solar 19 20.3000
Wind 28 12.5521
Biomass 50 12.2759
Waste to
energy
50 12.5900
Hydro 55 11.1336

31. Conclusion
• It is very feasible to meet energy demand gap
and sustained spinning margin with RE systems.
• Strategic policies to meet the demand short fall
is elaborate but IMPLEMENTATION????????
• Sun is going to shine for another billion years.
That means solar energy is renewable and
sustainable. Moving water and strong winds
will continue to supply constant source of
energy with less pollution….THE WAY TO GO!!!! 31
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32. References
[1] EC, 2014. National Energy Statistics 2000-2013, Energy
Commission, Ghana
[2] Kemausuor F., Obeng, G. Y., Brew-Hammond A., & Duker A. A
review of trends, policies and plans for increasing energy
access in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15
(2011) 5143-5154.
[3] Gyamfi, S., Modjinou, M., Djordjevic, S. Improving electricity
supply in Ghana-The potential of renewable energy. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43 (2015) 1035-1045
[4] UN 2015. United Nation Data.
file:///F:/UNIDO%20GNERI/UNdata%20_%20country%20profile%
20_%20Ghana.htm
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33. MEDAASE!!!!
XIE XIE!!!!
THANK YOU!!!
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