1. Geologic Time Scale Relevant to Primate & Hominin Evolution

2. Animal life diversifies starting in the Phanerozoic Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Carboniferous Triassic Jurassic & Cretaceous Ordovician Silurian Devonian Permian Cambrian 570 mya 500 430 395 345 280 225 190 Marine invertebrates First vertebrates Arthropods Expansion of reptiles, decline of amphibians Age of Fishes, 1st amphibians & insects Age of amphibians, 1st reptiles, 1st great insect radiation

3. Cenozoic Era Cretacous Period Triassic Period Jurassic Period 225 190 136 65 Age of dinosaurs 1st birds Mammals, birds, insects flourish 1st Mammals (Monotremes) & dinosaurs 1st flowering trees (angiosperms) !st Marsupials, Placental mammals Dinosaurs vanish @ 65mya Mesozoic Era

4. Primates finally start to enter the scene, 65 mya Cenozoic Era: 65 my - present: 3 Periods: 7 Epochs Pliocene Pleistocene Eocene Oligocene Paleocene Epoch Miocene 1.8 mya Holoocene 10 kya 5 23 65 54 34 Oldest primates(?) Plesiadapiforms First Primates Evolve Prosimians thrive 1st Anthropoids Evolve Monkeys & 1st primates in South America Hominins Humans 1st Hominoids

5. Mammalian Evolution: A summary Paleozoic: Devonian: First mammal-like reptiles (Therapsids) Mesozoic: Triassic: First mammals (Monotremes) Mesozoic: Cretaceous: First Marsupials & Placental mammals, Cenozoic Paleocene: Plesiadapiforms & 1st true primates Eocene: Prosimians thrive + first Anthropoids Oligocene: Anthropoids spread + first Hominoids Miocene & Pliocene: First Hominids (7-1.7 mya) Pleistocene: First Hominines (1.7-0.1 mya) 200,000-100,000 ya: First Humans Holocene: 10,000 ya: History

6. Over last 200 my, the earth rearranged itself

7. Continental drift is important part of human history because it changed global climates Temperatures have declined steeply from Eocene to present Huge fluctuations in last 5 my 25C = 77 F 10C = 50 F

8. The Mesozoic Triasic (225 mya) Pangea was a single continent Dinosaurs & small mammals evolve Pangea HUGE land mass = cold winters, hot moist summers (Wisconsin) 200 mya Pangea starts breaking up --> Laurasia & Gondawana Oceans are barriers to gene flow = new species form World gets warmer when continent splits Dinosaurs and mammals evolve in this warmer world Rise of angiosperms = fruits bearing trees = new foods

9. The Cenozoic: Paleogene Period Mammalian adaptive radiation to fill angiosperm niches Paleocene wet & warm Eocene wetter & warmer Tropical forests SA isolated from NA & Europe = new species Primates (prosimians) highly successful & diverse First anthropoids appear Oligocene getting colder & drier, more seasonal variation Mostly modern continent positions SA still separate Cold water currents cooling earth but Africa & SA tropical forests Monkeys prosper, first hominoids appear

10. The Cenozoic: Neogene Period & Quaternary Neogene Period Miocene warm & moist at beginning, got colder & drier Forests retreating = open woodland habitat Himalayas form = block warm & create cold air currents Rift valley forms = rain shadow & dry savannah in Africa First hominins evolved (late Miocene) Pliocene begins frequent temperature fluctuations Hominins diversify Quaternary Period Pleistocene: extreme temperature fluctuations Modern humans evolve