Ch. 1 key ideas review

1. Chapter 1 review

2. Ancient civilizations Mesopotamia: Code of Hammurabi- earliest known set of laws Egypt: One of the oldest civilizations Ruled by Pharaohs and very powerful and stable Israelites: A united kingdom with Jerusalem as the capital. After King Solomon died it split into 2 kingdoms Israel and Judah (Jews and Judaism)

3. Ancient India Caste System: a social system that divided society into 4 classes based on occupation and family Hinduism: Believed that the individual self sought to know the ultimate reality of the universe. Reincarnation and Karma Buddhism: Started by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddah). Focused on gaining wisdom.

4. Ancient China History separated by dynasties Dynasty: A succession of rulers from the same family Family is the core of society Confucianism: Came from lessons of a philosopher named Confucious. Emphasized how to act morally in the real world. Believed people were naturally good

5. Greek Civiliazation Polis (city-state)- center of Greek life. A city with an acropolis below where people could gather and hold markets Some ruled by an Oligarchy and others by a democracy, but all gave political rights to citizens Sparta and Athens were both powerful city-states Sparta was very militaristic, Athens was a great sea power

6. Greek Philosophy Socrates: Athenian stonemason who believed that education had no other goal than improving human understanding. Socratic Method: believed that all knowledge was already in each person and it just needed to be drawn out. Plato: A student of Socrates. He wrote The Republic describing an ideal state with 3 groups Aristotle: A student of Plato. Focused on analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation.

7. Rome Created a republic- a form of government where there is no monarch and certain citizens can vote. Roman law applied only to citizens. Had a huge impact of some of our laws today Christianity was born and spread in the Roman empire

8. Islam “Submission to Allah” Started by Muhammad (the prophet) Believed an Angel spoke to him and revealed the words that are now the Quran Muslim religion spread quickly through the Middle East and then to Africa and Europe.

9. Europe in the Middle Ages Charlemagne- king of the Franks who became the first Roman emperor in many years Feudalism: Nobles gave protection and land in return for loyalty and service Magna Carta: gave more rights to nobles, limiting a monarchs power.

10. Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance was based on a rebirth of the culture of Greeks and Romans Leonardo da Vinci- a “Renaissance Man” Protestant Reformation: a questioning of Catholicism and it’s ideas- Martin Luther Lead to the creation of the protestant church