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Microeconomics
Chapter 15
!

Monopoly
How many firms does it
take to compete?
How many firms does it
take to compete?
One
Monopoly
Monopoly
Only Seller	

No Close Substitutes
Barriers to Entry
Barriers to Entry
Government Protection	

Key Resource	

Network Externalities	

Economies of Scale
Patents
!

!

Copyrights
Patents
20 Years	

!

!

Copyrights
!

!

Lifetime plus 70 Years
Franchise
Franchise
Exclusive Legal Provider
New Drugs
New Drugs
10 Years of Testing 	

before Approval	

!

10 Years of Monopoly
Network Externalities
Network Externalities
The more who use it	

!

The more valuable it
becomes
Natural Monopoly
Natural Monopoly
One firm can supply
entire market at a lower
average cost than two or
more firms
Natural Monopoly
Natural Monopoly
The more I make	

the lower my costs	

!

Large Fixed Costs
Is competition
always good?
Is competition
always good?
Sometimes it can lead to
higher prices
Monopoly
Output and Price
Monopoly
Output and Price
Lower Price:	

Good: Sell More	

Bad: Less Revenue Per Unit
Perfect Competition
Perfect Competition
$

Quantity
Perfect Competition
$

P

Demand=MR

Quantity
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

MC

P

Demand=MR

Quantity
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

MC

P

Demand=MR

Quantity
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

MC

P

Demand=MR

Quantity

Q
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

MC

P

Demand=MR

Total Revenue

Quantity

Q
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC

P

Demand=MR

Total Revenue

Quantity

Q
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC

P

Demand=MR

Total Revenue

Quantity

Q
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC

P

Demand=MR

Total Cost

Quantity

Q
Perfect Competition
$
Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC

P

Demand=MR

Profit

Total Cost

Quantity

Q
Perfect Competition
Perfect Competition
Demand
Perfect Competition
Demand
MR
Perfect Competition
Demand = MR
Monopoly
Demand

MR
Monopoly
MR

Demand
Monopoly

Demand

MR
Perfect Competition

Q

D

TR

MR

Monopoly

D

TR

MR

1
2
3
4
5
Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition

Q

D

TR

MR

Monopoly

D

TR

MR

1
2
3
4
5
Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition

Q

D

1

$3

2

$3

3

$3

4

$3

5

TR

MR

Monopoly

D

TR

MR

$3

Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition

Q

D

TR

1

$3

$3

2

$3

$6

3

$3

$9

4

$3

$12

5

$3

MR

Monopoly

D

TR

MR

$15

Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition

Q

D

TR

MR

1

$3

$3

$3

2

$3

$6

$3

3

$3

$9

$3

4

$3

$12

$3

5

$3

$15

Monopoly

D

TR

MR

$3

Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition

Monopoly

Q

D

TR

MR

D

1

$3

$3

$3

$5

2

$3

$6

$3

$4

3

$3

$9

$3

$3

4

$3

$12

$3

$2

5

$3

$15

$3

TR

MR

$1

Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition

Monopoly

Q

D

TR

MR

D

TR

1

$3

$3

$3

$5

$5

2

$3

$6

$3

$4

$8

3

$3

$9

$3

$3

$9

4

$3

$12

$3

$2

$8

5

$3

$15

$3

$1

MR

$5

Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition

Monopoly

Q

D

TR

MR

D

TR

MR

1

$3

$3

$3

$5

$5

$5

2

$3

$6

$3

$4

$8

$3

3

$3

$9

$3

$3

$9

$1

4

$3

$12

$3

$2

$8

-$1

5

$3

$15

$3

$1

$5

-$3

Monopoly: To get more Quantity must lower price
Perfect Competition
Demand
Perfect Competition
Demand = MR
Monopoly

Demand
MR
Price Qty

Monopoly

TR

Price
$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

MR

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR

Price
$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

MR

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

Price
$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

MR

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

Price
$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

MR
$5

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price

TR
$5

2

$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

MR
$5

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price

2

TR
$5
$8

$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

MR
$5

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price

2

TR
$5

MR
$5

$8

$3

$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price

2

TR
$5

MR
$5

$8

$3

$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price

2

TR
$5

MR
$5

$8

$3

$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

Lose Gain
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price
$5
$4

2

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$8

$3

-$1

Lose

$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price
$5
$4

2

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$8

$3

-$1

Lose
Gain

$3
$2

Demand

$1
$0

TR
$5

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price
$5
$4

2

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$8

$3

-$1

Lose
Gain

$3
$2

Demand

$1
$0

TR
$5

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price
$5
$4

2

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$8

$3

-$1

Lose
Gain

$3
$2

Demand

$1
$0

TR
$5

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4

Price

2

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$8

$3

-$1

$5
$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

$4
$3

Price
$5

2

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$8

$3

-$1

3

$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$3

-$1

$4

$5

$8

$3

Price

2
3

$9

$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain
-$1

$4

$5

$8

$3

$3

Price

2
3

$9

$1

$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

Lose Gain

2

$8

$3

-$1

$3

$5
$3

MR
$5

$4

Price
$4

TR
$5

3

$9

$1

-$2

Lose

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

$4
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

2

$8

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

Lose
Gain

$2
$1
$0

Lose Gain

$3

$5
$3

MR
$5

$4

Price
$4

TR
$5

1

2

Demand

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$5

$8

$3

-$1

$4

$3

Price

2
3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

$4
$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2
4

$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2
4

$8

$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2
4

$8

-$1

$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

2

$8

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

$2

$4

4

$8

-$1

-$3

Lose
Demand

$1
$0

Lose Gain

$3

$5

$2

MR
$5

$4

Price

$3

TR
$5

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

2

$8

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

$2

$4

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

Lose
Demand

Gain

$1
$0

Lose Gain

$3

$5

$2

MR
$5

$4

Price

$3

TR
$5

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2
4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$3
$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

-$3

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3
$2

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$8

$2

$5

2

$3

Price

5

$5

-$3

-$4

Lose

$1
$0

TR
$5

1

2

Demand

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3
$2

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$8

$2

$5

2

$3

Price

5

$5

-$3

-$4

$1

Lose

Demand

Gain

$1
$0

TR
$5

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

-$3

-$4

$1

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

-$3

-$4

$1

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

-$3

-$4

$1

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

-$3

-$4

$1

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

-$3

-$4

$1

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty
Price Qty
$5
1

Monopoly

TR
$5

MR
$5

Lose Gain

$4

$3

-$1

$4

3

$9

$1

-$2

$3

4

$8

-$1

-$3

$2

$1

$4

$3

$2

$5

$8

$3

Price

2

5

$5

-$3

-$4

$1

$2
Demand

$1
$0

1

2

3

4

5

Qty

Marginal Revenue MR
Monopoly
$

Q
Monopoly
$

Demand

Q
Monopoly
$

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

MC

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

MC
1. MR=MC?

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

MC
1. MR=MC?

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

MC
1. MR=MC?

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

MC
1. MR=MC?

P

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

MC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q

P

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q

P

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q

P

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q

P

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q

P

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q

P

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q

P

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q
4. Profit =TR-TC	

or (P-ATC) x Q

P

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q
4. Profit =TR-TC	

or (P-ATC) x Q

P

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

P

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q
4. Profit =TR-TC	

or (P-ATC) x Q

Profit

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$

P

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q
4. Profit =TR-TC	

or (P-ATC) x Q

Profit

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$
Consumer 	

Surplus

P

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q
4. Profit =TR-TC	

or (P-ATC) x Q

Profit

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$
Consumer 	

Surplus

P

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q
4. Profit =TR-TC	

or (P-ATC) x Q

Profit

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
Monopoly
$
Consumer 	

Surplus

P

Marginal Cost	

Average Cost	

MC
ATC
1. MR=MC?
2. TR= P x Q
3. TC=ATC x Q
4. Profit =TR-TC	

or (P-ATC) x Q

Deadweight 	

Loss

Profit

Cost

Demand
Marginal Revenue MR

Q

Q
$10
$9
$8
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
$2
$1
$0
0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Quantity

7

8

9

10
$10
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Price	

Discrimination
Price	

Discrimination
Selling the same good to
different customers at
different prices

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