Biodiesel a green fuel | Gaurav Singh Rajput

1. PRESENTED BY:-
GAURAV SINGH RAJPUT
SAFETY & FIRE ENGG
SEM-7
ROLL NO.-15
SOE,CUSAT
@gauravkrsrajput

3.  Alternative fuel for diesel engines
 Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
 Meets health effect testing (CAA)
 Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer
 Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
 Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl
esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
Vegetable Oil
BiodieselFA
FAFA
FA

4. ●Biodiesel, derived from the trans-esterification of
vegetable oils or animal fats, is composed of
saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid
alkyl esters.
●In spite of having some application problems,
recently it is being considered as one of the
most promising alternative fuels in internal
combustion engine

5.  Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum
diesel (B20, BXX).
 Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil.
 Little or no engine modifications
 Use existing fuel distribution network.
 Available now

6. ●A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel.
These include:
●virgin oil feedstock, rapeseed and soybean oils are
most commonly used. Soybean oil alone account
for 90% of all fuel stock.
●waste vegetable oil(WVO).
●animal fats including tallow, chicken fat, etc.
●sewage.
●methanol
●caustic soda or KOH.

10.  Biodiesel has a number of raw materials but it
is more commonly produced from vegetable
oil, animal fats and methanol.
 The most common method for its
manufacture is synthesis by reacting a
glyceride-containing plant oil with a short
chain alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in a
step known as transesterification.

11. Pictorial by Graydon Blair of the Utah Biodiesel Cooperative
http://www.utahbiodiesel.org/biodiesel_making.html

12. After Glycerin removal, biodiesel now just needs
to be cleaned/purified before use:

13.  Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride
with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…).
 What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of
glycerol and three fatty acids:

14. CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH
|  |
CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH  3CH3OORx + CHOH
| |
CH2OOR3 CH2OH
Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the
same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved
determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold
flow properties, etc.)

15. H O H
| | |
HCOR1 H HCO H O
| | | | |
HCOOR2 + HCONa +H2O  CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH
| | | |
HCOR3 H HCOR3 H
| | | |
H O H O
Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O  Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH

18. ●Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative
fuels to meet the energy crisis due to fossil fuel
depletion and environmental degradation.
●Just like petroleum diesel, biodiesel operates in
compression-ignition engines with little or no
modification.
●biodiesel offers advantages regarding the engine
wear, cost, and availability.
●When burned, biodiesel produces pollutants that are
less detrimental to human health.
●it provides better lubricity as compared to that of
diesel fuel.

19.  Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
 Fossil fuels are a
finite resource
Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage
Biodiesel’s Closed
Carbon Cycle
30% Increase

20. ●biodiesel reduces the emission of CO by approx 50% and CO2
by 78% on a net lifecycle basis.
●biodiesel can reduce by as much as 20% the direct emission of
particulates compared with low sulfur diesel.
●biodiesel has a higher cetane rating than petrol diesel,which
can improve performance and clean up emissions compared
to crude petrodiesel.
●biodiesel is biodegradable, and non-toxic – the
U.S.department of energy confirms that biodiesel is less
toxic than table salt and biodegrades as quickly as sugar.
●in the United States,biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to
have successfully completed the Health Effects Testing
requirements(Tier 1& Tier 2)of the Clean Air Act(1990).

21. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gasoline
CNG
LPG
Diesel
Ethanol 85%
B20
Diesel Hybrid
Electric
B100
Data from “A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative
Fuels”, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001
B100 = 100% Biodiesel
B20 = 20% BD + 80% PD

22. ** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
**NOx
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2
Percent
B100 **
B20
Diesel

23. ●To grow oil rich crops such as oil palm,countries may clear
cut large areas of tropical forest.
●loss of habitat on such a scale could endanger numerous
species of plants and animals.
●due to its unsaturated molecules and compositional effects,
it is more oxidative and causes enhanced corrosion and
material degradation.
●it is observed that copper alloys were more prone to
corrosion in biodiesel as compared with ferrous alloys.
●When stored for longer periods, biodiesel tends to turn to a
gel like substance, which can lead to clogging of various
engine parts. These biofuels may also lead to microbial
growth, and thus cause some damage to the engine.

24. ● Biodiesel is a safe alternative fuel to replace traditional
petroleum diesel. It has high-lubricity, is a clean-burning
fuel and can be a fuel component for use in existing,
unmodified diesel engines.
●This means that no retrofits are necessary when using
biodiesel fuel in any diesel powered combustion engine.
● It is the only alternative fuel that offers such
convenience. Biodiesel acts like petroleum diesel, but
produces less air pollution, comes from renewable
sources, is biodegradable and is safer for the
environment.
●Producing biodiesel fuels can help create local economic
revitalization and local environmental benefits.

25.  Dont use plastic for the biodiesel reactor as it is
not suitable for the temperatures required and at
these temperatures the fittings come loose as the
plastic goes soft resulting in leaks. Leaking
methanol can easily catch fire, especially if there is
a source of ignition such as an everyday
unapproved pump.
 Use electrical and mechanical equipment that
conforms to the EU regulations for areas that may
contain methanol vapour (methanol vapour is
explosive at just 5% concentration with air).

26.  Dont advise people to add methanol to the hot oil.
Always add methanol to oil and stir whilst doing
so.
 Never add water to acid or methanol to caustic
soda.
 Always have very good ventilation in your
workspace.
 Never make biodiesel in the house or in a garage
adjoining, or part of, a home.
 Never use plastic piping for the transport of any
fluid containing methanol downstream of any
pump.
 Never breathe in methanol fumes, even if at low
concentrations.

27. ●Biodiesel fuel gives a way for safe, reliable and
automated Source of energy. It is a clean and
renewable fuel.
●Alternative fuels and energy sources are an issue
of increasing importance - not only among the
scientific and engineering community, but also in
economics and public policy.
●Alternative fuels and energy sources provide an
excellent opportunity to introducing a variety of
science topics, and increasing student interest in
those topics.
●Science and engineering fields are increasingly
disciplinary - lessons on biodiesel can demonstrate
that clearly, by showing the overlapping of
biology, chemistry, and physics in studying this
and other alternative fuels.

28.  REFERANCES:
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
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