3. Fate of Toxins
Many are broken down by natural processes
Two types persist in the environment
Heavy metals
Synthetic organics
4. Heavy Metals
Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, tin, chromium,
zinc, copper.
Used in metal-working, paint, and pesticides, among
other products
Soluble in water and readily absorbed by body.
Interfere with enzyme function.
Example: mental retardation from lead poisoning.
5. Synthetic Organics
Chemical basis for plastics, synthetic fibers and rubber,
solvents, and pesticides.
Resistant to biodegradation.
Major health effects: carcinogenic and mutagenic.
Halogenated hydrocarbons
At least one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a
halogen atom
Chlorine (most common)
Bromine
Fluorine
Iodine
7. Toxic Tragedy
Minamata disease
Small fishing village in Japan
Suffered from mercury poisoning
biomagnification
“Mad as a hatter”
Hat makers exposed to mercury suffered from
insanity
8. “ Hazardous waste” means any waste by reason of its
physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
explosive or corrosive characteristics
causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or
environment, whether alone or when in contact
with other wastes or substances
9. Definition of Hazardous Wastes
In India, according to Hazardous waste Management & Handling Rules
(MOEF Notification dated 20th May 2003-Part 2).
“Any substance, whether in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which has no
foreseeable use and which by reasons of any physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,
flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or infectious characteristics causes
danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or
when in contact with other wastes or environment, and should be considered as
such when generated, handled, stored, transported, treated and disposed of”.
The Basel Convention defines hazardous wastes as follows :
"Wastes" are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.
11. Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes
if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics
E1 Flammable
Flammable wastes with flash point 65.6 °C or
below.
Solid at STP capable of causing fire through
friction, moisture changes or spontaneous chemical
changes
Oxidizer
E2 Explosive
Wastes which may explode under the effect of
flame heat and photochemical conditions.
Any other waste of explosive materials included in
the Indian Explosive Act.
Unstable
Reactive with water
Capable of detonation
12. Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes
if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics
E3Corrosive
Wastes which may be corrosive, by chemical
action will cause severe damage when in contact
with living tissue.
pH < 2 or pH > 12.5
E4 Toxic
Wastes containing or contaminated with
established toxic and or eco-toxic constituents.
EPA definition
Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine
disruptivity
Wastes contaminated or containing established
carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruptors.
13. Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Wastes can be classified under the following categories:-
• Explosive
• Corrosive
• Oxidizing
• Flammable
• Infectious
• Irritant
• Toxic
• Toxic for reproduction
• Harmful
• Mutagenic
• Exotoxic
• Carcinogenic
• Residuary hazardous property
14. Hazardous Waste Assessment Methodology
Source Revision of criteria and protocols of assessment and classification of
hazardous waste Public Consultation Document R&D Project No P1-482 September
2002
16. Generation of hazardous waste
• Hazardous wastes are generated from industrial processes,
mining extraction, tailings from pesticide based agricultural
practices, etc.
• Industrial operations generate considerable quantities of
hazardous waste and in rapidly industrializing countries such
as India the contribution to hazardous waste from industries is
largest. Since industrial units are spread all over the country,
the impacts are region-wide.
• States such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, TamilNadu, and Andhra
Pradesh, which and have undergone relatively greater
industrial expansion, face problems of toxic and hazardous
waste disposal far more acutely than less developed states.
17. Global Scenario
Large manufacturing industries like chemical, metal,
electrical, petroleum, transportation etc., generate
hazardous wastes at the rate of more than 1000
kg/month/unit.
More than 80% of the world's hazardous waste is produced
in the United States and other industrial countries.
300-500 million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic
sludge, and other wastes accumulate every year from
industry.
In developing countries, 70% of industrial wastes are
dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the
usable water supply.
18. Hazardous Waste Management in India
India is the second fastest growing economy. It accounts for ~ 20% of Asian
and ~ 10% of global growth.
7.2 million tonnes / year generated:
1.4 million tonnes are recyclable
0.1 million tonnes are incinerable
5.2 million tonnes are destined for disposal on land
80 percent of hazardous waste is generated:
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
19. Hazardous waste market worth C$52 million in 2003 with annual
growth of 7 percent until 2010
Sources of hazardous waste generation:
• Medical and pharmaceuticals
• Scrap recycling (ship breaking industry)
• Asbestos
• Paints and dyes
• Caustic soda producers
• Pesticides and fertilizers
• Petroleum and petrochemicals
• Inorganic chemicals
• mining extraction
• tailings from pesticide based agricultural practices
• general engineering
22. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal
The convention is ratified by 35 countries, it entered
into force on 5th May, 1992. The main principle of the
convention is to regulate the Transboundary movement
of hazardous wastes with prior informed consent of the
importing country and to ensure environmentally sound
management of hazardous wastes. The convention seeks
to prohibited the export of hazardous wastes without
the consent of the importing country.
23. Basel Convention
Basel convention is an international environment agreement on
“control of trans boundary movement and disposal of hazardous
waste” which was drafed on 22nd March, 1989.
Basel BAN
On 31st Dec, 1997 a “total ban” on the trans boundary movement was
decided rather than “control” or the “partial transboundary movement”
of hazardous waste from OECD (Organisation for Economic
Corporation and Development) to non OECD.
26. (5) The State Government or a person authorized by it shall undertake a
continuing programme to identify the sites and compile and publish
periodically an inventory of disposal sites within the State for the disposal of
hazardous wastes.
(6) The State Government or a person authorised by it shall undertake an
environmental impact study before identifying a site as waste disposal site in
the State.
(7) The occupier generating hazardous waste and operator of a facility for
collection, reception, treatment, transport, storage and disposal of hazardous
waste shall maintain records of such operations in prescribed Form
(8) Where an accident occurs at the facility or on a hazardous waste site or
during transportation of hazardous wastes, the occupier or operator of a
facility shall report immediately to the State
27. The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling Rules)
1989, Amends., 2000, 2003
•Ensure proper collection, reception, treatment, storage
and disposal of hazardous wastes.
•Apply for renewal of authorization before expiry of the
validity period
•Maintain records of hazardous wastes handling (Form 3)
•Submit “Annual Returns” to the SPCB (Form 4)
•Report to the SPCB any accident
•Labeling / Packaging / Transportation of HW as per
Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 and Rules, 1989
Contd….
29. List of waste constituents with Concentration Limits
Class A: CCoonncceennttrraattiioonn lliimmiitt:: 5500 mmgg//KKgg..
A1 Antimony and antimony compounds
A2 Arsenic and arsenic compounds
A3 Berylium and berylium compounds
A4 Cadmium and cadmium compounds
A5 Chromium and chromium compounds
A6 Mercury and mercury compounds
A7 Selenium and selenium compounds
A8 Tellerium and tellerium compounds
A9 Thallium and thallium compounds
A10 Inorganic cyanide compounds
33. B21 Asbestos
B22 Halogen-silanes
B23 Hydrazines
B24 Flourine
B25 Chlorine
B26 Bromine.
B27 White and red phosphorus
B28 Ferro-silicate and alloys
B29 Manganese-silicate
B30 Halogen-containing compounds which produce acidic
vapors on contact with humid air or water ,e.g. silicon
tetrachloride,aluminium chloride, titanium
tetrachloride
37. Hazardous Waste Classification: as per Hazardous
Waste Rules 2003 India
Waste Categories Type of Waste Regulatory Quantities
Waste category 1 Cyanide wastes 1 Kg per year
Waste category 2 Metal finishing wastes 10 Kg per year
Waste category 3 Waste containing water
soluble chemical
compounds of Lead, Cr,
Cu, Zn, Ni, Ba, Sb
10 Kg per year
Waste category 4 Arsenic, Thalium, Cd, Hg
bearing wastes
5 Kg per year
Waste category 5 Non Hydrogenated
hydrocarbons
200 Kg per year
Waste category 6 Halogenated hydrocarbons 50 Kg per year
38. Hazardous Waste Classification: as per Hazardous Waste Rules 2003 India
Waste Categories Type of Waste Regulatory Quantities
Waste category 7 Wastes from paints, pigments,
glue, varnish and printing ink
250 Kg per year
Waste category 8 Wastes from dyes and dye
intermediates containing inorganic
compounds
200 Kg per year
Waste category 9 Wastes from dyes and dye
intermediates containing organic
compounds
50 Kg per year
Waste category 10 Waste oil and oil emulsions 1000 Kg per year
Waste category 11 Tarry wastes from refining and tar
residues from distillation or
pyrolytic treatment
200 Kg per year
39. Hazardous Waste Classification: as per Hazardous
Waste Categories Type of Waste Regulatory Quantities
Waste category 12 Sludges from treatment of waste waters
containing heavy metals, toxic organics,
oil emulsions, incineration ash
Irrespective of quantity
Waste category 13 Asbestos 5Kg per year
Waste category 14 Phenols 200 Kg per year
Waste category 15 Wastes from manufacture of pesticides
and herbicides
5 Kg per year
Waste category 16 Acid / alkaline slurry 200 Kg per year
Waste category 17 Off spec/ discarded products Irrespective of quantity
Waste category 18 Discarded containers and liners of
hazardous and toxic wastes
Irrespective of quantity
Waste Rules 2003 India
56. Special Measures during HW disposal
Banning liquids from landfills.
Banning underground injection of hazardous waste within 500
m of a drinking-water well.
Requiring more stringent structural and design conditions
for landfills and surface impoundments, including two or
more liners, leachate collection systems above and between
the liners, and ground water monitoring.
Requiring cleanup or corrective action if hazardous waste
leaks from a facility.
Requiring information from disposal facilities on pathways of
potential human exposure to hazardous substances.
Requiring location standards that are protective of human
health and environment.
63. HAZARDOUS WASTE LIFE CYCLE
Process
Raw Materials
Catalyst
Products
Hazardous
Wastes
Wastes other than
Hazardous Wastes
for treatment &
further
reuse /
disposal
Recycled in other
industries
Treatment
Wastes with
Potential reuse
Landfill till HW cycle
is complete
