bioinformatics

1. Evolution of dental
informatics as a major
research tool in
oral pathology.
Jr. of oral & maxillofacial pathology
Vol 16 issue 1 jan-apr 2012.
Dr. Gaurav S.Salunkhe
PG- Oral Pthology

2. Biology
Computer
science
Bioinformatics

3. DEALS WITH
Collecting Data
Storing Data
Retrieving Data

4. Biomedical informatics,
incorporates the knowledge of
Health
science
Biostatistics
Computer
science
Engineering
Management
science
Information
technology

5. History
 In 1970 Paulien Hogeweg coined the term
“BIOINFORMATICS”.
 While Margaret O. Dayhoff is said to be
the “Mother and Father of bio -
informatics”.

6. GOALS
 The primary goal is to increase the
understanding of biological processes.
 Application of computational intensive
techniques.
 The main goal of the dental informatics is
to improve patient out come.

7. Major research in this field are
Gene
finding
Genome
assembly
Protein str.
alignment
Protein str.
prediction
Protein-
protein
interaction
Drug
design
Drug
discovery

8. Bio-informatics must support and
improve the diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of disease and traumatic
injury, relive pain and pressure and
improve oral heath.

9. Evolution of Dental Informatics
 The national library of medicine MEDLINE
is the world’s largest biomedical literature
data base and stores data from all health
care disciplines.
 Similarly Gen Bank, a data base of gene
and protein sequence information, to
which researchers from several domains
contribute.

10. Applications of dental informatics
in oral pathology
 Early detection of oral cancer.
 Genomics in oral pathology.
 Proteomics in oral pathology.
 Microarrays.

11. Early detection of oral cancer
 Oral cancer is one of the most common
cause of cancer related death world wide.
 Early detection will improve cure rates
and patients quality of life.
 Unfortunately, more than 50% of patients
with oral cancer display evidence of
spread to regional lymph node and
metastases at the time of diagnosis.

12.  Evolution of CDx system has contributed
to negating this drawback.
 It’s a USA based company, of automatic
pathology laboratory.


13. Oral CDx brush biopsy kit

14. Oral CDx Brush

17.  With this method optimizing human
and computer capabilities it becomes
possible to identify cellular
abnormalities that might otherwise
have been missed with manual
microscopic screening.

18. Genomics in oral pathology
 It is derived from German word
“Genom”.
 The term “Genomics” was coined by
Dr. Tom Rodericks, a geneticist at the
Jackson Laboratory at a meeting held
in Maryland on the mapping of the
human genome in 1986.
 Genome is all the DNA contained in an
organism.

19.  Genomics is the study of functions
and interaction of all the genes in the
genome, including their interaction
with environmental factors.

20.  The first free-living organism to be
sequenced was that of ''Haemophilus
influenzae'' in 1995, and since then
genomes are being sequenced at a rapid
pace.
 As of September 2007, the complete
sequence was known of about
1879 viruses , 577 bacterial species and
roughly 23 eukaryote organisms, of which
about half are fungi.

21. Genomics
Gene
Host
interaction
Environment

22. Proteomics in oral pathology
 Proteomics is the large scale study of
proteins, particularly their structure and
functions.
 The term proteomic was coined in the
year 1997.
 The word proteome is a blend of PROTEin
and genOME.
 PROTEOME was coined in 1994 by
Marc Wilkins.

23. Marc R. Wilkins is an Australian
scientist who is credited with the
concept of the proteome, and is a
Professor in the School of
Biotechnology and Bio molecular
Sciences at the University of New
South Wales, Sydney, Australia

24.  The National Institute of Dental &
Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) in the
US has undertaken a project to
catalog all the proteins contained in
human oral fluids.

25. Microarrays
 Microarrays analysis is a new technology
in which all of the genes of an organism
are represented by oligonucleotide
sequences spread out in an 80x80 array
microscopic slide.
 It is a multiplex “lab on a chip.”
 It is usually a glass slide or silicon thin
film.

27. Types are:
1. DNA microarray
2. Protein microarray
3. Peptide microarray
4. Tissue microarray
5. Cellular microarray
6. Chemical compound microarray
7. Antibody microarray
8. Carbohydrate microarray
9. Phenotype microarray

28. Applications in oral pathology
 It may be able to identify those
genetic alterations that are more
likely to determine the progression of
a premalignant lesion to frank
malignancy.

29. Applications in other fields
 It is used commonly for detection of
viruses and other pathogens from blood
sample.
 Can identify inheritable markers and have
been used as a genotyping tool.

30. Conclusion
 Theoretical disciplines like Bioinformatics
will aid us greatly in understanding.
 Genomics & Proteomics together will play
a vital role in providing better
understanding of disease processes at
molecular level, their potential to identify
risk factor and therapeutic target at
molecular level is established.

31.  Current state of the art in both
genomics-proteomics and the
bioinformatics suggests that a proper
combination of experimental and
theoretical results, obtained with
different methods will soon becomes
the gold standard for the study of
oral diseases.

32. Thank you