The 12 Principles of Animation were developed by Disney animators to make animation more realistic and appealing. The principles include squash and stretch, anticipation, staging, straight ahead and pose-to-pose, follow through and overlapping action, slow in and slow out, arcs, secondary action, timing, exaggeration, solid drawing, and appeal. Understanding and applying these principles can help animators design scenes that effectively illustrate the principles in action.

1. Principles of Animation April 25, 2011

2. Introduction This week we will demonstrate our understanding of the principles of animation by designing a scene that illustrates the 12 principles. Today our goals are to: Become familiar with the 12 Principles of Animation Examine some of the principles at work in a modern animation Begin planning your own scene

3. Principles of Animation Squash and Stretch Anticipation Staging Straight Ahead v. Pose to Pose Follow Through and Overlapping Action Slow In and Slow Out Arcs Secondary Action Timing Exaggeration Solid Drawing Appeal

4. Gives the illusion of weight to an object as it moves An object’s volume must not be changed when squashed or stretched. Another Example Stretch and Squash CC-BY-SA Lapman 2008 CC-BY-SA Lapman 2008

5. Anticipation Prepares the audience for the action and makes the action appear more realistic CC –BY-SA Dikeman 2004

8. Follow Through and Overlapping Action When the main body of the character stops all other parts continue to catch up to the main mass of the character, such as arms, long hair, clothing, or a long tail. Animated Example CC-BY-SA SunCreator 2010

9. Slow In and Slow Out More drawings near start and end pose. Softens the action CC-BY-SA Lapman 2008

10. Arcs All actions, with few exceptions follow an arc or slightly circular path. © Road2Animate 2010

11. Secondary Action Action adds to the main action and adds dimension to the character

12. Timing Timing refers to the number of drawings or frames for a given action On a purely physical level, correct timing makes objects appear to abide to the laws of physics Timing is critical for establishing a character's mood, emotion, and reaction.

13. Exaggeration Exaggeration is an effect especially useful for animation, as perfect imitation of reality can look static and dull in cartoons.

14. Solid Drawing The basic principles of drawing apply to animation as it does to academic drawing.

15. Appeal Appeal includes an easy to read design, clear drawing, and personality development to capture the audience’s interest

16. Summary The 12 Principles of Animation were developed by the animators at Disney studios. They serve as guidelines to make animation (drawn or computer generated) more realistic and appealing to an audience. Let’s take a look at how these principles have been applied in an animation you are probably familiar with. SAMPLE

17. References "12 Basic Principles of Animation." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Apr. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_basic_principles_of_animation>. "Frank & Ollie'sWebsite: Principles of Physical Animation." Frank & Ollie'sOfficial Site. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://frankandollie.com/PhysicalAnimation.html>. Lightfoot, Nataha. "Animation Toolworks' Library - 12 Principles." Animation Toolworks - Home of the LunchBox DV, LunchBox Sync and Video LunchBox. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://www.animationtoolworks.com/library/article9.html>. Stefano, Ralph A. "The Principles of Animation." Evl | Electronic Visualization Laboratory. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://www.evl.uic.edu/ralph/508S99/>

18. Images Arc. Digital image. Road2Animate. 30 Apr. 2010. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://road2animate.com/2010/04/30/12-principles-of-animation-for-3d-animators/>. Dikeman, Rick. Pitcher's Motion. Digital image. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 15 Sept. 2004. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Baseball_pitching_motion_2004.jpg>. Lampman. Squash and Stretch. Digital image. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 27 June 2008. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Squash_and_Stretch.svg>. Nystrom, J-E. Animhorse. Digital image. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 6 Mar. 2010. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Animhorse.gif>. All images courtesy Microsoft Office ClipArt, unless otherwise noted.