The Family Tree

Family tree ,[object Object],[object Object]

Studying the inherited species……. ,[object Object]

Three domains: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Understanding Phylogenies ,[object Object]

Trees, Not Ladders ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

Misconceptions about humans ,[object Object],[object Object],2. Humans are not “higher” or “more evolved” than other living lineages. Since our lineages split, humans and chimpanzees have each evolved traits unique to their own lineages.

[object Object],However, the presence of four limbs is not useful for determining relationships within the clade in green above, since all lineages in the clade have that character. To determine the relationships in that clade, we would need to examine other characters that vary across the lineages in the clade.

Not all characters are homologies ,[object Object]

[object Object],Interestingly, though bird and bat wings are analogous as wings, as forelimbs they are homologous. Birds and bats did not inherit wings from a common ancestor with wings, but they did inherit forelimbs from a common ancestor with forelimbs.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of clades ,[object Object],[object Object],Examples : Mammalia, Aves (birds), angiosperms, insects, etc.

A group containing an ancestor and all of its descendants - defined by one or more synapomorphies. Shared Derived Character = Synapomorphy

[object Object],Examples : Traditionally defined Dinosauria, fish, gymnosperms, invertebrates, protists, etc.

A group consisting of an ancestor but not all of its descendants. It is defined by what it does not have.

[object Object],Examples : marine mammals, bipedal mammals, flying vertebrates, trees, algae, etc.

A group that does not include the common ancestor of the group. The common ancestor is placed in another group.

The Family Tree

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The Family Tree