1.
Geoinformatics
The combined use of
GIS,
GPS,
Remote Sensing, andRemote Sensing, and
Internet.
coined as geoinformatics provides an innovative tool in
developing decision support system, use in strategic
planning, monitoring and evaluation of geo-referenced data
and information.

2.
• Such emerging technology should be incorporated
in the trilogy functions (academic, research and
extension) of higher education institutions, among
other functions of the other agencies and entities,
local and abroad.
• Sharing of expertise on such allied fields is• Sharing of expertise on such allied fields is
recommended for collaborative research support
systems and spread the advances of such
technology.

3.
A computer-based tool
for mapping and
analyzing things that
exist and events that
happen on earth. GIS
technology integrates
common database
Social factors
Biodiversity
Networks
Land use
Environmental
What is GIS?
common database
operations such as query
and statistical analysis
with the unique
visualization and
geographic analysis
benefits offered by maps
Environmental
considerations
Real world
GIS integration to model the real world

4.
Geographically Reference
Information
Data stored in a
mathematically defined
coordinate systems
Land use
Zoning
Transportation
Well locationcoordinate systems
which can be
reproduced and
projected into another
system.
Well location
Surface water
Soils
GIS integrates data in
a common data model

5.
Spatial
Personnel
Computer
Hardware
Mapping
Software
Resources Component
Spatial
Data
Data Input
Storage
Managemen
t & Analysis
Presentation
Modeling
Database Component

6.
PointsPoints
Lines
Polygons

7.
GIS: a simplified view of the real world
• Points
• Lines
• Areas
• Networks
–A series of
interconnecting lines
Discrete
Features
interconnecting lines
• Road network
• River network
• Sewage network
• Surfaces
–Elevation surface
–Temperature surface
Continuous features

8.
• RASTER
• VECTOR• VECTOR
• Real World

9.
500
600
Trees
B
B
B
G G
G
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
Real World
Vector Representation
X-AXIS
400
300
200
100
600500400300200100
Y-AXIS
River
House
Trees
B
B
B B
B
B
B
B G
G
BK
B
G
G
Raster Representation
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
G
G

10.
Raster Real world Vector
Source:
Heywood et al. 2006

11.
Digital data
Maps and
Plans
Paper files
Data
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing Field survey
Interviews
Data
GIS

12.
GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS)
• In the field of GIS, one cannot ignore
the importance and use of GPSthe importance and use of GPS
technology as a tool for data input and
data reconnaissance. This is a relatively
new and advance technology but with
increasing applications in the field of
GIS.

13.
The Global Positioning
system (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system that consists of
24 orbiting satellites, each of
which makes two circuits around
the Earth every 24 hours.
With four or more satellites,With four or more satellites,
a GPS receiver can determine a 3D
position (i.e., latitude, longitude,
and elevation).

14.
IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being
developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service
to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary,
which is its primary service area. An Extended Service Area lies between primary
service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS)
deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East.
IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning
Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS),
which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. The IRNSS
System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the
primary service area.

15.
Some applications of IRNSS are:
1. Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation
2. Disaster Management
3. Vehicle tracking and fleet management
4. Integration with mobile phones
5. Precise Timing5. Precise Timing
6. Mapping and Geodetic data capture
7. Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travellers
8. Visual and voice navigation for drivers

16.
Remote sensing is a method for getting
information about of different objects on the
planet, without any physical contacts with it.

17.
• Balloon photography (1858)
• Pigeon cameras (1903)
• Kite photography (Thread) (1890)
• Aircraft (WWI and WWII)
• Space (1947)
Images: Jensen (2000)

18.
Geostationary
Satellites
A geostationary satellite is
one of the satellites which isone of the satellites which is
getting remote sense data
and located satellite at an
altitude of approximately
36000 kilometres and
directly over the equator.

19.
Polar-Orbiting
Satellites
A polar orbit is a
satellite which issatellite which is
located near to above
of poles. This satellite
mostly uses for earth
observation by time.

20.
What we can see from satellite data?

21.
Various Platforms on the Ground, in the Air,
and in Space
Platforms for remote sensors may be situated on the
ground, on an aircraft or balloon (or some other
platform within the Earth's atmosphere), or on a
spacecraft or satellite outside of the Earth's atmosphere.

22.
Ground Based

23.
Some Remote SensorsSome Remote Sensors

24.
All remote sensing systems have four types of
resolution:
Spatial
Spectral
Resolution
Spectral
Radiometric
Temporal

25.
• The earth surface area covered by a pixel
of an image is known as spatial resolution
• Large area covered by a pixel means low
spatial resolution and vice versa

26.
High vs. Low?
Source: Jensen (2000)

27.
• Is the ability to resolve spectral
features and bands into their separate
componentscomponents
• More number of bands in a specified
bandwidth means higher spectral
resolution and vice versa

28.
Three spectral recorded at low, medium and
high spectral resolution, illustrating how the
high resolution mode yields sharper peaks,
and separates close lying peaks, which are
merged together at low resolution

29.
• Frequency at which images are recorded/ captured in
a specific place on the earth.
• The more frequently it is captured, the better or finer
the temporal resolution is said to bethe temporal resolution is said to be
• For example, a sensor that captures an image of an
agriculture land twice a day has better temporal
resolution than a sensor that only captures that same
image once a week.

30.
16 days
July 2 July 18 August 3
Time
July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3
11 days

31.
• Sensitivity of the sensor to the magnitude
of the received electromagnetic energy
determines the radiometric resolution
• Finer the radiometric resolution of a
sensor, if it is more sensitive in detecting
small differences in reflected or emitted
energy

32.
6-bit range
0 63
2-bit range
0 4
1023
8-bit range
0 255
0
10-bit range

33.
Internet Mapping

34.
APPLICATION OF REMOTEAPPLICATION OF REMOTEAPPLICATION OF REMOTEAPPLICATION OF REMOTE
SENSING & GISSENSING & GISSENSING & GISSENSING & GIS

35.
Application of Remote sensing And GIS
• Transportation
– Updating road maps
– Network Analysis
– Identifying Shortest path
• Agricultural
– Crop health analysis
– Precision agriculture
– Yield estimation
53

36.
• Mapping & updation of city/town
maps
• Urban sprawl monitoring
• Town planning
• Facility management
• GIS database development
Scope
Lyari Express WayLyari Express Way –– Section (Essa Nagri)Section (Essa Nagri)
• GIS database development
• Better decision support, planning &
management
• Rapid information updation
• Infrastructure development monitoring
• Spatial information analysis
Benefits

37.
• Natural Resource Management
– Habitat analysis
– Environmental assessment
– Impervious surface mapping
– Lake monitoring
– Hydrology
– Landuse-Landcover monitoring
– Mineral province
– Geomorphology
– Geology
• National Security
-Targeting
- Disaster mapping and monitoring
-Damage assessment
-Weapons monitoring
-Homeland security
-Navigation
-Policy
55

38.
Application of RS & GIS – Oceans & Coastal Monitoring
Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ),
Coastal Zone Mapping Resources,
Physical Oceanography.
Ocean pattern identification
Currents
Regional circulation patternsRegional circulation patterns
Internal waves, Gravity waves
Upwelling zones, Frontal zones.

39.
SindhSindh Coast Resource MappingCoast Resource Mapping
• Mangrove forest monitoring
• Change detection
• Hazard impacts
• Aqua-culture zones
Scope
Benefits
• Availability of updated information
Satellite image Mangroves forest map
• Availability of updated information
on mangroves forest
• Planning strategies for aforestation
and deforestation trend
• Timely Intervention in specific areas
as and when needed

40.
Disaster Management
Monitoring and Mapping of Disaster Areas
(Forest fire, Flood and Landslide), Landslide
Hazard Zonation, Flood Damage Assessment,
Forest fire.
FLOOD DAMAGE ESTIMATION
GIS helps to documents the need for federal
disaster relief funds , can be utilized by
insurance agencies to assist in assessinginsurance agencies to assist in assessing
monetary value of property loss.
A local government need to map flood areas
for evaluate the flood potential level in the
surrounding area.
The damage can be well estimate and can
be shown using digital maps.

41.
LanduseLanduse // LandcoverLandcover MappingMapping
• Monitoring dynamic changes
• Urban/Rural infrastructure
• Waterlogging & salinity
Scope
• Assessment of spatial distribution of land
Benefits
• Assessment of spatial distribution of land
resources
• Infrastructure monitoring
• Availability of usable land
• Future planning for better land management
for socio-economic development

42.
Water
Potential Drinking Water Zones, Monitoring of Catchment and Reservoir Areas, Surface
Water, Watershed Development.
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WITH RS AND GIS
Irrigated lands assessment and inventory, Calculation of water requirement of crops and
subsequent water budgeting for command areas.
Assessment of water availability in rivers in reservoirs for optimal management to meet
irrigation demand.
Based on empirical relations with surface area, shoreline length and value or based onBased on empirical relations with surface area, shoreline length and value or based on
topographic features- Determine volume of water stored and change in the level with time

43.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
land use planning
Forest cover planning
vegetation
Urban planning
Transport planning
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Tourism planning
Environmental planning
Pollution control
Flood damage estimation
Surveying
Soil mapping
Irrigation water management
Natural resource management

44.
Deforestation
Desertification
Geologic Mapping
Location Identification
Regional Planning
GIS for Land Administration
GIS for Wildlife ManagementGIS for Wildlife Management
Coastal Development and Management
Volcanic Hazard Identification
Forest fire Hazard Zone Mapping
Environmental Impact Analysis
Forest Mapping