3. College of Opticians of Ontario
Read the Standards of Practice and Bylaws
which are available at the link below:
http://www.coptont.org/docs/Legislation/Stan
dards_of_Practice.pdf
4. Standards of Practice
Purpose and Scope
Outline the COO’s expectations for opticians’
conduct in practice
Provide benchmarks which the COO can use to
measure opticians conduct
Provide the public with an understanding of the
quality of care they should receive from an
optician
The Standards of Practice are reviewed every 3
years by the COO
5. Currently there are 7 standards
1. Competence
States the criteria under which opticians must conduct
themselves so the patient receives the most effective
standard of care.
2. Professional Conduct
Designed to ensure that opticians meet the legal and
ethical requirements of the profession
3. Dispensing of Appropriate Optical Devices
Outlines the criteria for opticians to dispense eyeglasses,
contact lenses & subnormal vision devices
6. 4. Safety and Infection Control in the Practice
Environment
Opticians must take measures to minimize the risk of
contamination and transmission of infectious agents with
their practice.
5. Record Keeping
States what should be in a patient’s file, how long files must
be kept and outlines privacy requirements.
6. Patient Relations
Opticians must ensure the patient understands the
procedures they are undergoing. Confidentiality must be
maintained
7. Websites and Technology
Websites must comply with the Advertising Regulation and
8. Bylaws
Articulate the composition of the COO Council
Explain the council member’s duties
State the registration fees for opticians, interns
and students
Outline the procedures for council meetings
Committee appointments and procedures
http://www.coptont.org/docs/Legislation/COO-By-
laws-July2016.pdf
9. Summary
When practicing opticianry in Ontario
The Standards of Practice inform opticians
and the public what the expectations are
The Practice Guidelines describe the best
practices for opticians
The Bylaws determine how the COO is to
be structured, registration fees, duties and
procedures for council meetings.
16. Temple types
Skull – are the most popular for plastic frames.
They are bent down slightly over the ear and
follow the contour of the skull.
.
17. Library Temple -they
are straight so they
can be slipped off and
on
Convertible – like
library but are designed
to bend down , more
flexible
18. Comfort Cable - hook behind the ear with a flexible
metal cable and are good for children's glasses and for
sport safety glasses
Riding Bow - are similar to comfort-cables, except the
shaft is more rigid and made of plastic. Only the ends are
pliable
20. Bridge Designs
Saddle Bridge -spreads the
weight of the glasses evenly over
the sides and crest of the nose
Modified Saddle- nosepads
are built up to distribute the weight
over more area on the nose
21. Modified Saddle Bridge
nose pads are built up to
distribute the weight over
more area on the nose
Keyhole Bridge
Supports the frame on the
sides of the nose
Does not touch the crest of
the nose
22. Adjustable nose pads -
the pads alone support
the weight of the glasses
but can be adjusted to
achieve a better fit
Can be mounted on metal
and plastic frames
Comfort bridge - provide
better weight distribution
but cannot be adjusted
23. Strap Bridge
Is like two adjustable nose pads whose tops are linked together with a
strap.
Commonly used on children's frames
for greater support and comfort
25. Bridges for Children
Adjustable Comfort
Bridge – adjusts for optimal fit
and includes a band that fits over
the crest of the bridge
Comfort Bridge
27. Frame Measurements and Markings
Read Chapter 2 –System for OD
Using a standard system of measurement reduces the
chance of error when communicating with the lab and
making the eyeglasses.
Since 1962 all frames made by the members of the
Optical Manufacturers Association have been measured
and marked using one system, called the BOXING
SYSTEM of frame measurement
Size stamped on frame - 52 20 – a boxing system
measurement
28. In the Boxing System, the Datum line is the horizontal midway point on
the lens and used to denote the half way point between the upper and
lower edges of the lenses
29. “A" Measurement - The horizontal distance between the furthest
temporal and nasal edges of the lens shape or the distance between
the vertical sides of the box. The A measurement is also commonly
known as the eyesize.
"B" Measurement - The vertical distance between the furthest top and
bottom edges of the lens shape or the distance between the
horizontal sides of the box.
Datum Line - The horizontal line that runs through the vertical center of
the frame.
30. Geometric Center (GC) - The point on the horizontal midline half way
between the two vertical lines that border each side of the lens.
Distance Between Lenses (DBL) - The shortest distance between the
nasal edges of each lens or the distance between boxes. DBL is
also commonly referred to as bridge size.
Geometric Centre Distance - The horizontal distance between the
geometric centers of the lenses. It is more commonly referred to as
the frame PD. In theory the frame PD can be calculated by adding
the "A" Measurement to the DBL as marked on the frame, however
in practice the calculation may differ from the actual measurement.
31. Measuring the Front
A measurement- from the inside of the temporal to the inside of the nasal side of the
eyewire PLUS ½ mm for the bevel on each side EG 51 + 1mm = 52 mm eyesize
B measurement – from
inside of the top
eyewire to the inside
of the bottom eyewire
PLUS ½ mm for each
bevel
DBL measurement – from the inside of the eyewire on each side at the narrowest point
MINUS ½ mm on each side for the bevel. EG 19 – 1 = 18mm bridge size
32. Measuring temple length
From the centre of the screw barrel to the end of the temple
Measured in millimeters, usually in 5 mm increments
- MIDDLE OF SCREW BARREL
- TEMPLE BEND
TEMPLE TIP
33. Remember
The Boxing System is the official frame
measuring system for the industry
uses a constant reference point for all
measurements - the bevel apex of the
edged lens
This reduces the chance for error when
making the eyeglasses at the lab
.
35. Standard Alignment of Frames (Key Points)
The frame must be bench aligned before it
is adjusted on the patient
Step 1. Begin with the bridge (horizontal
alignment)
- check that one lens isn’t higher than the
other
- check for rotated lens
36. Step 2. - check that one lens is not more
forward than the other (coplanar
alignment)
- check for skewed bridge (no x-ing)
37. Check the nose pads
Tops should be closer
together than the bottoms
Both should be at the
same height
Should be about 1mm
from the eyewire
Back edges should be
farther apart than the
front edges (splay angle)
38. Step 3 – Check open temple alignment
-check temple shaft is straight
- check open temple angles
41. Step 5 – Check temple bend and endpiece
angle
- Temples should be bent at the same point
- Temple endpieces should be bent equally
inward
- TEMPLE BEND E INWARD
ENDPIECE BEND
42. Step 6 – Temple fold
- Temples must cross at the centre of the
bridge when folded
- Ensure temple tips don’t rub on the inner
lens surface
- Make sure all screws are tight
- Ensure lenses are clean
43. Frame Materials read pgs 9 – 14 in text
Materials used in eyeglass frames are
plastic, metal, or a combination of the two
(known as composites).
Manufacturers select materials that are
cost effective
adjust easily
offer safety and workability
hold the lenses properly
resist breakage, corrosion, and heat.
44. Plastic Materials
Cellulose Nitrate (zylonite)
Developed in the 1800’s and was used for making
eyeglass frames.
Is no longer used
This material was commonly known as ZYL ( the term is
still used today for plastic frames)
Disadvantages
Was somewhat unstable.
Colors faded; material dried and became brittle
Its chemical make-up was dangerously flammable
Cellulose nitrate eventually was replaced with a new
material – cellulose acetate.
45. Cellulose acetate
The most commonly used plastic in eyeglass frames;
made from cotton, wool or pulp and is processed with
plasticizers and stabilizers.
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive, and easy to work with
Comes in a wide variety of colors, textures, and patterns
The material may be worked easily with warm air
The material will stretch to accommodate a slightly larger lens
It will shrink to accommodate a lens which is slightly smaller
Disadvantages
Loses flexibility and colour fades with age – becomes brittle
The material should be coated to seal the surface
Can burn if overheated
Not suitable for very thin frame designs
Hinges and metal hardware will come loose if overheated
47. Tips for Handling Cellulose Acetate
1. Do not overheat. The temperature of your warmer should not
exceed +70 degrees Celsius or +160 degrees Fahrenheit
2. Heat only the part of the frame requiring adjustment
Submerging the entire frame in the heat will undo other adjusted
areas and possibly do permanent damage by loosening hinges
and other secured hardware.
48. Cellulose Propionate
Another generation of plastic material that allowed manufacturers
to create ultra thin larger frames that were stable
Advantages
Is light, flexible and retains its shape
Can be injection molded making it ideal for intricate designs
Colors are applied in a series of overcoatings rather than being
mixed in with the material itself.
This offers a good range of colors and the color coating
tends to seal in the plasticizers
Won’t become dull as quickly as acetate
Stability of material makes a sturdy, ultra-thin design possible.
49. Disadvantages
Propionate is difficult to dye
Colors may fade a bit more readily and they may exhibit some
inconsistencies in places.
Can grow dull with age
Sensitive to solvents
In addition to acetone, alcohol will attack the surface finish.
Has low tolerance to excess heat
Care in handling is a must
Excessive heat will easily cause the material to bubble or to
otherwise damage the finish
Repair of these problems is virtually impossible
51. Tips For Handling Propionate
1. Use an air heater which allows for a more controlled application of
heat.
2.Lenses should be edged to very close to size since it is not well-
suited to stretching or shrinking.
Attempts to widen or narrow bridges should be done with
caution since the heat normally used to effect these changes will
put the frame finish at risk.
3. Control the location of heat application so as not to overheat parts
which are outside the adjustment area.
52. Kevlar Developed by DuPont for use in bulletproof
vests . It is mixed with nylon for eyeglass frames. ONLY
USED FOR SAFETY FRAMES
Advantages
It is strong, pliable and
lightweight
Good for safety frames
Tips for working with Kevlar
Make sure the frame fit is
exact before ordering
Eye and bridge size exact
Temple length exact
Disadvantages
Won’t shrink or stretch
Lenses should be cut on size
for easy insertion
Adjustments are difficult to
achieve and are prone to
relaxing.
Limited color and style range.
Alterations to bridge and shape
configuration are extremely
difficult
54. Optyl
An epoxy resin material drawn into the frame
moulds by a vacuum process
It is thermoplastic- it bends when heated and will
return to its original shape when reheated
Advantages
30% lighter in weight than cellulose acetate a
hypoallergenic, an advantage to skin-
sensitive patients.
Excellent shape and adjustment retention.
Heat resistant
Available in a wide range of colours
55. Disadvantages
Adjustments are a bit more
difficult
reheating areas will cause
them to return to their
original state.
Generally more heat is
required to work with Optyl
Underheating may result in
frame breakage.
Tips for Handling
Optyl
1. Heat the frame well
2. Hold the desired
configuration of the area
being adjusted till the
material cools
3. Temples that are too short
can be pulled to the desired
length- hold till cool
4. Bridges can be adjusted by
warming and stretching or
compressing the material-
hold till cool
57. Nylon
A thermoplastic which can be injection molded
Advantages
Hypoallergenic, lightweight, resistant to solvents
Very strong; used for safety glasses
Disadvantages
Difficult to adjust
Manufactured only in darker colors
It can become brittle over time- dries out
It doesn’t stretch much when heated
The frame must fit perfectly/cannot be adjusted very much
Tips for handling Nylon
Make adjustments with high heat and while still hot, submerge
the newly adjusted part into very cold water. This procedure will
stabilize your adjustments.
58. Polyamide – a blend of different nylon
materials
Made by injection casting
Unlike many of the common frame materials
which stretch when heated, polyamide actually
SHRINKS when overheated
Using the traditional method of “heat and snap”
will often lead shrinking the frame and creating
the illusion that the lenses were ground too large
Sizing is critical and cold insertion is the
recommended procedure.
59. Polyamide (a nylon based material)
Strong, lightweight and can be made thin
Can be made opaque or translucent
Resistant to chemicals and solvents and is
hypoallergenic
Lenses should be edged to size and be
snapped into the frames cold as the
material will not stretch
It’s best to use a hot air warmer when
adjusting the temples
60. Advantages
Hypoallergenic – no
plasticizers used
Good comfort, lightweight
Holds its shape
Resists solvent, oils, cosmetics
Strength allows for the creation
of ultra-thin designs
Overall strength superior to
acetate and propionate.
Available in a full range of solid
and crystalline colors.
Disadvantages
Limited ability to stretch
Oversized lenses cannot
be inserted
Will not go in cold and
heating the frame shrinks it,
making the large lens
problem worse.
The materials is very
sensitive to overheating
In addition to shrinking,
aberrations develop in the
material when too much
heat is applied.
61. Carbon Fiber
Made from a mix of carbon and nylon
Is lightweight and strong, but cannot be adjusted
Can be used for frame fronts but not for temples
Can be made thinner
Since carbon is black
Coloring is achieved through a baked-on enameling process.
This procedure results in solid or mottled dark colors.
Lenses should be cut on size and inserted into the frame
without heating “COLD SNAP”
62. Advantages
Lightweight
Durable
Disadvantages
Impervious to heat
Cannot adjust to fit
Only available in dark colours
Solvents will damage the material
Tips for handling Carbon Frames
1. Frames with eyewire screws should be worked cold like a metal
frame.
2. Frames without eyewire screws should be sized exactly and “cold
snap” inserted. If that is impossible, warm the frame to add a bit of
pliability, then insert.
63. Polycarbonate
Primarily used to make lenses, but can also be used for
frame
Used for sports frames or for safety frames
In non Rx frames, the polycarbonate frames and lenses
are molded as one unit.
The material is very impact resistant, but doesn’t adjust
well for Rx glasses
Advantages
It is as close to UNBREAKABLE as any material can get.
Its light weight is quite good for delivering wearing
comfort
64. Disadvantages
Difficult to work with – not flexible
The material is soft (this is the source of its strength) but
the surface of the frame is easily scratched
Vulnerable to a variety of solvents, such as acetone.
Like nylon and carbon, if the frame does not fit upon
selection there is very little that may be done to improve
on it.
Tips for Handling Polycarbonate
1.Since the material does not stretch or shrink, sizing again
must be exact
2. Like nylon, adjustments will be maximized by
immediately cooling the altered area.
65. Summary- Plastic Frames
Many current frames are blends of many
materials
Many have a low tolerance to heat
The material is not marked on the frame
Inspect the frame before heating
Always start with the lowest heat possible
to avoid damaging the frame
67. Gold Plating
made of another type of metal and the surface is plated
with gold (electroplated)
have no minimum requirements for the total amount of
gold used
the plating can wear off quickly
Gold Plated Titanium Vintage 14K Gold
68. Nickel-Based Materials
Nickel is widely used for metal eyeglass frames
Advantage: it is strong and malleable
Disadvantages: people can have allergic reactions to it
(10% of the population is allergic to nickel)
High quality nickel frames are coated to prevent allergic reaction
Pure Nickel frames resist corrosion and are easily adjusted.
They can be easily coloured.
Nickel Silvers contain more than 50% copper, 25% nickel
and the rest is zinc. It contains no silver.
Monel resists corrosion, is pliable and can be highly
polished. It is made from nickel, copper, iron and traces
of other elements. It is used quite often in frames.
69. Aluminum
Is both strong and lightweight and can be finished in a wide range of
colours
It cannot be soldered so parts must be assembled using screws or
rivets
Holds adjustments well
Stainless Steel
Is made from iron and chrome and is highly corrosion resistant
Is strong and can be made very thin
It is non allergenic
Titanium
Is extremely lightweight, strong, corrosion resistant and is
hypoallergenic.
Can be made very thin
Cannot be soldered and is more expensive
70. Bronze
An alloy made from copper and tin
Is corrosion resistant
Is lightweight and colours well
Magnesium
Can be used on its own or be used as part of an alloy in
combination with other metals
Is very light and is durable
Is corrosive – must have a covering to seal it.
Many types of metals are combined to make
hypoallergenic frames that are lightweight, flexible and
durable.
71. Allergic Reactions
For people who have a history of skin
reactions to frames you may consider:
Optyl or polyamide frames
Titanium or stainless steel frames
Contact Dermatitis
73. Who invented eyeglasses?
The matter is still under debate
Hieroglyphics from the 8th century BC depict
simple glass lenses
The earliest written records on glass
magnification date back to the 1st century A.D.
attributed to Seneca, the Roman philosopher
The earliest evidence of a convex lens was
described in the Book of Optics, published in
1020 written by the Greek mathematician
Ptolemey
74. The first eyeglasses in the 15th century
were heavy and held before the eyes with
the hands
76. No temples!
French Emperor Scissor
Glasses
The monocle was considered
a fine article of men’s apparel
in the nineteenth century
77. Lorgnettes
Had a handle to hold them
in place
Were considered jewelry
Popular in the 1900’s
78. In 1727, Edward Scarlett an optician
invented the first eyeglasses with a temple
Frames were made of metal, steel, silver
or gold
79. A brief history of lenses
The 1st lenses were plus
power, convex reading
stones made of polished
quarts used for near
vision
The original simple
magnifiers
15th and 16th century:
minus lenses were
introduced. Glass
concave lenses that could
correct distance vision.
80. 18th century:
Benjamin Franklin
invented bifocals by
cutting his distance
lenses and near
lenses in half and
mounting them
together. This
allowed him to have
both near and
distance vision
without changing his
glasses.
82. 20th century:
advanced lens
technology introduced
hi index, plastic,
polycarbonate lens
materials.
Refractive surgery
introduced
21st century, high
definition vision: free
form lens technology,
digital surfacing
83. For next class
Read all posted materials
Read all textbook chapters referenced in
the presentations
Prepare for weekly quizzes