vaccination Dr Eman Abdulhalim

1. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
Third year
Level 6
Lecture 18
VACCINATION

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
 Explain types of immunity
 Discuss principles of vaccination
 Understand types of vaccination
 Explain basic vaccination schedule in the KSA

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
( Non specific , Natural )
• General Barriers, Physical barriers, Chemical barriers,
Biological barriers.
( Specific, Acquired )
• Active, Passive

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• Direct Factors
 Nutrition.
 Acute phase reactants.
 Fever.
 Age.
 Genetics.
 Race.
• Examples:
• Skin
• Mucous Membrane of respiratory system,
gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract , tears of
the eyes .
• Indirect Factors
 Personal hygiene.
 Socioeconomic status.
 Living conditions.

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• The two major arms of effective specific immunity are:
• T lymphocytes mediate cell mediated immunity
• B lymphocyte mediate humoral immunity and produce
immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA , IgD , IgE)

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD

7. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• The word “vaccine” originates from the Latin Variolae vaccinae
(cowpox), which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could
prevent smallpox in humans.
• Today the term ‘vaccine’ applies to all biological preparations,
produced from living organisms, that enhance immunity against
disease and either prevent (prophylactic vaccines) or, in some
cases, treat disease (therapeutic vaccines).
• Vaccines are administered in liquid form, either by injection, by
oral, or by intranasal routes.

8. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• The primary goal in vaccination is to provide protective immunity by inducing a
memory response to an infectious microorganism using a non-toxic antigen
preparation.
• Antibodies produced as a result of immunization are effective primarily against
extracellular organisms and their products e.g., toxins. Passively administered
antibodies have the same effect as induced antibodies.
• Cell-mediated immunity (T cells, macrophages) induced by vaccination is
important particularly in preventing intracellular bacterial, viral infections and
fungal infections.

9. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• Passive immunization is the administration of preformed
antibodies either intravenously or intramuscularly.
• It is used to provide rapid protection in certain infections
such as diphtheria or tetanus or in the event of accidental
exposure to certain pathogens such as hepatitis B.
• It is also used to provide protection in immune compromised
individuals.

10. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD

11. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• Active immunization is the administration of vaccines containing
microbial products with or without adjuvants in order to obtain
long term immunological protection against the offending
microbe.
• At present the normal route of vaccination in most instances is
either intramuscularly or subcutaneously.
• Oral immunization is the method of choice for polio and
Salmonella typhi vaccines. However, there is an increasing
awareness that this route of immunization may be the best for
most immunizations since nearly all infectious agents gain
entrance through the mucosal surfaces.

12. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• Live attenuated vaccines are prepared from attenuated strains that are almost or
completely devoid of pathogenicity but are capable of inducing a protective immune
response.
• killed vaccines The outer virion coat should be left intact but the replicative function
should be destroyed by heat or chemicals. It is much more antigenic than live
vaccines
• Inactive toxins (toxoid):is a bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has
been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment,
while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained.
• Capsular polysaccharide
• Surface antigen

13. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD

14. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• Nonliving vaccines, especially those consisting of small
molecules require the inclusion of agents to enhance their
effectiveness.
• These adjuvants include microbial, synthetic and endogenous
preparations having adjuvant activity, but at present only
aluminum or calcium salts are generally used in humans.
• Adjuvants should enable antigens to be slowly released,
preserve antigen integrity, target antigen presenting cells and
induce cytotoxic lymphocytes.

15. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
• Vaccination strategies against cancer are currently being
investigated.
• Vaccines containing tumor antigens such as those
associated with prostate cancer PSA (prostate specific
antigens) as well as those associated with the breast, colon,
and ovarian cancers.

16. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD

17. EPIDEMIOLOGY & COMMUNITY MEDICINE
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD