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Chapter 4: Fogler and LeBlanc

GENERATING SOLUTIONS
Define the Problem

Generate Solutions

Decide The Course
of Action

Implement the
Solution

Evaluate the Solution

Step 2 of the problem
solving heuristic:
GENERATE SOLUTIONS
Generating Solutions

EVALUATE THE PROBLEM
DEFINITION
CAUTION!

Before proceeding to the solution generation step,
you must evaluate:
•whether the problem has been correctly defined.
•whether the problem should be solved at all.

•
•
•
•

Questions to ask:

Have all the pieces of the problem been identified?
What is missing from the problem definition?
What is extraneous to the problem definition?
Have you challenged the assumptions and
information you were given to formulate the
problem? Have you distinguished fact from
opinion?
• What are the resources available to solve this
problem?
• How many people can be allocated to solve the
problem?
• How soon do you need a solution?
Generating Solutions

MENTAL BLOCKS

Common Causes Of Mental Blocks
• Defining the problem too narrowly.
• Attacking the symptoms and not the real problem.
• Assuming there is only one right answer.
• Getting “hooked” on the first solution that comes to
mind.
• Getting “hooked” on a solution that almost works
(but really doesn’t).
• Being distracted by irrelevant information, called
“mental dazzle.”
• Getting frustrated by lack of success.
• Being too anxious to finish.
• Defining the problem ambiguously.
Generating Solutions

TYPES OF MENTAL BLOCKS

RECOGNIZE THAT THESE EXIST, AND THAT
MAYBE ONE OR MORE ARE LIMITING YOUR
THINKING.
Generating Solutions

MENTAL BLOCKS
A. Perceptual Blocks
Prevent the problem solver from clearly seeing either:
• The problem, or
• The information needed to solve the problem.
For example:
• Stereotyping
• Limiting the problem unnecessarily
• Saturation or information overload

B. Emotional Blocks
Interfere with the problem solvers ability to
conceptualize the problem fluently and flexibly, and
to communicate ideas.
• Fear of risk taking
• Lack of appetite for chaos
• Judging rather than generating ideas
• Lack of challenge
• Inability to incubate
• Stress
Generating Solutions

MENTAL BLOCKS
C. Cultural Blocks
•Failure

to consider an act that causes
displeasure or disgust to certain
members of society.

D. Environmental Blocks
• Distractions (phones, interruptions)
•

Unsupportive atmosphere
Generating Solutions

MENTAL BLOCKS
E. Intellectual Blocks
•

Inadequate use of problem-solving
strategies

•

Lack of training

•

Not knowing where to get the information

F. Expressive Blocks
•

Inability to Communicate
•

verbal

•

written
•
•

Sketches

•
•

Report
Drawings

Inability to “sell” your ideas
Generating Solutions

BRAINSTORMING

What is brainstorming?

•Brainstorming is an unrestricted, unstructured
free flow of ideas intended to solve a problem.
•Lists of all possible ideas are generated.
•List should include wild or unusual solutions
without regard to their feasibility.
•No negative judgments are allowed during this
stage.
Generating Solutions

BRAINSTORMING
“They laughed at the guy who discovered
penicillin”
Bugs Bunny

Comments That Reduce
Brainstorming to Braindrizzling
• That won’t work.
• That’s too radical.
• It’s not our job.
• We don’t have enough time.
• That’s too much hassle.
• It’s against our policy.
• We haven’t done it that way before.
• That’s too expensive.
• That’s not practical.
• We can’t solve this problem.
Brainstorming

IN CLASS EXERCISE
Let’s generate some ideas for “...protecting
your shirt from getting destroyed by ink.”
Generating Solutions

BRAINSTORMING
After the initial free association brainstorming session,
the process often hits a “roadblock”.
Techniques to overcome these roadblocks:

Free Association

(Unstructured Idea Generation)

The
Brainstorming
Process

Random
Stimulation
Other People’s
views

Unrelated
Ideas

Related
Ideas

Osborn's
Checklist
Futuring
Brainstorming

OSBORN’S CHECKLIST!
Osborn’s Checklist for Adding New Ideas
Adapt? .......... How can this (product, idea, plan, etc.) be
used as is? What are other uses it could be
adapted to?
Modify? ........ Change the meaning, material, color,
shape, odor, etc.?
Magnify? ...... Add new ingredient? Make longer,
stronger, thicker, higher, etc.?
Minify? ........ Split up? Take something out? Make
lighter, lower, shorter, etc.?
Substitute? ... Who else, where else, or what else? Other
ingredient, material, or approach?
Rearrange? ....Interchange parts? Other patterns,
layouts? Transpose cause and effect?
Change positives to negatives? Reverse
roles? Turn it backwards or upside down?
Sort?
Combine? ...... Combine parts, units, ideas? Blend?
Compromise? Combine from different
categories?
Brainstorming-Osborn’s Checklist

IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 2)
Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt
from getting destroyed by ink.”
Osborn’s Checklist
Rearrange:
Substitute:
Combine:
Modify:
Adapt:
Magnify:
Minify:
Brainstorming

RANDOM STIMULATION
•Random stimulation makes use of a random piece
of information such as a word culled from the
dictionary.
•The word is used as a trigger or switch to change
the patterns of thought when a mental roadblock
occurs.
Brainstorming-Random Stimulation

IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 3)
Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt
from getting destroyed by ink.”
Examples of Random Stimulation Words
all, albatross, airplane, air, animals, bag, basketball,
bean, bee, bear, bump, bed, car, cannon, cap, control,
cape, custard pie, dawn, deer, defense, dig, dive, dump,
dumpster, ear, eavesdrop, evolution, eve, fawn, fix, find,
fungus, food, ghost, graph, gulp, gum, hot, halo, hope,
hammer, humbug, head, high, ice, icon, ill, jealous, jump,
jig, jive, jinx, key, knife, kitchen, lump, lie, loan, live,
Latvia, man, mop, market, make, maim, mane, notice,
needle, new, next, nice, open, Oscar, opera, office, pen,
powder, pump, Plato, pigeons, pocket, quick, quack,
quiet, rage, rash, run, rigid, radar, Scrooge, stop, stove,
save, saloon, sandwich, ski, simple, safe, sauce, sand,
sphere, tea, time, ticket, treadmill, up, uneven, upsidedown, vice, victor, vindicate, volume, violin, voice,
wreak, witch, wide, wedge, x-ray, yearn, year, yazzle,
zone, zoo, zip, zap
Brainstorming

OTHER PEOPLE’S VIEWS
The inability to see the problem from various view
points can be quite limiting.

Example: Automotive engineers must be aware of
many viewpoints to design a successful vehicle.
They must consider:

•
•
•
•
•
•

consumers
marketing personnel
management
safety department
financial people
service personnel
Brainstorming - Other People’s Views

IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 4)
Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt
from getting destroyed by ink.”

Other People’s Views:
Shirt manufacturer
Pen manufacturer
Ink manufacturer
customers: wait a minute…who is the customer?
Brainstorming

FUTURING

Futuring
Try to imagine yourself in the future
with the ideal solution . . . .
(forget about technical feasibility)

Remember:
• In the future, anything is possible.
• Dare to change the rules.
• Best solutions are sometimes
contrary to conventional wisdom.
Brainstorming - Futuring

IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 5)
Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt
from getting destroyed by ink.”

FUTURING:
GENERATE IDEAS FOR
THE CLEAN SHIRT OF
THE FUTURE!!
Brainstorming

INCUBATING IDEAS
“..sleep on it…“

Do not take the first idea and “run with it”.
Allow for a period of mental incubation.
What to do when stuck on a problem:
“…try new techniques after a period of
digestion…”
“…go home and think..”
“…let it sit overnight…”
“…put the problem down and do something else
for a while…“

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Generating solutions and brainstorming

  • 1. Chapter 4: Fogler and LeBlanc GENERATING SOLUTIONS Define the Problem Generate Solutions Decide The Course of Action Implement the Solution Evaluate the Solution Step 2 of the problem solving heuristic: GENERATE SOLUTIONS
  • 2. Generating Solutions EVALUATE THE PROBLEM DEFINITION CAUTION! Before proceeding to the solution generation step, you must evaluate: •whether the problem has been correctly defined. •whether the problem should be solved at all. • • • • Questions to ask: Have all the pieces of the problem been identified? What is missing from the problem definition? What is extraneous to the problem definition? Have you challenged the assumptions and information you were given to formulate the problem? Have you distinguished fact from opinion? • What are the resources available to solve this problem? • How many people can be allocated to solve the problem? • How soon do you need a solution?
  • 3. Generating Solutions MENTAL BLOCKS Common Causes Of Mental Blocks • Defining the problem too narrowly. • Attacking the symptoms and not the real problem. • Assuming there is only one right answer. • Getting “hooked” on the first solution that comes to mind. • Getting “hooked” on a solution that almost works (but really doesn’t). • Being distracted by irrelevant information, called “mental dazzle.” • Getting frustrated by lack of success. • Being too anxious to finish. • Defining the problem ambiguously.
  • 4. Generating Solutions TYPES OF MENTAL BLOCKS RECOGNIZE THAT THESE EXIST, AND THAT MAYBE ONE OR MORE ARE LIMITING YOUR THINKING.
  • 5. Generating Solutions MENTAL BLOCKS A. Perceptual Blocks Prevent the problem solver from clearly seeing either: • The problem, or • The information needed to solve the problem. For example: • Stereotyping • Limiting the problem unnecessarily • Saturation or information overload B. Emotional Blocks Interfere with the problem solvers ability to conceptualize the problem fluently and flexibly, and to communicate ideas. • Fear of risk taking • Lack of appetite for chaos • Judging rather than generating ideas • Lack of challenge • Inability to incubate • Stress
  • 6. Generating Solutions MENTAL BLOCKS C. Cultural Blocks •Failure to consider an act that causes displeasure or disgust to certain members of society. D. Environmental Blocks • Distractions (phones, interruptions) • Unsupportive atmosphere
  • 7. Generating Solutions MENTAL BLOCKS E. Intellectual Blocks • Inadequate use of problem-solving strategies • Lack of training • Not knowing where to get the information F. Expressive Blocks • Inability to Communicate • verbal • written • • Sketches • • Report Drawings Inability to “sell” your ideas
  • 8. Generating Solutions BRAINSTORMING What is brainstorming? •Brainstorming is an unrestricted, unstructured free flow of ideas intended to solve a problem. •Lists of all possible ideas are generated. •List should include wild or unusual solutions without regard to their feasibility. •No negative judgments are allowed during this stage.
  • 9. Generating Solutions BRAINSTORMING “They laughed at the guy who discovered penicillin” Bugs Bunny Comments That Reduce Brainstorming to Braindrizzling • That won’t work. • That’s too radical. • It’s not our job. • We don’t have enough time. • That’s too much hassle. • It’s against our policy. • We haven’t done it that way before. • That’s too expensive. • That’s not practical. • We can’t solve this problem.
  • 10. Brainstorming IN CLASS EXERCISE Let’s generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt from getting destroyed by ink.”
  • 11. Generating Solutions BRAINSTORMING After the initial free association brainstorming session, the process often hits a “roadblock”. Techniques to overcome these roadblocks: Free Association (Unstructured Idea Generation) The Brainstorming Process Random Stimulation Other People’s views Unrelated Ideas Related Ideas Osborn's Checklist Futuring
  • 12. Brainstorming OSBORN’S CHECKLIST! Osborn’s Checklist for Adding New Ideas Adapt? .......... How can this (product, idea, plan, etc.) be used as is? What are other uses it could be adapted to? Modify? ........ Change the meaning, material, color, shape, odor, etc.? Magnify? ...... Add new ingredient? Make longer, stronger, thicker, higher, etc.? Minify? ........ Split up? Take something out? Make lighter, lower, shorter, etc.? Substitute? ... Who else, where else, or what else? Other ingredient, material, or approach? Rearrange? ....Interchange parts? Other patterns, layouts? Transpose cause and effect? Change positives to negatives? Reverse roles? Turn it backwards or upside down? Sort? Combine? ...... Combine parts, units, ideas? Blend? Compromise? Combine from different categories?
  • 13. Brainstorming-Osborn’s Checklist IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 2) Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt from getting destroyed by ink.” Osborn’s Checklist Rearrange: Substitute: Combine: Modify: Adapt: Magnify: Minify:
  • 14. Brainstorming RANDOM STIMULATION •Random stimulation makes use of a random piece of information such as a word culled from the dictionary. •The word is used as a trigger or switch to change the patterns of thought when a mental roadblock occurs.
  • 15. Brainstorming-Random Stimulation IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 3) Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt from getting destroyed by ink.” Examples of Random Stimulation Words all, albatross, airplane, air, animals, bag, basketball, bean, bee, bear, bump, bed, car, cannon, cap, control, cape, custard pie, dawn, deer, defense, dig, dive, dump, dumpster, ear, eavesdrop, evolution, eve, fawn, fix, find, fungus, food, ghost, graph, gulp, gum, hot, halo, hope, hammer, humbug, head, high, ice, icon, ill, jealous, jump, jig, jive, jinx, key, knife, kitchen, lump, lie, loan, live, Latvia, man, mop, market, make, maim, mane, notice, needle, new, next, nice, open, Oscar, opera, office, pen, powder, pump, Plato, pigeons, pocket, quick, quack, quiet, rage, rash, run, rigid, radar, Scrooge, stop, stove, save, saloon, sandwich, ski, simple, safe, sauce, sand, sphere, tea, time, ticket, treadmill, up, uneven, upsidedown, vice, victor, vindicate, volume, violin, voice, wreak, witch, wide, wedge, x-ray, yearn, year, yazzle, zone, zoo, zip, zap
  • 16. Brainstorming OTHER PEOPLE’S VIEWS The inability to see the problem from various view points can be quite limiting. Example: Automotive engineers must be aware of many viewpoints to design a successful vehicle. They must consider: • • • • • • consumers marketing personnel management safety department financial people service personnel
  • 17. Brainstorming - Other People’s Views IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 4) Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt from getting destroyed by ink.” Other People’s Views: Shirt manufacturer Pen manufacturer Ink manufacturer customers: wait a minute…who is the customer?
  • 18. Brainstorming FUTURING Futuring Try to imagine yourself in the future with the ideal solution . . . . (forget about technical feasibility) Remember: • In the future, anything is possible. • Dare to change the rules. • Best solutions are sometimes contrary to conventional wisdom.
  • 19. Brainstorming - Futuring IN CLASS EXERCISE (Part 5) Generate some ideas for “...protecting your shirt from getting destroyed by ink.” FUTURING: GENERATE IDEAS FOR THE CLEAN SHIRT OF THE FUTURE!!
  • 20. Brainstorming INCUBATING IDEAS “..sleep on it…“ Do not take the first idea and “run with it”. Allow for a period of mental incubation. What to do when stuck on a problem: “…try new techniques after a period of digestion…” “…go home and think..” “…let it sit overnight…” “…put the problem down and do something else for a while…“