11. Il secondo fattore che condiziona il rischio
cardiovascolare nell’iperteso è la
concomitanza di altri fattori di rischio o la
presenza di danni d’organo già
clinicamente manifesti
12. Rischio aggiunto
molto elevato
Rischio aggiunto
molto elevato
Rischio aggiunto
molto elevato
Rischio aggiunto
elevato
Rischio aggiunto
molto elevato
Rischio aggiunto
molto elevato
Rischio aggiunto
elevato
Rischio aggiunto
elevato
Rischio aggiunto
moderato
Rischio aggiunto
basso
Pressione arteriosa (mmHg)
Altri Fattori di rischio,
danno d’organo
o presenza di patologia
concomitante
Grado 1
PAS 140-159
o PAD 90-99
Grado 2
PAS 160-179
o PAD 100-109
Grado 3
PAS ≥ 180
o PAD ≥ 110
3 o più fattori di rischio,
SM, Danno d’organo o
Diabete
Rischio aggiunto
molto elevato
Rischio aggiunto
molto elevato
Rischio aggiunto
elevato
Rischio aggiunto
moderato
Rischio
nella media
Rischio aggiunto
basso
Rischio aggiunto
basso
Rischio
nella media
Normale
PAS 120-129
o PAD 80-84
Normale alta
PAS 130-139
o PAD 85-89
1-2 fattori di rischio
Malattia CV o
renale
Rischio aggiunto
moderato
Rischio aggiunto
moderato
Nessun fattore di rischio
aggiunto
Stratificazione dei fattori di rischio CV
PAS: Presione Arteriosa Sistolica; PAD: Pressione Arteriosa DIastolica; CV: cardiovascolare. Rischio Aggiunto Basso,
Moderato, Elevato e Molto Elevato si riferisce al rischio in 10 anni di eventi Cardiovascolari fatali e non fatali. Il termine
aggiunto indica che in ogni categoria il rischio è maggiore della media. SM: Sindrome Metabolica. La linea tratteggiata
indica come la definizione di Ipertensione possa essere variabile in relazione ai livelli del rischio Cardiovascolare Globale.
J Hypertens 2007;25:1105–1187
Linee Guida sull’Ipertensione ESH/ESC 2007
13. IPERTENSIONE ESSENZIALE
la forma più frequente nella popolazione;
patogenesi incerta; spesso è il risultato di scorretti stili
di vita (es. eccessivo introito di sale, obesità, ecc..) in
sogg. geneticamente predisposti meccanismi
neuro-ormonali di automantenimento.
IPERTENSIONE SECONDARIA
ad alcune condizioni patologiche ben definite, nelle
quali spesso si ha una iperproduzione di sostanze che
aumentano la pressione.
DEFINIZIONI
15. CAUSE DI IPERTENSIONE SECONDARIA - 2
L’IPERALDOSTERONISMO PRIMITIVO
Adenoma
surrenalico con
iperproduzione di
ALDOSTERONE
16. 2 possibili meccanismi di ipertensione secondaria: 1) stenosi dell’arteria
renale; 2) adenomi del surrene che producono aldosterone
17. rene dx
rene sx
aorta
Feocromocitomi bilaterali (tumori del surrene che producono catecolamine in
eccesso) in pz. con neoplasie endocrine multiple (tipo IIa)
CAUSE DI IPERTENSIONE SECONDARIA - 3CAUSE DI IPERTENSIONE SECONDARIA - 3
FEOCROMOCITOMAFEOCROMOCITOMA
18. FATTORI CHE INFLUENZANO IL TONO VASCOLARE
1. NEUROTRASMETTITORI LIBERATI
DALLE TERMINAZIONI DEL SNA
(es. noradrenalina)
2. MEDIATORI/ORMONI CIRCOLANTI
(es. angiotensina II, adrenalina)
3. SOSTANZE PRODOTTE
LOCALMENTE DALL’ENDOTELIO
(es. Nitrossido, PGI2)
19. IL SISTEMA RENINA-ANGIOTENSINA
App. juxtaglomerulare produce
RENINA in risposta a:
- ipoperfusione glomerulare
- ↓ introito di sale
- ↑ tono simpatico(inattiva)
ALDOSTERONE (ritenzione di
H20 e Na Cl)
21. Per ridurre l’incidenza degli eventi negli
ipertesi ad alto rischio cardiovascolare per
la presenza di danno d’organo
clinicamente manifesto o patologie
concomitanti sono stati condotti studi
clinici finalizzati ad un intervento
farmacologico di demodulazione del RAS
22. Cardiovascular disease:
Role of angiotensin II in the CV continuum
Adapted from Dzau V. and Braunwald E., Am Heart J 1991;121:1244–1263
Cardio/
cerebrovascular
death
End-stage
renal
disease
Nephrotic
proteinuria
Macro-
proteinuria
Micro-
albuminuria
Endothelial
dysfunction
Hypertension risk factors
diabetes, obesity, elderly
Atherosclerosis
and LVH
Myocardial
infarction &
stroke
Remodelling
Ventricular dilation/
cognitive dysfunction
Cognitive heart failure/
secondary stroke
End-stage
heart disease,
brain damage
and dementia
23. ANGIOTENSIN II
Altered
Peripheral
Resistance
Altered
Renal
Function
Altered
Cardiovascular
Structure
1. Direct Vasoconstriction
2. Enhancement of peripheral
noradrenergic
neurotransmission
3. Increased sympathetic
discharge
4. Release of catecholamines
from adrenal medulla
1. Direct increase of Na
reasbsorption in prox tubule
2. Release of aldosterone from
adrenal cortex
3. Altered hemodynamics:
• vasoconstriction
• Increased NA control on
kidney
1. Non-hemodinamically
mediated effects:
A. Expression of proto-
oncogenes
B. Release of Growth Factors
C. Synthesis of extracellular
matrix
2. Hemodinamically mediated
effects:
A. Increased afterload
B. Increased preload
Rapid Pressor Response Slow Pressor Response Vascular and cardiac
hypertrophy and remodeling
24. Target-organ damage precedes clinical events
Adapted from: Chung O. & Unger T., Am J Hypertens 1999;12:150S–156S
Risk factors: diabetes, obesity, smoking, age
Vasoconstriction
Vascular hypertrophy
Endothelial dysfunction
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Pro-thrombotic
state
Decreased GFR
Proteinuria/albuminuria
Glomerulosclerosis
Vascular
disease
Apoptosis
LVH
Fibrosis
Arrhythmia
Heart failure
MI
Stroke
Cognitive
dysfunction
Renal failure
Death
25. ACE inhibition
Hanon S., et al. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000;1:147–150; Chen R., et al.
Hypertension 2003;42:542–547; Hurairah H., et al. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58:173–183;
Steckelings U.M., et al. Peptides 2005;26:1401–1409
Bradykinin/NO
Inactive fragments
Vasodilation
Tissue protection
ACE
Inhibitor
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Chymase
tPA
Cathepsin
AT1 RECEPTOR
Vasoconstriction
Sodium retention
SNS activation
Inflammation
Growth-promoting effects
Aldosterone
Apoptosis
AT2 RECEPTOR
Vasodilation
Natriuresis
Tissue regeneration
Inhibition of inappropriate cell
growth
Differentiation
Anti-inflammation
Apoptosis
‘Angiotensin II escape’
26. Ditribuzione dell‘ACE nell‘organismo:
Sistema renina-angiotensina (RAS)
mod. sec Dzau V, Arch Intern Med 153 (1993)
R A S
circolante (plasma) locale (tessuto)
10 % 90 %
Effetti immediati
cardiovascolari/
omeostasi renale
Effetti a lungo termine
„adattamento“ locale dell‘organo
Attivazione rene-indipendente
27. Selective AT-1 receptor blockade (ARB)
Hanon S., et al. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000;1:147–150; Chen R., et al.
Hypertension 2003;42:542–547; Hurairah H., et al. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58:173–183;
Steckelings U.M., et al. Peptides 2005;26:1401–1409
Bradykinin/NO
Inactive fragments
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Chymase
tPA
Cathepsin
AT1 RECEPTOR
Vasoconstriction
Sodium retention
SNS activation
Inflammation
Growth-promoting effects
Aldosterone
Apoptosis
AT2 RECEPTOR
Vasodilation
Natriuresis
Tissue regeneration
Inhibition of inappropriate cell
growth
Differentiation
Anti-inflammation
Apoptosis
ARB
Bradykinin?
NO?
ACE
28. Rationale for ARB/ACEI plus
DRI Combinations
Peripheral
vasoconstrictio
n &
hypertension
DRIDRI
ARBs/ARBs/
ACEIsACEIs
FurtherFurther
lowering oflowering of
BP andBP and
potentialpotential
end-organend-organ
protectionprotection
StimulationStimulation
of RASof RAS
& SNS& SNS
BPBP
PRAPRA
Ang IIAng II
productionproduction
Compensatory
response mechanism
blocked with DRI
ComplementaryComplementary
MechanismMechanism
29. Obiettivi della terapia antipertensiva
European Society of Hypertension 2009 guidelines on hypertension management. J hypertens 2009;27:2121-2158
31. Modulazione del RAS nel paziente ad alto rischio
Riduzione del rischioRiduzione del rischio
Rischio residuoRischio residuo
32. In ogni singolo paziente è pertanto
necessario identificare le cause che
impediscono il raggiungimento dei target
terapeutici per predisporre misure
correttive specifiche ed appropriate...
terapia ma anche “stile di vita”.
33. Ipertesi a target: la Punta dell’Iceberg
.
Adapted from Bhatt DL. J Invasive Cardiol. 2003;15(suppl B):3B-9B.
Subclinico
Danno d’organo
non riconosciutoIpertesi non controllati
Ipertesi con
comorbilità ?
Clinico
34.
35. Perk J, et al. Eur Heart J doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
European Guidelines on Cardiovascular
Disease Prevention (Version 2012)
36. ?
Le Linee Guida dicono proprio
tutto……oppure no…
…importanza dei Registri
Osservazionali
45. Discrepanza tra
Trial Clinici e Pratica Clinica
AgeAge
Co-morbiditiesCo-morbidities
TrialsTrials
(Guidelines)(Guidelines)
Real WorldReal World
6060 68.368.3
‘’Virtual Reality’’
The Case of Co-morbidities
46. **
GESTIONE SINDROMI CORONARICHE ACUTE
(STEMI-ANGINA INSTABILE/NSTEMI)
STRATIFICAZIONE DEL RISCHIO ISCHEMICO
STRATIFICAZIONE DEL RISCHIO EMORRAGICO
‘’The SCA Corner’’
RISCHIO
EMORRAGICO
BASSO
RISCHIO
EMORRAGICO
INTERMEDIO
RISCHIO
EMORRAGICO
ALTO
BOLO ENDOVENOSO DI
EPARINA SODICA
Eparina sodica 5000 UI=1cc + 9 cc
di soluzione fisiologica (1 cc=500
UI)
Peso Corporeo
(Kg)
Eparina
(ml)
da 50 a 57 6
da 58 a 64 7
da 65 a 70 8
da 71 a 78 9
da 79 a 88 10
da 89 a 95 11
Da 95 a 100 12
da 101 a 110 13
>110 14
RIALZO DELLA TROPONINA NON LEGATO A
SINDROME CORONARICA ACUTA
ETA’ Frequenza
cardiaca
Pressione
Arteriosa
Sistolica
Creatinina
(mg/dl)
Classe Killip
Arresto
Cardiaco
all’ingresso=43<40=0 <70=0 <80=63 0,0-0,39=2 I=0
40-49=8 70-89=7 80-99=58 0,4-0,79=5 II=21 Marker
Cardiaci
elevati=15
50-59=36 90-109=13 100-119=47 0,8-1,19=8 III=43
60-69=55 110-149=23 120-139=37 1,2-1,59=11 IV=64
70-79=73 150-199=36 140-159=26 1,6-1,99=16 Slivellamento
tratto ST=30>80=91 >200=46 160-199=11 2,0-3,99=23
>200=0 >4=31
Mortalità intraospedaliera e a 6
mesi in base al GRACE risk score
Sanguinamento intraospedaliero maggiore
SCHEMA DI INFUSIONE DELLA
BIVALIRUDINA (ANGIOX®)
RICOSTITUZIONE: aggiungere al flaconcino 5ml di soluzione fisiologica; ruotare il
flaconcino delicatamente fino a quando la dissoluzione è completa e la soluzione è
limpida
DILUIZIONE: prelevare dal flaconcino 5 ml della soluzione ottenuta. Diluire in un volume
di 50 ml di soluzione glucosata al 5% o di soluzione fisiologica 0.9%. Dopo la diluizione
1ml di soluzione contiene 5mg di bivalirudina. Verificare l’assenza di
particelle/scolorimento
0.1 mg/kg 0.25 mg/kg/ora
ml
(5 mg/ml
bivalirudina)
ml
(5 mg/ml
bivalirudina)
Peso del paziente
(Kg)
0,9 2,3 43-47
1,0 2,5 48-52
1,1 2,8 53-57
1,2 3,0 58-62
1,3 3,3 63-67
1,4 3,5 68-72
1,5 3,8 73-77
1,6 4,0 78-82
1,7 4,3 83-87
1,8 4,5 88-92
1,9 4,8 93-97
2,0 5,0 98-102
2,1 5,3 103-107
2,2 5,5 108-112
2,3 5,8 113-117
2,4 6,0 118-122
2,5 6,3 123-127
53. Prevenzione secondaria
Scopo del Trattamento
Migliorare la sopravvivenza
Prevenire il
Reinfarto
Prevenire il
rimodellamento
del VSx
Prevenire lo
scompenso
cardiaco
Ridurre il rischio
di aritmie
54. Steg GRACE Registry Circulation 2004Di Chiara BLITZ Study Eur Hear J 2003
Killip >1 = 22% Scompenso cardiaco = 20%
Nicolosi GISSI-3 trial Eur Heart J 1996
Frazione di eiezione < 40% = 16% Frazione di eiezione < 45% = 25%
IN-ACS Outcome on file
Incidenza di scompenso e disfunzione ventricolare
sinistra postinfartuale
Dati SDO 2004
90.175 pazienti dimessi dopo infarto miocardico acuto
20.000 con indicazione a riabilitazione cardiologica degenziale
55. 1. Cardiac rehabilitation and ongoing care
2. Lifestyle modification
3. Goal of intervention
4. Therapeutic interventions
5. Integrated communication
Five steps to optimal
post-ACS care
56. 1. Cardiac rehabilitation and ongoing care
• Cardiac rehabilitation:
– Vital to help post-MI patients improve risk factors for cardiovascular disease
(CVD)
– Provides link in post-MI care between primary and secondary care
• Each post-MI patient should have an individualised plan
developed prior to hospital discharge
• Each cardiac rehabilitation plan should:
– Enable patients to understand and take responsibility for their recovery and
continued health
– Introduce concept of risk and importance of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors
– Address specific areas concerning patients and their partners
57. 2. Lifestyle modification
• Lifestyle changes are essential to improve CV health
• Partners and family members should be encouraged to
adopt positive healthy lifestyle changes together
58. 3. Goal of intervention
Blood pressure
• <130/80 mmHg13
• <125/75 mmHg for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)14
• Goal of intervention is to achieve optimal control of all modifiable CV
risk factors
• Clinical evidence consolidated for concise, definitive guidance on
optimal targets
Blood sugar • HbA1c <6.5%13
Weight
BMI13
• <25 kg/m2
Waist circumference16
• Europids
o Male <94 cm
o Female <80 cm
• South Asians and Chinese
o Male <90 cm
o Female <80 cm
Key: BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL-C = high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC = total cholesterol
59. Perk J, et al. Eur Heart J doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
European Guidelines on Cardiovascular
Disease Prevention (Version 2012)
60. 4. Therapeutic interventions
Riduzione del rischioduzione del rischio
• Aspirina – tienopiridine* 20-30%
• Beta-bloccanti* 20-35%
• ACE-inib./sartani* 22-25%
• Statine* 25-42%
*I quattro farmaci con i quali devono essere trattati tutti i
pazienti con aterosclerosi, salvo controindicazioni esistenti e
documentate
2-year event2-year event
raterate
6.0%6.0%
4.5%4.5%
3.0%3.0%
2.3%2.3%
61. Adherence Rates After Discharge for ACS if
Therapy is Started In-Hospital
GRACE Registry: 21,408 patients, multinational, assessment at discharge and 6 months
Eagle KA, et al. Am J Med. 2004;117:73-81.
92 88
80
87
ASA β-blocker ACEI Statin
0
20
40
60
80
100
PercentofPatients
[11,465/12,463] [1906/2379][6796/7738] [5522/6320]
62. Interruzione dei trattamenti raccomandati durante il
follow-up in pazienti con Pregresso IMA
Dati del registro SIMG - Health Search - JCVM 2009
63.
64.
65. Rossini R et al. Am J Card 2011, 107: 186
Discontinuation Causes:
Surgery 34.5%
Bleeding 21%
Medical decision 17.6%
Dental interventions 7.6%
Economic/burocratic reasons 5.9%
Anticoagulant therapy 5.0%
8.8% of patients discontinued one or both antiplatelet agents within the first 12 months
(early discontinuation) and 4.8% withdrew aspirin after 1 year (late discontinuation)
Discontinuation
Causes
66. 5. Integrated communication
• Good communication between
secondary and primary care,
community services and the patient is
essential12
• Post-ACS hospital discharge
summary is vital component of
successful communication24
69. LDL Cholesterol reduction (mmol/l)LDL Cholesterol reduction (mmol/l)
Relative risk reduction for major coronary eventsRelative risk reduction for major coronary events
Ogni riduzione di LDL-C di 38Ogni riduzione di LDL-C di 38
mg/dl si associa ad unamg/dl si associa ad una
riduzione del Rischio Relativoriduzione del Rischio Relativo
del 24%del 24%
La riduzione del RischioLa riduzione del Rischio
Relativo risultaRelativo risulta
indipendente dai livelliindipendente dai livelli
iniziali di LDL-C e dalleiniziali di LDL-C e dalle
caratteristiche cliniche delcaratteristiche cliniche del
pazientepaziente
Baigent C, et al, Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators.
Lancet 2005;366:1267–1278.
70. 2011 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management
of Dyslipidaemias: General Indications
European Heart Journal 2011;32:1769–1818
Every 1.0 mmol/L (38-40 mg/dL)
reduction in LDL-C is associated with a
corresponding 20-25% reduction in CVD
events.
An absolute reduction to an LDL-C level
<1.8 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL) or at least a
50% relative reduction in LDL-C provides
the best benefit in terms of CVD
reduction.
In the majority of patients, this is
achievable with statin monotherapy.
a: class of recommendation
b: level of evidence
71. Use of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in patients withUse of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in patients with
ACS in theACS in the “Get With The Guidelines”“Get With The Guidelines” ProgramProgram
• 138,216 patients discharged, 119,387 (86.4%) receiving LLT and
14,279 (10.3%) without LLT; LLT contraindicated in 4,550 (3.3%).
• Intensive LLT defined as therapy likely to achieve a 50% reduction in
LDL-C - atorvastatin 40-80 mg, rosuvastatin 20-40 mg, simvastatin
80 mg, any statin + ezetimibe
Am Heart J 2011;161:418-424
75. Sindromi Coronariche Acute
Profilo lipidico durante il ricovero ed a 90 giorni dalla dimissione in 3056
pazienti consecutivi con SCA dal Registro Regionale del Lazio Net.Sca
mg/dl
22% con C-LDL≤ 70 mg/dl
76. Mesi post SCA
SCA
MMG:
- Aderenza alla terapia
- Ttarget lipidi
- Target PA
- Target metabolici
-Symptoms
Visita cardiologica/ ECG
Esami ematochimici
Ecocardiogramma
Test ergometrico
0 1 3 6 9 12
Alto rischio:scompenso cardiaco o disfunzione ventricolare sinistra
Riabilitazione cardiologica degenziale/ambulatorio cardiologico controlli seriati/MMG
Cadenza controlli
in rapporto a condizione clinica
Cadenza in rapporto
a condizione clinica
Annuale
Prova da sforzo per valutazione funzionale pre e post riabilitazione cardiologica
*
*
*
Cadenza in rapporto
a condizione clinica
Cadenza in rapporto
a condizione clinica
Modificata da Rossini et al. in press
77. Mesi post SCA
SCA
MMG:
- Aderenza alla terapia
- Ttarget lipidi
- Target PA
- Target metabolici
-Symptoms
Visita cardiologica/ ECG
Esami ematochimici
Ecocardiogramma
Test ergometrico
0 1 3 6 9 12
Alto rischio trombotico
Riabilitazione cardiologica ambulatoriale/Ambulatorio cardiologico prevenzione secondaria/MMG
Cadenza controlli
in rapporto a condizione clinica
Cadenza in rapporto
a condizione clinica
Annuale
Annuale
Prova da sforzo precoce indicata in caso di risultato subottimale della procedura
Non indicato in pazienti asintomatici senza nuovi eventi
*
*
Modificata da Rossini et al. in press
78. Mesi post SCA
SCA
MMG:
- Aderenza alla terapia
- Ttarget lipidi
- Target PA
- Target metabolici
-Symptoms
Visita cardiologica/ ECG
Esami ematochimici
Ecocardiogramma
Test ergometrico
0 1 3 6 9 12
Basso rischio
Ambulatorio cardiologico H o territoriale/MMG
Cadenza controlli
in rapporto a condizione clinica
Cadenza in rapporto
a condizione clinica
Annuale
Non indicato in pazienti asintomatici senza nuovi eventi
Non indicato in pazienti asintomatici senza nuovi eventi
Modificata da Rossini et al. in press
79.
80.
81. Nuovi anticoagulanti orali:quali pazienti,
aderenza alla terapia e gestione
perioperatoria, gestione delle
complicanze, casi clinici paradigmatici
83. Fibrillazione Atriale (FA)
FA è il più comune disturbo del ritmo cardiaco1
Si stima che 1 persona su 4 (> 40 anni) svilupperà FA1
Nel 2007, 6.3 millioni di persone in US, Giappone, Italia,
Germania, Spagna, Francia e UK con FA2
Dovuto all’invecchiamento della popolazione questo
numero si raddoppierà nei prossimi 30 anni3
1. Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Circulation 2004;110:1042-1046. 2. Decision Resources. Atrial
Fibrillation Report. Dec 2008. 3. Go AS, et al. JAMA 2001;285:2370-2375.
84. Miyakasa Y, et al. Circulation 2006; 114: 119.Miyakasa Y, et al. Circulation 2006; 114: 119.
US Prevalence: An EpidemicUS Prevalence: An Epidemic
12-16 million12-16 million
85. FA aumenta il rischio di ictus
FA è associata ad uno stato pro-trombotico
(rischio per ictus ~5 volte più alto)1
Il rischio di stroke è uguale in pazienti
indipendentemente se soffrono di FA
parossistica o persistente2,3
L’ictus cardioembolico ha una mortalità a 30
giorni del 25%4
Gli stroke in correlazione alla FA comportano
una mortalità a 1 anno del ~50%5
1. Wolf PA, et al. Stroke 1991;22:983-988; 2. Rosamond W et al. Circulation. 2008;117:e25–146; 3.Hart RG, et
al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:183-187; 4. Lin H-J, et al. Stroke 1996; 27:1760-1764; 5. Marini C, et al. Stroke
86. The CHAThe CHA22DSDS22VASc IndexVASc Index
Stroke Risk Score for Atrial FibrillationStroke Risk Score for Atrial Fibrillation
CCongestive heart failure or LVEFongestive heart failure or LVEF << 35%35% 11
HHypertensionypertension 11
AAge >75 yearsge >75 years 22
DDiabetes mellitusiabetes mellitus 11
SStroke/TIA/systemic embolismtroke/TIA/systemic embolism 22
VVascularascular Disease (MI/PAD/Aortic plaque)Disease (MI/PAD/Aortic plaque) 11
AAge 65-74 yearsge 65-74 years 11
SSexex ccategory (female)ategory (female) 11
Moderate-High riskModerate-High risk >> 22
Low riskLow risk 0-10-1
Lip GYH, Halperin JL. Am J Med 2010; 123: 484.
Weight (points)Weight (points)
87. The HAS-BLED ScoreThe HAS-BLED Score
HHypertension (>160 mmHg systolic)ypertension (>160 mmHg systolic) 11
AAbnormal renal or hepatic function 1-bnormal renal or hepatic function 1-22
SStroketroke 11
BBleeding history or anemialeeding history or anemia 11
LLabile INR (TTR <60%)abile INR (TTR <60%) 11
EElderly (age >75 years)lderly (age >75 years) 11
DDrugs (antiplatelet, NSAID) or alcohol 1-2rugs (antiplatelet, NSAID) or alcohol 1-2
High riskHigh risk (>4%/year)(>4%/year) >> 44
Moderate riskModerate risk (2-4%/year)(2-4%/year) 2-32-3
Low riskLow risk (<2%.year)(<2%.year) 0-10-1
Pisters R, et al. Chest 2010; 138: 1093. Lip GYH, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 57: 173.
Weight (points)Weight (points)
88. Limiti della Terapia Anticoagulante Orale
Un significativo numero di pazienti con FA a
rischio di stroke non riceve la TAO
L’intensità della scoagulazione è spesso al di
fuori del range terapeutico (INR 2.0 – 3.0)
Un significativo numero di pazienti sospende la
TAO entro un anno dall’inizio
Un significativo numero di pazienti con FA a
rischio di stroke non riceve la TAO
L’intensità della scoagulazione è spesso al di
fuori del range terapeutico (INR 2.0 – 3.0)
Un significativo numero di pazienti sospende la
TAO entro un anno dall’inizio
89. Patients Stop Taking Warfarin Over Time
Approximately 30% of patients with AF treated with warfarin
discontinue within 1 year
Gallagher AM et al. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:1500–1506
Age 40–64
Age 75–79
Age 65–69
Age 80–84
Age 70–74
Age 85+
Patient age
0
20
40
60
80
100
Patients(%)
0 2 4 6
Time (years after starting treatment)
1
90.
91. RE-LY
Dabigatran 110 mg 1.53% /yr
Dabigatran 150 mg 1.11% / yr
Warfarin 1.69%/yr
ROCKET AF
Rivaroxaban 20mg 2.12%/ year
Warfarin 2.42%/year
ARISTOTLE
Apixaban 5 mg 1.27% /year
Warfarin 1.60% /year
Primary Endpoint of Stroke or Systemic Embolism
p<0.001p<0.001
HR = 0.88HR = 0.88
HR = 0.79HR = 0.79
HR = 0.91HR = 0.91
HR = 0.66HR = 0.66
Event Rate
p 0.12p 0.12
p 0.01p 0.01
P
- 34%
- 21%
Non inferiore a War
Granger et al.Circulation 2012;125:159-164
94. Pharmacokinetics of new
anticoagulantsDABIGATRAN RIVAROXABAN APIXABAN
Administratio
n
Twice a day
Once a Day
Twice a day
TARGET Factor II
Factor XA
Factor XA
TIME TO
PEAK
EFFECT
2h 2 – 4h 1-4h
DOSE
150 mg BID
110 mg BID
20mg day 5mg BID
HALF - LIFE 12-14h 7-11h 12h
INTERACTIO
N
Inhibitors of P-
glycoprotein
transporter (include
amiodarone and
verapamil)
Inhibitors of CYP 3A4
(include antifungals and
protease inhibitors)
Inhibitors of P-glycoprotein
transporter (include
amiodarone and verapamil)
Inhibitors of CYP 3A4
((include antifungals and
protease inhibitors)
Inhibitors of P-glycoprotein
transporter (include
amiodarone and verapamil)
RENAL
CLEARANCE
%
80
35 25
ANTIDOTE None
None None
96. .
DABIGATRAN
Pregresso ictus
ischemico, TIA
FEVS<40%
Classe NYHA ≥2
Età ≥ 75 aa
Età ≥ 65 aa ed
almeno uno dei
seguenti fattori di
rischio: diabete,
CAD e
ipertensione
APIXABAN
Pregresso ictus
ischemico, TIA
Classe NYHA ≥2
Età ≥ 75 aa
Diabete
ipertensione
arteriosa
RIVAROXABAN
insufficienza
cardiaca
congestizia
Ipertensione,
età ≥ 75 anni,
diabete
mellito,
pregresso
ictus o TIA.
97. 1)SCOMPARE L’ASA DALLE LINEE
GUIDA per i pazienti con LAF et età <
65 aa (Classe IB, nelle donne con età
inferiore a 65 aa e LAF, II a)
1)IL CHA2DS2VASC diventa lo score di
riferimento
2)I pazienti con CHA2DS2VASC = 1
possono essere già trattati con gli
Anticoagulanti orali (II a)
3)E’ necessario valutare il rischio di
sanguinamento mediante la scala
HAS-BLED
1)I NUOVI anticoagulanti sono
ugualmente preferiti ai VKA o preferiti
ai VKA nei pz non responsivi alle
modalità di dosaggio dell’INR (Classe I)
UPDATE 2012
98. Elegibilità: indifferente per le 3 diverse molecole?
Pz di anni 72 aa, FA persistente, ipertensione
arteriosa sistemica
CHA2DS2 VASC SCORE=3
HAS BLED =4
GFR= 58 ml/m
GOT, GPT nei limiti
Enzimi del polo biliare (gamma GT lievemente
aumentate, con bilirubina tot, diretta nei limiti)
2 accessi/anno in PS per colica biliare
99. Elegibilità: indifferente per le 3 diverse molecole?
Pz di anni 83 aa, maschio, FA permanente,
ipertensione arteriosa sistemica, CMD post
ischemica, FE: 35%, portatore di AICD
biventricolare
CHA2DS2 VASC SCORE=4
HAS BLED =4
GFR= 35 ml/m
GOT, GPT, gamma GT, bilirubina tot, diretta nei
limiti)
100. Dopo 5 mesi di Rivaroxaban
GFR= 27 ml/m
GOT, GPT, gamma GT, bilirubina tot,
diretta nei limiti)
Warfarin?
101. Il ruolo della funzione renale
EHRA PRACTICAL GUIDE
European Heart Rhythm Association Practical
Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in
patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation
Hein Heidbuchel1*, Peter Verhamme1, Marco Alings2, Matthias Antz3,
W erner Hacke4, Jonas Oldgren5, Peter Sinnaeve1, A. John Camm6,
and Paulus Kirchhof7,8
1
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 2
Department of Cardiology, Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda,
Netherlands; 3
Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; 4
Department of Neurology, Ruprecht Karls Universita¨t, Heidelberg, Germany; 5
Uppsala
Clinical Research Center and Dept of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 6
Clinical Cardiology, St George’s University, London, UK; 7
University of Birmingham
Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Birmingham, UK; and 8
Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Mu¨nster, Germany
Received 7 November 2012; accepted after revision 18 March 2013
New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are an alternative for vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) to prevent stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial
Europace (2013) 15, 625–651
doi:10.1093/europace/eut083
http://euDownloadedfrom
102. Il ruolo della funzione renale
stima delle modifiche dell’emività
nelle diversi gradi di insufficienza renale
103. Il ruolo della funzione renale
in caso di riduzione della GFR
DABIGATRAN APIXABAN RIVAROXABA
N
Non raccomandati
104. Il ruolo della funzione renale
in caso di riduzione della GFRESC GUIDELINES
2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines
for the management of atrial fibrillation
An update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management
of atrial fibrillation
Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart
Rhythm Association
Authors/Task Force Members: A. John Camm (Chairperson) (UK)*,
Gregory Y.H. Lip (UK), Raffaele De Caterina (Italy), Irene Savelieva (UK),
Dan Atar (Norway), Stefan H. Hohnloser (Germany), Gerhard Hindricks (Germany),
Paulus Kirchhof (UK)
ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG): Jeroen J. Bax (CPG Chairperson) (The Netherlands),
Helmut Baumgartner (Ger many), Claudio Ceconi (Italy), Veronica Dean (France), Christi Deaton (UK),
Robert Fagard (Belgium), Christian Funck-Brentano (France), David Hasdai (Israel), Arno Hoes (The Netherlands),
Paulus Kirchhof (Ger many/UK), Juhani Knuuti (Finland), Philippe Kolh (Belgium), Theresa McDonagh (UK),
Cyril Moulin (France), Bogdan A. Popescu (Romania), Zˇ eljko Reiner (Croatia), Udo Sechtem (Germany),
Per Anton Sirnes (Norway), Michal Tendera (Poland), Adam Torbicki (Poland), Alec Vahanian (France),
Stephan W indecker (Switzerland)
European Heart Journal (2012) 33, 2719–2747
doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs253
byguestonOctoberDownloadedfrom
107. .....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with
warfarin according to age for stroke prevention in
atrial fibrillation: observationsfrom the
ARISTOTLE trial
Sigrun Halvorsen1*, Dan Atar1,2, Hongqiu Yang3, Raffaele De Caterina4, Cetin Erol5,
David Garcia6, Christopher B. Granger 3, Michael Hanna7, ClaesHeld8, Steen Husted9,
Elaine M. Hylek10, Petr Jansky11, Renato D. Lopes3, W itold Ruzyllo12, Laine Thomas3,
and Lars W allentin8
1
Department ofCardiologyB,Oslo UniversityHospital,Oslo 0407,Norway;2
InstituteofClinical Medicine,UniversityofOslo,Norway;3
DukeClinical ResearchInstitute,DukeUniversity
Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; 4
G. D’Annunzio Universita` - Chieti and Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy;5
Faculty of Medicine, AnkaraUniversity, Ankara, Turkey;
6
Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; 7
Bristol-MyersSquibb, Princeton, NJ,USA; 8
Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, and UppsalaClinical
ResearchCenter,UppsalaUniversity, Uppsala,Sweden;9
Medical Department,Hospital Unit West,Herning/Holstbro,Denmark; 1 0
BostonUniversity Medical Center,Boston,MA,USA;
1 1
Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic; and 1 2
National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw,Poland
Received 29 April 2013; revised 6 December 2013;accepted 22 January2014
A im s The risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) increases with age. In the ARISTOTLE trial, apixaban when
compared with warfarin reduced the rate of stroke, death, and bleeding. We evaluated these outcomes in relation to
patient age.
Met hods
and result s
A total of18 201patientswithAFandaraisedriskofstrokewererandomizedtowarfarinor apixaban5 mgb.d.withdose
reductionto 2.5 mgb.d.or placebo in831patientswith ≥ 2of thefollowingcriteria:age≥ 80years,bodyweight ≤ 60 kg,
or creatinine ≥ 133 mmol/L. We used Cox models to compare outcomes in relation to patient age during 1.8 years
median follow-up. Of the trial population, 30%were , 65 years, 39%were 65 to , 75, and 31%were ≥ 75 years. The
rates of stroke, all-cause death, and major bleeding were higher in the older age groups (P, 0.001 for all). Apixaban
was more effective than warfarin in preventing stroke and reducing mortality across all age groups, and associated
with less major bleeding, lesstotal bleeding, and less intracranial haemorrhage regardless of age (Pinteraction . 0.11
for all). Resultswere also consistent for the 13%of patients ≥ 80 years. No significant interaction with apixaban dose
wasfound with respect to treatment effect on major outcomes.
Conclusion The benefitsof apixaban vs. warfarin were consistent in patientswith AFregardlessof age. Owingto the higher risk at
older age, the absolute benefitsof apixaban weregreater in the elderly.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Keywords Atrial fibrillation † Age † Anticoagulants † Stroke † Bleeding † Apixaban
Introduction
The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) increases with age, from
0.5% at 40–50 years, to 10% or more at 80 years.1 ,2
Patients
with AFare at increased risk of stroke, and the annual stroke risk in
AF patients is increasing with age.3
Warfarin and other vitamin K
antagonists are effective treatments, reducing the risk of stroke by
about two-thirds,4
but their use is limited by a narrow therapeutic
range,drugand foodinteractions,theneed for coagulationmonitor-
ing,andtheriskofbleeding.Theriskofbleedingincludingintracranial
*Correspondingauthor. Tel: + 47 22119101, Fax: + 47 22119181,Email: sigrun.h@online.no
& The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Presson behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.
Thisisan Open Accessarticle distributed under the termsof the CreativeCommons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which
byguestonMarch28,2014http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
108. a) Ruolo dei NAO in pz
fibrillanti sottoposti a recente
PTCA + stent
b)Percorsi di gestione ospedale-
territorio dei pazienti in
terapia con NAO
109. Triplice terapia nei pazienti ischemici
(e’ possibile l’associazione tra NAO e doppia
terapia antiaggregante?)
a) Valutazione del GRACE risk
score e CHADS Vasc
b) E’ possibile una monoterpia
con VKA se Grace risk basso,
CHA2DS2 vasc score alto, e
HAS BLED ≥3 dopo un mese di
di BMS e 6 mesi di DES
c) In pz con basso CHA2DS2 VS
(≤1) potrebbe essere
un’alternativa la doppia terapia
antiaggregante
d) Preferibili gli inibitori del fattore
Xa
e) Se indicato dabigatran, ridurre
dose a 110 mg x2
110. ESC/EACTS GUIDELINES
2014 ESC/EACTSGuidelineson myocardial
revascularization
The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European
Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association
for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)
Developed with thespecial contribution oftheEuropean Association of
PercutaneousCardiovascular Interventions(EAPCI)
Authors/Task Force members: Stephan W indecker* (ESC Chairperson) (Switzerland),
Philippe Kolh* (EACTSChairperson) (Belgium), Fernando Alfonso (Spain),
Jean-Philippe Collet (France), Jochen Cremer (Germany), Volkmar Falk (Switzerland),
GerasimosFilippatos(Greece), Christian Hamm (Germany), Stuart J. Head
(The Netherlands), Peter Ju¨ni (Switzerland), A. Pieter Kappetein (The Netherlands),
Adnan Kastrati (Germany), Juhani Knuuti (Finland), Ulf Landmesser (Switzerland),
Gu¨nther Laufer (Austria), Franz-Josef Neumann (Germany), DimitriosJ. Richter
(Greece), Patrick Schauerte (Germany), Miguel Sousa Uva (Portugal),
Giulio G. Stefanini (Switzerland), David Paul Taggart (UK), Lucia Torracca (Italy),
Marco Valgimigli (Italy), W illiam W ijns(Belgium), and Adam W itkowski (Poland).
* First andcorrespondingauthors:StephanWindecker,Cardiology,BernUniversityHospital,Freiburgstrasse4,CH-3010Bern,Switzerland.Tel:+ 41316324770;Fax:+ 41316324299;
Email: stephan.windecker@insel.ch
Philippe Kolh, Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Hospital (CHU, ULg) of Liege, Sart Tilman B 35, 4000 Liege, Belgium. Tel: + 32 4 366 7163; Fax: + 32 4 366 7164;
Email: philippe.kolh@chu.ulg.ac.be
National Cardiac Societies document reviewers: listed in Addenda
Thecontent of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines hasbeen published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use isauthorized.No part of theESC
Guidelinesmaybetranslated or reproducedinanyformwithout writtenpermissionfromtheESC.Permission canbeobtaineduponsubmissionofawrittenrequest to OxfordUniversity
Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and theparty authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC.
‡
Other ESC entities having participated in the development of this document:
Associations: AcuteCardiovascular CareAssociation(ACCA),EuropeanAssociation for Cardiovascular Prevention&Rehabilitation(EACPR),European AssociationofCardiovascular
Imaging(EACVI), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA),Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA).
W orking groups: WorkingGroup on CardiacCellular Electrophysiology,WorkingGroup on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, WorkingGroup onCardiovascular Pharmacology
andDrugTherapy,WorkingGroup onCardiovascular Surgery,WorkingGrouponCoronaryPathophysiology andMicrocirculation,WorkingGroup onNuclear CardiologyandCardiac
Computed Tomography,WorkingGroup on Peripheral Circulation, WorkingGroup on Thrombosis, WorkingGroup on Valvular Heart Disease.
Councils: Council for Cardiology Practice, Council on Cardiovascular Primary Care, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions.
Disclaimer 2014: TheESC Guidelinesrepresent theviewsoftheESCandwereproduced after careful considerationofthescientific andmedical knowledgeandtheevidenceavailableat
the time of their dating.
TheESC isnot responsible intheevent ofany contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguitybetween theESC Guidelinesandanyother official recommendationsor guidelinesissued by
therelevant publichealth authorities,inparticular inrelationto gooduseofhealthcare or therapeutic strategies.Healthprofessionalsareencouraged to taketheESC Guidelinesfullyinto
account when exercising their clinical judgment as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC
Guidelines do not in any way whatsoever override the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisionsin consideration of each patient’s
health condition and, where appropriate and/or necessary, in consultation with that patient and the patient’s care provider. Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals
from giving full and careful consideration to the relevant official, updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each
patient’s case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the
applicable rulesand regulationsrelatingto drugsand medical devicesat thetime of prescription.
& TheEuropean Society of Cardiology 2014. All rightsreserved. For permissionsplease email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
European Heart Journal
doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278
European Heart Journal Advance Access published September 10, 2014
byguestonOctober10,2014http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/Downloadedfrom
112. POLICLINICO CASILINO
Terapia Anticoagulante Orale nella Fibrillazione atriale
Per gli anticoagulanti non inibitori della vitamina k
Sig./ Sig.ra
Data di nascita
Peso __ Altezza ____
PRADAXA 110/150 mg 1cp (dopo colazione - dopo cena)
Asssumere XARELTO 15/20 mg 1cp (dopo cena)
ELIQUIS 2.5/ 5 mg 1cp (dopo colazione - dopo cena)
Prima di inziare la nuova terapia anticoagulante sospendere:
SINTROM ASPIRINA
COUMADIN TICLOPIDINA
CLEXANE ( Enoxiparina sodica) PLAVIX/CLOPIDOGREL
SELEPARINA (Fraxiparina) ___________________
Per ________ giorni.
Eseguire i seguenti esami del sangue : Creatinina, azotemia, emocromo completo,
GOT, GPT, GAMMA GT, bIlirubina totale e diretta, ogni ______ mesi.
Il monitoraggio del livello di anticoagulazione non è richiesto!
Dott. ______________________
Prendere il farmaco esattamente come prescritto: se non si prende il farmaco si perde la
protezione!
Non interrompere mai il farmaco senza consultare il tuo medico.
Non aggiungere mai altri farmaci senza consultare il tuo medico.
Avverti il tuo dentista o i chirurghi prima di ogni intervento.
N.B. Per i colleghi curanti: ulteriori informazioni sono disponibili al sito www.noacforaf.eu
Contatto telefonico nostro centro 800.016.661
113. Terapia Concomitante Dosaggio
Prendere il farmaco esattamente come prescritto: se non si prende il farmaco si perde la
protezione!
Non interrompere mai il farmaco senza consultare il tuo medico.
Non aggiungere mai altri farmaci senza consultare il tuo medico.
Avverti il tuo dentista o i chirurghi prima di ogni intervento.
N.B. Per i colleghi curanti: ulteriori informazioni sono disponibili al sito www.noacforaf.eu
Contatto telefonico nostro centro 800.016.661
114. FARMACO VARIAZIONI LIVELLI NAO INDOTTE
Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban
Digossina Nessuna Nessuna Non studiata
Atorvastatina 18,00% Nessuna Nin studiata
Verapamil Da +12% a +180%
(ridurre dose a 110 mg x
2/die)
Effetti minori
(cautela se GFR tra i 15-50
ml/min)
Non studiata
Dilatiazem Nessuna Effetti minori
(cautela se GFR tra i 15-50
ml/min)
40,00%
Chinidina 50,00% 50,00% Non studiata
Amiodarone Da +12% a + 60% Effetti minori Non studiata
Dronedarone Da +70% a +100% Forte aumento Non studiata
Itraconazolo +140%/150% Fino a +160% 100,00%
Flucanazolo Non studiata 42,00% Non studiata
Ciclosporina,
tacrolimus
Forte aumento 50,00% Non studiata
Claritromicina,
eritromicina
+15/20% +30/54% Non studiata
Inibitori proteasi HIV Forte aumento Fino al +153% Forte aumento
Rifampicina,
Erba di S.Giovanni,
Carbamazepina,
Fenitoina,
Fenobarbital
-66,00% Fino a -50% -54,00%
Antiacidi gastrici
(IPP, antiH2,
Idrossido Al-Mg)
-12/30% Nessuna Non studiata
Associazione controindicata
Associazione possibile ma con cautela
NB: Le segnalazioni di interazioni potrebbero potenzialmente coinvolgere altre molecole in futuro e sono attualmente
in corso di valutazione. Informazioni aggiornate sono sul sito: www.NOACforAF.eu
115. Sospensione dei NAO in caso di intervento chirurgico
Dabigatran Apixaban Rivaroxaban
GFR Intervento
Basso
rischio
Intervento
Alto
Rischio
Intervento
Basso
rischio
Intervento
Alto
Rischio
Intervento
Basso
rischio
Intervento
Alto
Rischio
CRCl
≥80 ml/min
≥24 h ≥48h ≥24h ≥48h ≥24h ≥48h
CRCl
50-80 ml/min
≥36 h ≥72h ≥24h ≥48h ≥24h ≥48h
CRCl
30-50 ml/min
≥48h ≥96h ≥24h ≥48h ≥24h ≥48
CRCl
15-30 ml/min
Non
indicato
Non
indicato
≥36h* ≥48h* ≥36h* ≥48h*
CRCl
<15 ml/min
NAO controindicata
* Apixaban e Rivaroxaban indicato secondo documento EHRA 2013
(www.NOACforAF.eu), controindicati update Linee Guida ESC 2012
Interventi ad alto rischio di sanguinamento (www.NOACforAF.eu): Ablazioni complesse di FA e
di tachicardia ventricolare, Anestesia epidurale o spinale, rachicentesi, Chirurgia toracica, renale,
epatica, addominale, Chirurgia ortopedica maggiore, Resezione transuretrale prostata, resezione
vescicale. (www.NOACforAF.eu)
Interventi a basso rischio (www.NOACforAF.eu): Endoscopia con biopsia, biopsia vescico-
prostatica, studio elettrofisiologico ed ablazione transcatetere non complesse (TPSV, flutter atriale dx),
Angiografia, elettrostimolazione cardiaca (PMK, AICD)
Interventi che non richiedono necessariamente la sospensione dei NAO (www.NOACforAF.eu):
Estrazione dentali (max 3 denti), chirurgia paradontale, incisione di ascessi, Implantologia, interventi
per cataratta o glaucoma (camera anteriore), Endoscopia senza chirurgia, chirurgia superficiale
(incisione ascessi, escissioni dermatologiche, ecc...).
Quando riprendere la NAO dopo l'intervento
a) 6-8 ore dopo: per procedure con immediata e completa emostasi
b) 48-72 ore dopo l'intervento: per la maggior parte degli interventi valutando di volta in volta la
situzione dell'emostasi post operatoria (previo supporto dei chirurghi).
b) negli interventi ad alto rischio tromboembolico soprattutto secondario ad immobilizzazione,
considerare nel periodo di finestra tra la sospensione e la ripresa dei NAO (48-72 ore) la terapia
profilattica con eparina a basso peso molecolare in monosomministrazione.
116. POLICLINICO CASILINO
Terapia Anticoagulante Orale nella Fibrillazione atriale
Per gli anticoagulanti non inibitori della vitamina k
Sig./ Sig.ra
Data di nascita
Peso __ Altezza ____
PRADAXA 110/150 mg 1cp (dopo colazione - dopo cena)
Asssumere XARELTO 15/20 mg 1cp (dopo cena)
ELIQUIS 2.5/ 5 mg 1cp (dopo colazione - dopo cena)
Prima di inziare la nuova terapia anticoagulante sospendere:
SINTROM ASPIRINA
COUMADIN TICLOPIDINA
CLEXANE ( Enoxiparina sodica) PLAVIX/CLOPIDOGREL
SELEPARINA (Fraxiparina) ___________________
Per ________ giorni.
Eseguire i seguenti esami del sangue : Creatinina, azotemia, emocromo completo,
GOT, GPT, GAMMA GT, bIlirubina totale e diretta, ogni ______ mesi.
Il monitoraggio del livello di anticoagulazione non è richiesto!
Dott. ______________________
Prendere il farmaco esattamente come prescritto: se non si prende il farmaco si perde la
protezione!
Non interrompere mai il farmaco senza consultare il tuo medico.
Non aggiungere mai altri farmaci senza consultare il tuo medico.
Avverti il tuo dentista o i chirurghi prima di ogni intervento.
N.B. Per i colleghi curanti: ulteriori informazioni sono disponibili al sito www.noacforaf.eu
Contatto telefonico nostro centro 800.016.661
Notes de l'éditeur
Slide 3: Hypertensive Patients Are at Increased Risk for Cardiovascular Events
The Framingham Heart Study represents one of the major milestones in our understanding of the cardiovascular risks of hypertension. This study, for the first time, clearly demonstrated that patients with elevated blood pressure were at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Based on the findings of the Framingham Heart Study, physicians were given evidence that patients with hypertension were at risk and therefore should be treated.9,10
The long-term Framingham Heart Study has provided epidemiologic data in which a cohort of subjects from the general population have been followed biennially over four decades to observe the development of cardiovascular events in relation to their blood pressure and other suspected risk factors. The Framingham Study has found hypertension to be a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases.9,10
Hypertensive individuals in this study have been found to be at much greater risk for coronary disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and heart failure, compared to normotensive individuals.9,10
Role of Angiotensin II in the CV Continuum
This slide illustrates the cardiovascular continuum.1
Advances in cardiovascular research during the past two decades have resulted in an improved understanding of the chain of events that lead to end-stage coronary artery disease. The process of cardiovascular disease, from the onset to end-stage heart disease, can be regarded as a continuum.
It starts with risk factors such as hypertension, increased low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), diabetes, etc., which by creating oxidative stress lead to physiological conditions that are favourable to a high concentration of angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II (AII), acting through the AT1-receptor, is involved at every single step in the process of the progression from atherosclerosis, coronary atherothrombotic disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, remodelling and heart failure to end-stage heart disease.
In addition to its effects on blood pressure, angiotensin II also exerts a wide variety of deleterious effects mediated directly or via several signal-transduction pathways leading to cellular proliferation, increased oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide.3
References
1. Dzau V. & Braunwald E., Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease: a workshop consensus statement. Am Heart J 1991;121:1244–1263
2. Unger T. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2002;89(suppl):3A–10A
3.Morawietz H. Endothelial Protection, AT1 Blockade and Cholesterol-Dependent Oxidative Stress: The EPAS Trial. Circulation 2006; 114:1S-296S
Target-organ damage precedes clinical events
The CV continuum begins with the well-known cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking and diabetes, initiating the process that leads to target-organ damage. The subclinical disease that starts as endothelial dysfunction, and the resultant oxidative stress and inflammatory response, gradually leads to vascular remodelling and atherosclerosis. Vascular remodelling in small, resistance arteries may be the initial step in the progression from hypertension to target-organ damage.
Small-artery remodelling is more common in patients with hypertension; increased blood pressure promotes the development of atherosclerotic plaques and in hypertensive vessels there is an increased expression of matrix and other proteins, and growth factors that can act to cause structural changes.
Cardiac remodelling is mediated by the diverse endocrine, paracrine and autocrine effects of a number of different hormones involved in changing the structure, function and phenotype of the myocardium. These include angiotensin II, cytokines and NO. If uninterrupted, cardiac remodelling results in impaired systolic and diastolic functioning and progresses to heart failure, end-stage heart disease and death. 1
We now consider that each disease event in the CV continuum is the result of common pathophysiological processes participating in multiple steps across the continuum.
The resultant atherosclerotic events and artery remodelling can be accompanied by cognitive dysfunction and, as the disease progresses, dementia2 and cardiac embolism can result in stroke – or can result in damage to the glomeruli, microalbuminuria and macroproteinuria, leading to progressive nephrosis and the development of renal failure.3–5
References
1. Dzau V., et al. The Cardiovascular Disease Continuum Validated: Clinical Evidence of Improved Patient Outcomes: Part I: Pathophysiology and Clinical Trial Evidence (Risk Factors Through Stable Coronary Artery Disease). Circulation 2006;114:2850–2870
2. Hofman A., et al. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the Rotterdam study. Lancet 1997;349:151–154
3. Cooper M.E., Pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1998;352:213–219
4.Taylor A.A., Pathophysiology of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2001;30:983–997
5. Erhardt L.R., Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease: the promise of blocking the renin-angiotensin system. Int J Clin Pract 2003;57:211–218
6. Chung O. & Unger T., Angiotensin II receptor blockade and end-organ protection. Am J Hypertens 1999;12:150S–156S
ACE inhibiton
ACE inhibitors inhibit the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme or ACE and hence there is no production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and growth promoter, and ACE inhibition leads to decreased systemic arteriolar resistance and mean diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and increased concentrations of the vasodilator bradykinin occur because its degradation is also inhibited.
Bradykinin has been shown to have beneficial effects associated with the release of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, which may contribute to the positive haemodynamic effects seen with ACE inhibitors. Bradykinin may also be responsible, however, for some of the adverse effects, such as dry cough, hypotension and angio-oedema.1
However, ACE inhibition is only stops one mechanism for the production of angiotensin II. Other pathways – e.g. chymase – continue to produce angiotensin II and these can lead to a gradual return of angiotensin levels to baseline, a phenomenon termed ‘angiotensin II escape’.2 Their efficacy, despite angiotensin escape, has led to the hypothesis that much of the beneficial response is indeed at the tissue level from the actions of kinins, nitric oxide and prostaglandins.
References
1. Chen R., et al. Important role of nitric oxide in the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor imidapril on vascular injury. Hypertension 2003;42:542–547
2. Hanon S., et al. Persistent formation of angiotensin II despite treatment with maximally recommended doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000;1:147–150
Selective angiotensin type 1 receptor blockade
Although ACE inhibitors block the RAS at the enzymatic level, AT-receptor antagonists specifically inhibit the RAS at the receptor site. AT1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) induce a dose-dependent blockade of Ang II-induced effects, resulting in a reduction in blood pressure, cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis. It is postulated that AT-1 receptor antagonists may provide end-organ protection by blocking Ang II via the AT1- receptor, yet leaving the AT2 -receptor unopposed.
Currently, several efficient ARBs are available that block the AT1-receptor. However, circulating levels of angiotensin II rise and activate other subgroups of angiotensin receptors; currently, four are known. The effects of subgroups 3 and 4 are unknown and those of the AT2, present only at low levels in adult tissues, are currently being debated. The AT2 receptor is thought to have opposing effects to the AT1 receptors and, therefore, there are beneficial effects in the cardiovascular system2 and tissue-protective effects beyond the effects on blood pressure. However, other studies have suggested that it might act more like an AT1-receptor subtype3.
References
1. Doggrell, S.A. Angiotensin AT-1 receptor antagonism: complementary or alternative to ACE inhibition in cardiovascular and renal disease? Expert.Opin Pharmacother. 2002;11:1543–1556
2. Steckelings U.M. et al. The AT2 receptor – matter of love and hate. Peptides 2005; 26:1401–1409
Combination therapy has the potential to improve BP control, reduce adverse effects and increase compliance.
The rationale for adding a renin inhibitor to an angiotensin receptor blocker or ARB is that renin inhibitors can block the compensatory response mechanism that we have typically seen in the past when we give an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker.
That is, these medications can lead to an increase in plasma renin activity and this can be blocked when we give a renin inhibitor.
This can provide further lowering of blood pressure and we think potential end organ protection
Nella gestione del paziente iperteso è quindi importante ridurre la pressione a valori ottimali, attraverso farmaci e modifica dello stile di vita, particolarmente in presenza di altri fattori di rischio cardiovascolare.
Le Linee Guida Internazionali, come quelle ad esempio delle terapie antiaggreganti dopo angioplastica coronarica, sono principalmente basate sui risultati dei trials clinici randomizzati. I trial clinici spesso escludono dal loro campo di indagine pazienti più ‘’complessi’’ (età-comorbidità) che invece rappresentano i pazienti più frequenti nella pratica clinica quotidiniana.
Intensive lipid-lowering therapy was defined as therapy likely
to achieve a 50% reduction in LDL and included atorvastation
40 or 80 mg, rosuvastatin 20 or 40 mg, simvastatin 80 mg, or any
statin of any dose used in combination with ezetimibe (statin/
ezetimibe).
In terapia con statine prima del ricovero 22% (672 pazienti su 3056)
In generale si distinguono due pathways principali in grado di condurre alla formazione del trombo: trombo bianco (arterioso), trombo rosso (venoso). Si tratta comunque di una differenziazione schematica essendo possibile la coesistenza di entrambi i tipi di trombosi anche nello stesso setting clinico.
Assumes no further increase in age-adjusted AF incidence (blue curve) and assumes a continued increase in incidence rate as evident in 1980 to 2000 (red curve).
Most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia
Currently affects &gt; 2.3 million Americans, or 1% of population
In USA, 12-16 million will be affected by 2050 (2.5 fold)
Increasing obesity and increasing age are risk factors that help explain rise in incidence
Lifetime risk of developing AF: 1 in 4 for men and women ≥ 40 years of age1
Patients Stop Taking Warfarin Over Time
Using the General Practice Research Database, the investigators were able to compile data on 41,910 patients &gt;40 years of age with a diagnosis of chronic AF
The study found that elderly patients ≥85 years of age were less likely to be initiated on warfarin therapy. Only 35% of the patients remained on AF treatments at the 5-year follow-up
Additionally, the study found a trend toward greater persistence on warfarin with increasing patient age and CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack) score
No ITT analysis is available for non-inferiority in Rocket AF. An on treatment or per-protocol analysis is generally performed in the assessment of non-inferiority. If numerous patients come off of study drug, this biases the trial towards a non-inferior result in an ITT analysis. This is the basis for performing a per-protocol analysis in a non-inferiority assessment.
*In an on treatment analysis in Rocket AF Hemorrhagic Stoke rates were 0.26% / yr for rivaroxaban and 0.44% / yr for warfarin, p=0.024. No on treatment analysis is available from RE-LY.
150 mg Dabigatran vs 110 mg Dabigatran = HR of 1.16 (1.00–1.34) p = 0.052