საბანკო ტერმინების ინგლისურ-ქართული ლექსიკონი

saqarTvelos bankebis asociacia

ekonomikuri glosariumi

saqarTvelos bankebis asociacia 2000


absoluturi upiratesoba qveynis unari awarmoos ufro meti saqoneli vidre
(Absolute advantage) sxva qveyana awarmoebs resursebis igive moculobisas
(ix. fardobiTi upiratesoba)

arasruli dasaqmeba ekonomikuri situacia, rodesac muSaxelis miwodeba
(Under-employment) aWarbebs masze moTxovnas

auTsaideri (bankis) ara-insaideri
(Outsider)

aqcia saxsrebis mopovebis mizniT saaqcio sazogadoebis mier
(Share, Stock ) gamoSvebuli grZelvadiani fasiani qaRaldi. aqciis
myidveli gadaxdili fulis sanacvlod xdeba kompaniis
sruluflebiani TanamesakuTre, anu monawileobs mis
marTvasa da mogebaSi. (ix. fasiani qaRaldebi,
obligacia, saxazino valdebuleba)

SeniSvna: zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad did britaneTSi, sityva stock
gansxvavdeba mniSvnelobiT sityva share-sagan, da aRniSnavs kompaniis
an saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebul grZelvadian sasesxo valdebulebas.

aqtivi yvelaferi, rasac aqvs fuladi Rirebuleba da
(Asset) warmoadgens kompaniis an pirovnebis sakuTrebas.

arakonvertirebadi valuta romelime qveynis valuta, romlis Tavisufali
(Inconvertibility) gacvlac gare savaluto bazrebze, mxolod samTavrobo
organoebis specialuri uflebiT xdeba.
balansis aRricxvis furceli - balansi dokumenti, romelic asaxavs firmis aqtivebisa da
(Balance sheet) valdebulebebis moculobas da struqturas.

biujeturi SezRudva xarjebis SezRudva gamowveuli sxvadasxva mizeziT,
(Budget constraint) magaliTad, Semosavlebis simciriT.

brZanebluri ekonomika ekonomikuri sistemis iseTi sxis organizeba, rodesac
(Command economy) materialuri resursebi, saxelmwifo sakuTrebasia,
xolo meurneobis martva da dagegmva da bazris
regulireba xxorcieldeba ekonomokis
centralizebuli marTviT.

bunebrivi monopolia dargi romelSic warmoebis masStabebis zrdiT
(Natural monopoly) gamowveuli ekonomia aRwevs sidides, rac iZleva erTi
kompaniis mier produqtis gamoSvebas, erTeul
produqciaze iseTi danaxarjebiT, rac ramdenime
kompaniis erToblivi gamoSvebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli.



gadasaxadebi begara dawesebuli saxelmwifos mier kerZo pirebis an
(Taxes) sawarmoebis Semosavalze an mogebaze (pirdapiri
gadasaxadi), saqonlis gamoyenebze an momsaxurebiT
sargeblobaze (iribi gadasaxadi) da qonebaze.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli ZiriTadi gadasaxadebia:

1. sawarmos mogebaze gadasaxadi (Profit tax);
2. kerZo pirebis Semosavalze gadasaxadi (Personal
income tax);
3. damatebul Rirebulebaze gadasaxadi _ dRg (Value
Added Tax). misi bazaa iuridiuli Tu fizikuri
pirebis mier Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba _
sxvaoba saqonlis an momsaxurebis sarealizacio
fassa da mis warmoebasa da mowodebasTan
dakavSirebuli materialur xarjebs Soris;
4. sabaJo gadasaxadi (Customs duties) _ saxelmwifo
biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani qveynis sabaJo
sazRvarze saqonlis gadaadgilebisaTvis;
5. aqcizi (Excise) _ garkveuli saxis saqonlis
moxmarebaze iribi gadasaxadi, romelic CarTulia am
saqonlis fasSi;
6. gadasaxadebi xelfasebis fondidan (Payroll taxes) _
specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis (jandacvis,
socuzrunvelyofis da a.S.) mosakrebeli, romlis
gadaxda damqiraveblisa da muSakis mier xdeba
sawarmos xelfasebis fondidan, fiqsirebuli
ganakveTiT.

(ix. sagadasaxado baza)

gadaxdisunariani banki banki, romlis aqtivebi aRemateba valdebulebebs
(Solvent bank) depozitebze, damatebuli sxva valdebulebebi

gadaxdisuunaro banki banki, romlis valdebulebebic depozitebze,
(Insolvent bank) damatebuli sxva valdebulebebi aRemateba aqtivebs.

gamoSveba, warmoebis moculoba saqoneli da momsaxureba warmoebuli garkveuli
(Output) periodis ganmavlobaSi.

ganviTarebuli qveynebi ganixileba aSS, kanada, iaponia, dassvleT evropis
(Industrially advanced cuntries)- qveynebi, romlebmac SeZles ekonomikis iseTi
ganviTarebisaTvis miRwevas, romelic uzrunvelyofs
kvlavwarmoebas, kapitalis dagrovebiTa da
maRakkvalificiuri muSa xeliT..

SaqarTvelos bankebis asociacia 2001


ganviTarebadi qveynebi laTinuri amerikis, afrikis, aziis da sxva regionebis
(less developed cuntries) qveynebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sawarmoo
Zalebis ganuviTarebloba, ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebadtevadi teqnologiebis dabali done, maRali
umuSevroba da a.S.
gaunawilebeli mogeba gadaaxadebis gadaxdis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba,
(Undistrbutic profits) romelic ar ganawilebula aqcionerebs Soris aqciebze
dividendebis saxiT.

girao garkveuli uzrunvelyofa, romelsac msesxebeli
(Collateral) gadascems kreditors sesxis dabrunebis
garantiisaTvis.
daxuruli ekonomika qveynis ekonomika ,romelic ar exeba saqonlisa da
(Closed economy) momsaxureobis eqsportsa da imports.

Ddefolti valebis srgadamxdeli. pirovneba, korporacia an
(Defolte) mTavroba valebis ar gadamxdelia Tu is valebis
gadaxdis pirobebs ar icavs.

depoziti kerZo piris an sawarmos angariSi komerciul bankSi,
(Deposit) romelzedac momxmarebels SeuZlia fulis an Cekebis
ganTavseba da maTi gamotana bankis winaswar
gafrTxilebis pirobiT.

deficiti biujetis mimdinare deficiti aris Tanxa, romlis
(Deficits) mTliani danaxarjebi sWarbobs mTlian Semosavals.

deflatori (mSp-is deflatori) fasebis indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens garkveul wels
(Deflator - GDP deflator) gamoSvebuli saqonlis Rirebulebis fardobas sabaziso
wlis fasebSi gamosaxul RirebulebasTan. mSp-is
deflatori gansazRvravs damokidebulebas nominalur
da realur (sabaziso wlis) mSp-s Soris.

Ddeflacia fasebis saerTo donis daweva. (ix. inflacia)
(Deflation)

dividendi Tanxa, romelic yovelwliurad gaicema erT
(Dividend) aqciazeaqciebis mflobelebisatvis.dividendi,
Cveulebriv warmoadgens aqciisagan miRebuli mogebis
nawils.



didi Svideuli jgufi, romlis wevrebi arian aSS, gaerTianebuli
(G7, Group of 7) samefo, kanada, iaponia, germania, safrangeTi,da
italia.misi mizania Tanamsromloba saerTaSoriso
finansur da politikur sakiTxebSi.

ekonomikuri zrda drois garkveul monakveTSi(rogorv wesi erTi wlis
(Economic growth) ganmavlobaSi) adgilobrivi warmoebuli saqonlisa da
gaweuli momsaxureobis gasul welTan SedarebiT,
realuri zrda.

ekonomikuri politika kursi, romelic miznad isaxavs erovnul meurneobaSi
(Economic policy) problemebis koreqtirebas an arasasurveli
tendenciebis warmoqmnis pirobebis aRmofxvras.

ekonomikuri integracia sxvadasxva qveynebis erovnul meurneobaTa
(Economic integration) TanamSromloba, vaWrobaSi sxvadasxva barierebis,,
mTliani an nawilobrivbrivi aRmofxvriT.qveynebis
bazrebis unifikacia erTian sakanonmdeblo da savaWro
sivrceSi.
elastiurobis koeficienti moTxovnisa an miwodebis procentuli cvlilebis
(Elastisity coeficcient) Sefardeba, saqonelze fasebis cvlilebasTan.

erovnuli angariSebi drois garkveul periodSi (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis
(National accounts) ganmavlobaSi), erovnuli ekonomikis amsaxveli
statistikuri monacemebis erToblioba. kerZod,
erovnuli angariSebi asaxaven qveyanaSi warmoebuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTlian moculobas da
qveynis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis indikators
warmoadgenen.

vadiani anabrebi procentis momtani depozitebi, romelTa dabrunebis
(Time depozite) vada Winaswar aris gansazRvruli.

valdebuleba (pasivi ) vali; pirovnebis an sawarmos gankargvaSi arsebuli
(Liability) saxsrebi da qoneba, romelzedac sxva mxares garkveuli
pretenzia SeiZleba gaaCndes.
qveynis valutis sxva qveynis valutaSi gamosaxuli
fasi, romelic dadgenilia am valutebis realuri
msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT.

valutis gamyareba (kursis zrda ) savaluto bazarze valutis fasis zrda. (ix. valutis
(Appreciation) dacema)



valutis dacema (kursis dacema ) savaluto bazarze valutis gaiafeba sxva valutebTan
(Depreciation) SedarebiT.

SeniSvna: ekonomikur literaturaSi sityvas “Depreciation’ SeiZleba
hqondes sxva mniSvnelobac _ cveTa, cveTis sabuRaltro asaxva,
amortizacia.

Tamasuqi, veqsili serTifikati, romelSic aRniSnulia sesxis odenoba,
(Debenture) gadasaxdeli procentebi da gadaxdis dro, magram ar
aris gaTvaliseinebuli girao. Tamasuqis ukan dgas
marto gamomweris reputacia da gadaxdis dapireba.
investicia (kapitaldabandeba ) 1. fizikuri qonebis, magaliTad qarxnis, manqana-
(Investment) danadgarebis, SesaZenad gaweuli xarji. (realuri
investicia)

2. fasiani qaRaldebis, magaliTad aqciebis, SesaZenad
gaweuli xarji. (finansuri investicia)

SeniSvna: realuri investicia qmnis axal aqtivebs, e. i. zrdis
qveynis sawarmoo potencials; maSin rodesac finansuri investicia,
ubralod, aqtivebis flobis uflebis gadacemaa.

institucionaluri investori investori dawesebuleba, organizacia romelic
(Institutional investor) abandebs sakuTar qonebas an mis gankargulebaSi myof
sxvis qonebas. aseTi saxis investorebia-sapensio
fondebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, bankebi.

insaideri (bankis ) bankis administraciuli muSaki an aqcioneri, misi
(Insider) ojaxis wevri an masTan saqmiani interesebiT
dakavSirebuli piri. (sapir. - auTsaideri)

inteleqtualuri kapitali saerTo codna romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi.
(Human capital) inteleqtualuri kapitalis gazrdaSi, anu sxvadasxva
saxis gamokvlevebSi dabandebul investiciebs, Sedegad
sdevs axali, teqnikurad gaumjobesebuli produqciis
warmoeba da ekonomikis efeqturobis zrda.

intervencia ama Tu im ekonomikuri subieqtis erTjeradi
(Intervention) intensiuri zemoqmedeba bazarze. magaliTad erovnuli
bankis mier ucxouri valutis gayidvis mkveTri
gazrda.

inflacia fasebis saerTo donis aweva, saqonelsa da
(Inflation) momsaxurebaze. (ix. deflacia)



kalaTa ama Tu im sidideTa kompleqti, nakrebi, mag.:
(Basket) 1. samomxmareblo kalaTa _ pirobiTi momxmareblis
mier moxmarebuli saqonlisa da misTvis gaweuli
momsaxurebis erToblioba;
2. savaluto kalaTa _ sxvadasxva qveynis valutis ama
Tu im wesiT Seqmnili nakrebi (ECU _ ekiu,
evropuli savaluto erTeuli; SDR _ sesxebis
specialuri ufleba; PPS _ msyidvelobiTi unaris
standarti).

kapitaldabandeba ix. investicia.
(Investment)

kapitali warmoebis materialuri (fabrikebi, ofisebi, manqana
(Capital) danadgarebi) da aramaterialuri (“nou-hau”)
saSualebebis erToblioba.

kapitalis dena fondebis moZraoba adgilobriv ekonomikasa da gare
(Capital flight) samyaros Soris, dakavSirebuli fasiani qaRaldebis an
fizikuri aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan da saerTaSoriso
sesxebTan.

kapitaluri angariSi 1. sagadamxdelo balansis nawili, romelic aRwers
(Capital account) grZelvadiani aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan da kerZo
seqtoris sesxebTan dakavSirebul saxsrebis moZraobas
(ix. mimdinare angariSi)

2. erovnuli angariSebis nawili, romelic moicavs
mTavrobis mier saxelmwifo infrastruqturis sferoSi
(gzebi, skolebi, saavadmyofoebi) gaweul xarjebs da
kerZo seqtoris realur investiciebs.

kapitalis gadineba kapitalis(fondebis) gadadineba adgilobriv
(Capital flight) ekonomikasa da gare samyaros Soris, dakavSirebuli
fasiani qaRaldebis an fizikuri aqtivebis
yidva_gayidvasTan da saertaSoriso sesxebTan.

korelacia raime movlenis, Sesabamisad ekonomikuri parametrebis
(Correlation) urTierTdamokidebuleba, Sefardeba.

kreditori qveynebi qveynebi, romlis valebis jami ucxo qveynebis an
(Kreditor natio) ucxoelebisadmi naklebia imis jamze, rac misi marTebT.



ZiriTadad, didi Svideulis qvynebi.

leveriji berketi. nasesxebi fondebis gamoyeneba im mizniT, rom
(Leverage) gaizardos amonagebi sufTa mogebidan. aseT SemTxvevaSi
elian, rom dawesebuli saprocento ganakveTi ufro
mcire iqneba, vidre Semosavali nasesxebi fulidan.
gamoyofen saoperacio da finansur leverijs.
saoperacio leveriji ZoriTadi kapitalis moxmarebas
asaxavs., xolo finansuri fiqsirebuli ganakveTis
fasiani qaRaldebis gamoyenebas.

leferis mrudi sagadasaxado ganakveTebisa da sagadasaxado
(Laffer curve) Semosavlebis urTierTkavSiris mrudi, gansazRvravs
iseTi saxis ganakveTebs, romlis drosac sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi maqsimums aRwevs.

likviduroba siadvile, romliTac SeiZleba qoneba naRd
(Liquidity) fulad vaqcioT.

likviduri aqtivebi (bankis ) fuladi aqtivebi romlebic advilad SeiZleba iqnas
(Liquid assets) gamoyenebuli angariSsworebisTvis: oqro, bankis
fuladi saxsrebi salaroSi (larebi da ucxouri
valuta), sakorespondento angariSebi erovnul da
ucxour valutaSi (maT Soris sazRvargareTac),
savaldebulo rezervebis angariSze arsebuli saxsrebi
(Tu isini sakredito auqcionze nayidi kreditis
uzrunvelyofas ar waroadgenen).

lorencis mrudi raime sididis, magaliTad Semosavlebis, ganawilebis
(Lorenz curve) amsaxveli mrudi.
diagonalsa da lorencis mruds Soris moqceuli
farTobis Sefardebas diagonalis qvemoT moqceul
farTobTan ewodeba jinis (Gini) koeficienti. igi
warmoadgens ganawilebis araTanabrobis sazoms da
icvleba nolidan (Tanabari ganawileba) erTamde
(absoluturad araTanabari ganawileba).



M0 sxvanairad _ “viwro fuli”. monetarul TeoriaSi
fuladi maragis erT-erTi sazomi (fuladi agregati),
romelic moicavs fuladi aqtivebis yvelaze likvidur
nawils _ bankebis gareT arsebul naRd fuls. (ar
moicavs im naRd fuls, romelic rezervebis saxiT
komerciuli bankebis sacavebSi inaxeba).

M2 sxvanairad _ “farTo fuli”, moicavs M0-sa da ko-
merciul bankebSi arsebul arasabanko da
arasaxelmwifo depozitebs adgilobriv valutaSi.
ganisazRvreba rogorc fuli, romelic, garkveuli
periodis amowurvis Semdeg, SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas angariSsworebisTvis.

M3 aseve, xSirad moixsenieba rogorc “farTo fuli”;
moicavs M2-sa da mosaxleobis ucxour valutaSi
denominirebul anabrebs komerciul bankebSi.

makroekonomika ekonomikuri mecnierebis nawili, romelic swavlobs
(Macroeconomics) ekonomikas rogorc erT mTlians da cdilobs
daadginos fundamenturi ekonomikuri cnebebis _
warmoebisa da dasaqmebis donis, fasebis saerTo donis
ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtorebi.

materialuri aqtivebi (bankis ) Senoba-nagebobani, sameurneo inventari da maTze
(Fixed assets) gaweuli kapitaluri danaxarjebi

mevale qveyana qveyana, romlis valebis jami ucxo qveynebisan
(Debtor natio) ucxoelebisadmi sWarbobs imis jams rac misi marTebT.

meoradi kapitali (bankis ) materialuri aqtivebis gadafasebis nawili, miznobrivi
(Secondary capital) fondebi, saimedo sesxebis SesaZlo danakargebis
gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili rezervebi. (ix. pirveladi
kapitali)

mikroekonomika ekonomikuri mecnierebis nawili, romelic swavlobs
(Microeconomics) momxmareblebisa da firmebis qmedebas; aanalizebs
sawarmoo faqtorebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
sabazro fasebsa da moculobas. agreTve, ganixilavs
SezRuduli ekonomikuri resursebis ganawilebis
efeqturobas.



monetarizmi filosofiuri, ideologiuri da analitikuri
(Monetarizm) koncefcia. monetarizmis mTavari Teoriuli
postulatiT, fulis mimoqcevis regulireba
gansazRvravs ekonomikis mTel sameurneo koniunqturas.
moTxovnis araelastiuroba fasis erTeulze procentuli cvlileba aRmatebuloba
(Inelastic demand) moculobis procentul cvlilebaze.

moTxovnebi finansuri aqtivebi, saxeldobr gacemuli kreditebi,
(Claims) saxazino da komerciuli Tamasuqebi.

monetaruli politika ix. fuladi politika.
(Monetary policy)

mimdinare angariSi 1. drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erTi
(Current account) wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis msofliosTan danarCen
qveynebTan sasaqonlo (xiluli) da samomsaxureo
(uxilavi) vaWrobis amsaxveli angariSi. (ix.
sagadamxdelo balansi; savaWro balansi)
2. bankSi fizikuri piris Tu kompaniis moTxovnamde
angariSi.

mimdinare aqtivebi (bankis ) likviduri aqtivebi da bankis mier dafarvis erT
(Current assets) Tvemde vadiT gacemuli sesxebi. agreTve bankis sxva
moTxovnebi dafarvis erT Tvemde vadiT.

mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsi _ mfi indeqsi romelic asaxavs adgilobrivi mwarmoe-blebis
(Producer price index - PPI) mier sakuTar produqciaze dadebuli fasebis donis
saSualo cvlilebas. (ix. samomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsi)

mep - mTliani erovnuli produqti drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis
(GNP) ganmavlobaSi) qveynis mSp-sa da sazRvargareTidan
miRebuli wminda Semosavlis jami.

mSp - mTliani Sida produqti drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis
(GDP) ganmavlobaSi) adgilobrivad warmoebuli saqonlisa da
gaweuli momsaxurebis jamuri fuladi Rirebuleba.
(ix. erovnuli angariSebi)

nominaluri gazomili mimdinare fasebSi, inflaciis gauTva-
(Nominal) liswineblad. (ix. realuri)



obligacia rogorc wesi, mTavrobis an komerciuli organizaciis
(Bond) mier, sesxis aRebis mizniT gamoSvebuli, myari
saprocento ganakveTis mqone, grZelvadiani fasiani
qaRaldi. (ix. aqcia, saxazino Tamasuqi).

Ppasivi fuladi valdebuleba, moTxovnebi warmodgenili
(Liabilities) kompaniis an iuridiuli pirisadmi.

pirveladi kapitali (bankis ) aqciebis realizaciidan miRebuli kapitali,
(Primary capital) kapitaluri rezervebi (ganawilebuli mogebis nawili,
romelic gankuTvnilia gauTvaliswinebe-li zaralis
dasafaravad), gaunawilebeli mogeba. (ix. meoradi
kapitali)

proficiti Bbiujetis mimdinare proficiti aris Tanxa, romlis
(Proficits) mTliani Semosavali sWarbobs mTlian danaxarjebs.

rbili fulad-sakredito politika centraluri(erovnuli) bankebis mier taqtikuri
(Accomodating monetary policy) mizniT, nominaluri saprocento ganakveTebis
SenarCuneba, Ria bazarze operaciebis meSveobiT.E

realuri gazomili namdvil (sabaziso wlis fasebTan Sesadar)
(Real) fasebSi, inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.

rekapitalizacia miRebuli mogebis, aqciebze dividendebis
(Recapitalization) gaunawileblad, kompaniis sawesdebo kapitalSi
CabrunebiT.

refinansirebis ganakveTi igivea rac saaRricxvo ganakveTi
sagadasaxdelo balansi drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis
(Balance of payments) ganmavlobaSi) qveynis msoflios danarCen qveynebTan
savaWro da safinanso urTierTobis amsaxveli angariSi.
igi Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan: mimdinare
angariSi da kapitaluri angariSi.
saaRricxvo ganakveTi procentis sidide, romelsac centraluri(erovnuli)
(Discount rate) bankebi Madgenen sakredito resursebze.

sabazro kapitalizacia firmis Rirebuleba, romelic ganisazRvreba sabazro
(Market capitalization) fasiT an mis mier gamoSvebuli da gadauxdeli
Cveulebrivi aqciebiT.

sabanko krizisi an sabanko panika likvidurobis problema sabanko sistemaSi, romelic
(Bank krisis or panic) dakavSirebulia sabanko depozitebis masiur gatanasTan.



sagadamxdelo balansi garkveul periodSi(rogorv wesi erTi wlis
(Balans of payments) ganmavlobaSi)romelime qveyanasa da danarCen msoflios
Soris savaWro da safinanso urTierTobebis amsaxveli
angariSi. igi warmoadgens qveyanaSi fulis yovelgvari
Setanisa da gadinebis aRricxvas.
sagadasaxado baza mTliani fuladi fondi, romelic eqvemdebareba
(Tax base) gadasaxadebis gadaxdas. magaliTad, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis baza aris am gadasaxads daqvemdebarebuli
mTliani Semosavlebi, xolo mogebis gadasaxadis baza
aris yvela im mogebis jami, romelic am gadasaxads
eqvemdebareba.

sagadasaxado fardoba Tanafardoba damqiraveblis mier gaweuli mTliani
(Tax wedge) xarjebisa daqiravebulis mier miRebul wminda
xelfasis odenobasTan.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi misi Stab-bina vaSingtonSia..es organizacia Tvalyurs
(IMF, International Monetary Fond) adevnebs fulis marags, rasc misi wevri qveynebis
fuladi Senatanebis saSualebit axorCielebs.misi
mizania stsbiluri gaxados saerTaSoriso bazrebi da
xeli Seueyos mowesrigebul da dabalansebul
vaWrobas.

.
saerTaSoriso savaluto rezervebi ucxouri valutisa da oqros maragi, romelic
(Foreign currency rezerves) gamoiyeneba sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis
Sesavsebad
savaWro balansi drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi wlis
(Balance of trade) ganmavlobaSi) msoflios danarCen qveynebTan qveynis
sasaqonlo (xiluli) vaWrobis amsaxveli angariSi. (ix.
sagadamxdelo balansi; mimdinare angariSi). Tu
importi sWarbobs eqsports saqme gavaqvs savaWro
deficitTan, Tu piriqiT_aqtiur savaWro saldosTan.

savaluto kursi kursi, romliTac erT romelime valuta SeiZleba
(Exchenge rate) gadaicvalos meoreze.

savaluto kontroli gamoiyeneba arakonvertirebadi valutebis dros.
(Curensi controls) ucxouri valutis yidva-gayidva xorcieldeba
garkveuli samTavrobo saagentos mier an
specializirebuli samTavrobo eqsport-import bankebis
meSveobiT, raTa SemoRebuli iqnas gacvlis iseTi
tarifebi, romlebic im saxis nawarmisa da biznesis
ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels, romelTa dacvac



mTavrobas surs..

savaluto rezervebi ucxouri valutisa da oqros maragi, romelic
(Foreign currency (exchange) reserves) gamoiyeneba sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis
Sesavsebad.

savaldebulo rezervebi komerciuli bankebis saerTo aqtivebSi rezervebis
(Rezerve requirements) savaldebulo proporcia,, romelsac centraluri banki
awesebs. saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,MADes
Tanxebi uzrunvelyofen momxmareblebis yoveldRiuri
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas, anabrebis dacvas da
zRudaven kreditebis gacemas. es rezervebi inaxeba
centralur (erovnul) bankebSi. centraluri bankis
mxridan, sabanko rezervebze moTxovnebis gazrda
(Semcireba) amcirebs (zrdis) im depozitebis
moculobas, romelTa gacema an dabandeba banks
SeuZlia.

sainvesticio banki safinanso instituti, romelic akontrolebs
(Investment bank) municipaluri obligaciebis gamoSvebas, agreTve
kompaniebis aqciebsa da obligaciebs.
sakredito xazi bankis Tanxmoba, specialuri molaparakebebis gareSe,
(Line of kredit) uzrunvelyos momavalSi msesxebeli sesxiT winaswar
gansazRvruli Tanxis farglebSi.

sakuTari kapitali sidide, romliTac aqtivebi aRematebian pasivebs anu
(Net wors capital) aqtivebs da pasivebis sxvaoba.

sakorespondento angariSebi bankebis angariSebi sxva bankebSi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
(Correspondent accounts) klientTa saxeliT bankTaSoris angariSsworebaSi.
maTi moculoba damokidebulia saangariSsworebo
sistemis moqnilobaze da bankebis survilze gascen
sesxi.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi _ sfi inflaciis sazomi indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens
(Consumer price index - CPI) samomxmareblo saqonlis da momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli
kalaTis nominaluri Rirebulebis fardobas amave
kalaTis sabaziso wlis fasebSi gamosaxul
RirebulebasTan.

samuSao Zala rogorc fizikuri (magaliTaT, manqanis awyoba), ise
(Labour) inteleqtualuri (magaliTad, maragis aRricxvis
sistemis Seqmna) Sromis SenaZeni sawarmoo procesSi.

saprocento ganakveTi msesxeblis mier kreditorisTvis ZiriTadi valis
(Interest rate) garda gadasaxdeli Tanxa, gamoxatuli ZiriTadi valis



procentebSi; fuladi resursebis gadacemis sabazro
fasi.

sarezervo fuli aseve moixsenieba rogorc fulis baza an “Zlieri
(Reserve money) fuli”, Seicavs M0-sa da komerciul bankebSi arsebul
sxvadasxva rezervebs. sarezervo fulis moculobas
uSualod centraluri banki akontrolebs.

safaso diskriminacia safaso politika, romelic mimarTulia konkurenciis
(Price diskriminacion) SesazRudavad.

sajarod gamotana termini, romelic maSin ixmareba, rodesac kompanias
(Going public) Tavisi aqciebi pirvelad gamoaqvs gasayidad.

saxazino Tamasuqi (valdebuleba ) finansTa saministros an centraluri bankis mier
(Treasury bill) gamoSvebuli, gansazRvruli saprocento ganakveTis
mqone, moklevadiani (erT welze naklebi) fasiani
qaRaldi, romelic warmoadgens mTavrobis mier
Tamasuqis mflobelisagan sesxis aRebis damamtkicebel
sabuTs. saxazino Tamasuqi erT-erTi instrumentia,
romlis meSveobiTac centraluri banki akontrolebs
mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis moculobas. (ix.
obligacia)

sesxebis SesaZlo danakargebis sabanko sabalanso angariSsgebis pozicia, romelic
rezervebi asaxavs sesxebs romelTa dabrunebis Sansebic mcirea.
(Loan loss rezerves)

sistem warmomqmneli( formirebadi ) bankebi, romelTa zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze da sabazro
bankebi segmentTa ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovania.
(Sistem organized banks)

spekulaciuri investicia moklevadiani (Cveulebriv erT wlamde) investicia,
(Speculative investment) romelic maqsimalur mogebazea orientirebuli da
ZiriTadad moZraobs safondo bazrebze.

socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema socialurad naklebad uzrunvelyofili fenebisTvis _
(Social Safety Net) mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisTvis, umuSevrebisTvis,
pensionerebisTvis, invalidebisTvis, martoxela
mSoblebisTvis da a.S. daxmarebis aRmoCenis sistema.

strategiuli investicia pirdapiri finansirebis erT_erTi forma. grZelvadiani
(Strategic investment) (Cveulebriv 5 wlamde da zeviT) investicia, romelic
sakuTrebis uflebis miRebiT, warmoebis ganviTarebaze



da samomavlo mogebazea orientirebuli.
sterilizacia ama Tu im eknomikuri RonisZiebis Tanmdevi
(Sterilisation) arasasurveli efeqtis gabaTileba sxva ekonomikuri
RonisZiebiT. magaliTad, samTavrobo dakreditebis
gazrdis Sedegad fuladi maragis zrdis Tavidan
asacileblad, erovnuli banki ucxouri valutis
gayidviT amcirebs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli adgilobrivi
valutis moculobas.

subordinaluri valdebulebebi ganixileba, rogorc dafinanseba sesxis miRebiT. banki
(Subordination Liabilities) iRebs saxsrebs momavalSi procentis gadaxdis
valdebulebiT, bankis aqtivebze an raime sakuTrebaze
pretenziis gareSe.. gamomdinare iqidan, rom am saxis
sesxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fiqsirebuli vadebi da
misi gamoyeneba zaralis dasafaravad SeuZlebelia. am
saxis finansuri instrumentebi bazelis SeTanxmebis
Tanaxmad, DdaSvebulia gamoyenebuli iqnas rogorc
damatebiTi kapitali. oRond erTi pirobiT—misi
dafarvis minimum 5 wlis vadiT da garkveuli
limitiT, adeqvaturi amortizaciis CaTvliT.

sufTa mogeba Tanxa, romelic rCeba mas Semdeg, rac gadaxdilia
(Net incom/ Net profit) yvela xarji da gadasaxadi. finansuri gagebiT sufTa
mogeba niSnavs qonebis im nawils romelic aRemateba
misTvis gadasaxdel Tanxas. aqcioneris sufTa mogeba
korporaciaSi aris im aqciebi Rirebuleba, romelsac
is flobs.
uimedo sesxi gasesxebuli Tanxa, romlis ukan dabruneba aRar aris
(Bad loan) mosalodneli (magaliTad, mevale gakotrda). aseTi
sesxebi miekuTvneba xarjebs da Camoiwereba.
fardobiTi upiratesoba qveynis unari ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT awarmoos
(Comparative advantage) garkveuli saqoneli vidre meore qveyanam. (ix.
absoluturi upiratesoba)
fasiani qaRaldebi kapitalis mozidvis finansuri instrumenti. ZiriTadi
(Securities) fasiani qaRaldebia: aqcia, obligacia, Tamasuqi,
saxazino valdebuleba.

faqtoruli resursebi, warmoebis resursebi romlebic gamoiyeneba firmebis mier
faqtorebi saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebisas. gamoyofen
(Factors of production) sawarmoo faqtorebis sam ZiriTad jgufs: miwa,
samuSao Zala da kapitali.
faqtoruli Rirebuleba saqonlis an momsaxurebis Rirebuleba daxarjuli
(Factor cost) faqtoruli resursebis gamosaxulebaSi.

faqtoruli Semosavali an erovnuli drois mocemul periodSi SinameurneobaTa saerTo
Semosavali fuladi Semosavali miRebuli biznesisTvis faqtoruli
(Factor income or national income) resursebis mowodebis sanacvlod.



finansuri bazari kapitalisa da kreditebis gacvlis bazari. danazogebis
(financial market)_ mesakuTreebidan, msesxeblebamde. mag: safondo birJebi,
savaluto bazrebi, sakredito bazrebi.

finansuri Suamavlebi finansuri kompaniebis(bankebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi,
(Finansial intermediaties) sainvesticio fondebi, sapensio fondebi) erToblioba,
romelTa funqciaSic Sedis mosaxleobis danazogebis
akumulireba da am Tanxebis ekonomikuri agentebisaTvis
gasesxeba.
fiskaluri politika sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politika. sagadasaxado
(Fiscal policy) sistemisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturis
saTanado marTviT qveynis ekonomikur aqtiurobaze
zemoqmedebis meqanizmi.

fuladi baza ix. sarezervo fuli
(Monetary base)

Ffulad-sakredito politika qveynis ekonomikur aqtiurobaze zemoqmedeba fulis
(Monetary policy) moculobis, dakreditebisa da saprocento ganakveTebis
struqturis saTanado marTviT.

fulis mimoqcevis siCqare indeqsi, romelic gviCvenebs Tu, garkveuli periodis
(Velocity of money circulation) ganmavlobaSi, saSualod ramdenjer gamoiyeneba
angariSsworebisTvis TiToeuli fuladi erTeuli.
gamoiTvleba formuliT: V = PY
M , sadac, V aris
fulis mimoqcevis siCqare; M _ fulis moculoba (M2
an M3); Y _ realuri mSp; P _ mSp-s deflatori.

fulis multiplikatori sabanko sistemas, sadepozito angariSebze miRebuli
(Money multiplier) Tanxebis gasesxebiT, axali depozitebis Seqmnis (anu
fulis gamravlebis) unari gaaCnia. fulis
multiplikatori aris am gamravlebis koeficienti.
fulis multiplikatori gamoiTvleba M2-is an M3-is
sarezervo fulTan SefardebiT. arsebobs misi
gamoTvlis sxva gzebic. (ix. sarezervo fuli;
rezervebi; savaldebulo rezervebi)

Ria bazarze operaciebi centraluri bankis mier, fulis masis regulirebis
(Open-market operations) mizniT, saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidva

Ria ekonomika integraciuli sistemebis filosofiuri, ideologiuri
(Open economy) da analitikuri gaazrebis doqtrina. ekonomikuri
Teoriebis erToblioba, romelic makroekonomikur
doneze ikvlevs erovnul meurneobebze rogorc
sagareo vaWrobis zemoqmedebas, aseve garedan
kapitalis mokle da grZelvadian gadinebebs, inflaciis
gadataniT zemoqmedebas. ekonomikis zrda da



gaxsnilobis xarisxi pirdapirproporciulia sagareo
savaWro brunvasTan..
Sinameurneoba erT saerTo sacxovrebel farTobze da erTi saojaxo
(Household) biujetiT mcxovreb adamianTa erToblioba.

Sezruduli finansuri resursebis kapitalisa da kreditebis gacvlis bazari., sadac
bazari Sezrudulia danazogebis mesakuTreebidan,
( Limited financial market) msesxeblebamde moZraoba ekonomikuri sistemis
uunarobis gamo. finansuri Suamavlebic stimulirebis
winapirobad, ucxouri kapitalis mozidvisa da dacvis
pirobebis Seqmna iTvleba.

Sereuli ekonomika ekonomikyri sistems, romelSic samTavrobo da kerZo
(Mixed economy) iniciativa gansazRvraven resursebis ganawilebas
struqturas.
SeRavaTiani periodi kreditis dabrunebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSi
(Grace period) mxolod saprocento ganakveTis gadaxda xdeba.

Crdilovani ekonomika faruli ekonomikuri garigebebis erToblioba, romlis
(Black, grey, underground, arsebobis safuZveli _ gadasaxadebisagan Tavis
shadow economy) aridebis an aralegaluri qmedebis damalvis survilia.
ekonomikis aRuricxavi nawili, romelic kanonieri da
ukanono saqmianobisagan warmoiqmneba. garigebebis didi
nawili barteris an naRdi fulis meSveobiT
xorcieldeba, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli dabegvra.
centraluri banki qveynis mTavari banki, romelic moqmedebs rogorc
(Central bank) mTavrobisa da sxva bankebis banki da pasuxismgebelia
qveyanaSi fuladi politikis ganxorciele-baze.
saqarTveloSi _ saqarTvelos erovnuli banki (seb).

cxeli fuli sxvanairad spekulaciuri fuli. moklevadiani
(Hotly money) (Cveulebriv erT wlamde) investicia, romelic
maqsimalur mogebazea orientirebuli da ZiriTadad
moZraobs safondo bazrebze
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi _ waa rogorc wesi, jami ama Tu im sakredito
(Net domestic assets - NDA) dawesebulebis adgilobrivi sakuTrebisa da ekonomikis
adgilobrivi subieqtebis mimarT moTxovnebisa da
valdebulebebis sxvaobisa. sem-Si, rogorc wesi
saubaria saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis waa-ze (ix.
aqtivebi, wminda ucxouri aqtivebi)

wminda ucxouri aqtivebi _ wua rogorc wesi, jami ama Tu im sakredito
(Net foreign assets - NFA) dawesebulebis ucxoeTSi mdebare sakuTrebisa da
sazRvargareT ganlagebuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis
mimarT moTxovnebis da valdebulebebis sxvaobisa.



jinis koeficienti ix. lorencis mrudi.
(Gini coefficient)

hiperinflacia Zalian maRali inflacia. xSirad ganisazrvreba
(Hyperinflation) rogorc inflacia romlis Tviuri done, drois
xangrZlivi monakveTis (eqvsi Tve da meti)
ganmavlobaSi, 50 procents aRemateba.


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