1. Govt. R. C. College of Commerce & Management
Organizational Behavior
Module -2
FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
Submitted to: Dr. B. Chardashekar
Dept. of Management
Presentation by:
Deepak Kumar S.C
Harshita
Girish.D
Imran
Dilip
Kiran
Iliyas
2. CONTENTS;
Individual Behavior
Foundation of Individual Behavior
Personality
Self-Concept
Perception
3. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
“Individual behavior means some concrete action by a person.”
For instance, how a teacher behaves in the class reflects his behavior. The behavior
of an individual is influenced by various factors.
Some of the factors lies within him e.g., his instincts, personality
traits, internal feelings, etc., while some lie outside him comprising the external
environment of which he is a part e.g., events conveying some information, & other
peoples‟ behavior that directly influence his behavior etc.
The environment acts as a „stimulus‟ & the person
responds to it. The teacher is affected by students‟ behavior & in turn affects their
behavior. Thus, individual behavior is not a self-induced phenomenon, but is
affected by a larger system. For Ex: group, family, & the society within which one
functions.
5. Psychological
Personal Factors Personality
Age Perception
Sex Attitudes
Education Values
Abilities Learning
Marital status
No. of dependants
Creativity
Emotional intelligence
Individual
Behaviour
Organisational
Systems & Resources Environmental Factors
Physical facilities
Economic
Organisation structure & design
Social norms & cultural values
Leadership
Ethics & social responsibility
Reward system
Political
Work – related behavior
Foundation of Individual Behavior
6. PERSONALITY
Meaning and Definition of personality
According to Schiffman and kanuk: “Personality can be defined as those
inner psychological characteristics that both determine and reflect how a person responds to
his or her environment.”
Nature of personality
Personality Traits
Personality Reflects Individual Difference
Personality is Consistent and Enduring
Personality can Change
7. Shaping of personality/Stages of personality Development
Stages
Freudian Erikson‟s Cognitive Chris
stage stages stages Argyris
1. Oral stage 1. Infancy 1. Sensorimotor 1. Immaturity to
2. Anal stage 2. Early childhood 2. Preoperational maturity
3. School age 3. Concrete operational
3. Phallic stage 4. Play age
4. Latency stage 4. Play age
5. Formational
5. Young adulthood
5. Genital stage operational
6. Late adulthood
8. Biological Cultural Factors
Factors
Personality
Family and Social
Factors Situational Factors Other Factors
Determinants of Personality
9. Managerial Application Of Personality
Matching Jobs and Individuals
Designing Motivation System
Designing Control System
Personality Dimension
Locus Of Control
Authoritarianism
Machiavellianism
Introversion and Extroversion
Bureaucratic Personality
Problem Solving Style
Type “A” and Type “B”
10. SELF-CONCEPT
Meaning;
According to Sociologist Viktor Gecas “Self-Concept is the concept the
individual has of himself as physical ,social and spiritual or moral being.
Types of Self-concept/Self-Image
Actual self-Image
Ideal self-Image
Social self-Image
Ideal Social self-Image
Expected Social self-Image
11. How Self-concepts Develops
Self-Appraisal
Reflected Appraisal
Social Comparison
Biased Scanning
Aspects of Self-concept Self-Esteem
Aspects of
Self-concept
Self-Efficiency
12. SELF-ESTEEM
Meaning;
“Self-Esteem means pride in oneself or self-respect. Self-esteem is the extent to
which a person believes that he or she is worthwhile and deserving individual.”
Six pillars of Self-Esteem
Live Consciously
Be Self-Accepting
Take Personal Responsibility
Be Self-Assertive
Live Purposefully
Have Personal Integrity
13. Strategies For Building Self-Esteem
Free yourself from “Should”
Respect your own Needs
Respecting your deeper Needs
Set Achievable Goals
Talk to yourself Positively
Test your Reality
Experience Success
Take Chances
Solve Problems
Make Decisions
Develop your Skills
Emphasize your Strengths
Rely on your own Opinion of your self
14. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY
ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
Perception
15. PERCEPTION
“The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through
which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious
experience of objects and object relationship.”
“Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense
of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to
categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing
knowledge.”
“A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.”
16. The Perceptual Process
Sensation
An individual‟s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate
environment.
Selection
The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that
have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.
Organization
The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a
framework for “storage.”
Translation
The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted
and given meaning
18. Factors Influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time Perception
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
19. Perceptual Organization
It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into
recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on
assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the
human brain. These are
- Figure ground
- Perceptual grouping
21. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable
pattern.
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.
Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity
-closure
-proximity
-similarity
Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others
22. Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine
whether it is internally or externally caused.
Observation Interpretation Attribution of cause
H
Distictinctiveness External
L Internal
H
Individual External
Consensus
Behavior
L Internal
H Internal
Consistency L External
H –High L- Low
23. Shortcuts In Judging Others
Selective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience and attitudes.
Halo Effect: Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristics.
Contrast Effect: Evaluation of a person‟s characteristics that are effected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the
same characteristics.
Projection: Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.
Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one‟s perception of the group to which
that persons belongs.
