This is one of the MCQs for Philippine History that I have developed for the LET review in Social Science. Feel free to read... Thank you.

1. Maglente Reviewand Training Center
LET Reviewer
Social Science – Philippine History
Preparedby: BonifacioGlennG.Rivera, Jr.
1. During andafter the 10th
century,whichnationalitydominatedPhilippine commerce?
A. Indians C. Americans
B. Chinese D. Arabs
2. In whichpart of the PhilippinesdidMakhdum andotherArabtradersconduct trade and preach Islam
whentheyfirstsetfootinthe country duringthe 14th
Century?
A. Cebu C. Sulu
B. Samar D. Maguindanao
3. When didFerdinandMagellanarrive inthe Philippines?
A. March 1521 C. May 1521
B. April 1521 D. June 1521
4. On March 31, 1521, the firstmassin the PhilippineswasheldinwhichislandinSouthernLeyte?
A. Basey C. Ormoc
B. Mactan D. Limasawa
5. What significanteventinPhilippine historyhappenedonApril 27,1521?
A. Deathof FerdinandMagellan C. Birthof SultanKudarat
B. Deathof Lapu-Lapu D. Birthof Dr. Jose Rizal
6. Which famousSpanishconquistadorlandedinCebuin 1565, whichmarkedthe beginningof Spanish
dominioninthe Philippinesashe laterestablishedthe seatof Spanishcolonial governmentinManila?
A. FerdinandMagellan C. Miguel Lopezde Legazpi
B. Ruy Lopezde Villalobos D. Marco Polo
7. Where didthe famousbloodcompactinMarch 1565 between SpanishCaptainGeneral Legazpiand
Rajah Sikatunahappen?
A. Bohol C. Samar
B. Cebu D. Leyte
8. For how manyyearsdidDagohoy’srevoltlast?
A. 75 C. 95
B. 85 D. 105
9. The Spanishgovernmentestablishedthisforbusinesspurposes in1781. It servedasa bigsource of
revenue forthe Spanishgovernmentuntilitwasclosedin1882. Duringthe period, itsfarmsand plants
inthe countryincreasedandemployedmanyFilipinosasfarmersandfactoryworkers. Whichmonopoly
was this?
A. Sugarmonopoly C. Tobacco monopoly
B. Coffee monopoly D. Coconutmonopoly

2. 10. Whichgovernorgeneral issuedadecree onNovember21,1849 that providedforthe use of Spanish
surnamesbyFilipinos tofacilitate census,tax collectionandadministration?
A. EulogioDespujol C. Miguel Lopezde Legazpi
B. Jose Basco y Vargas D. GovernorNarcisoClaveriayZaldua
11. It wasfounded in1832 as a religiouscult inTayabas whichattractedmanymembersandalarmed
the government.Itwasdisbandedafterone of itsprominentleaders,Apolinariode laCruzor Hermano
Pule,waskilledbythe governmentforcesonNovember4,1841. What group wasthis?
A. Hospiciode SanJose C. Cofradiade San Juan
B. Cofradiade San Jose D. Hospiciode San Juan
12. Who pioneeredthe sugarindustryin1859 that contributedtothe economicgrowthof Iloiloand
Panay?
A. NicholasLoney C. AdamSmith
B. JohnLegend D. Martin Luther
13. What eventtranspiredonJanuary20, 1872, inwhich SergeantLamadridledartilleryregimentsand
some naval crewsincapturingthe arsenal of Fort SanFelipe inCavite? The eventwaslocal inscope and
easilyquelled,butSpanishpriestsusedittoimplicate theirenemiesinthe clergy,resultinginthe
executionof FathersMarianoGomes,Jose BurgosandJacintoZamora.
A. Bataan mutiny C. Batangas mutiny
B. Cavite mutiny D. Laguna mutiny
14. What meansof executionwasusedtokill the three martyrpriests Gomez,BurgosandZamoraon
February17, 1872?
A. Firingsquad C. Garrote
B. Hanging D. Guillotine
15. Whichcirculationdidthe FilipinopropagandistsinSpainestablishin1889 as the organ of the
PropagandaMovement? GracianoLopezJaenaandMarcelo H. del Pilarservedaseditors.Itpublished
essaysandarticlesinSpanishexpressingthe Filipinodemands forreformsinthe Philippines.
A. La Solidaridad C. La Revolucion
B. La Independencia D. La LigaFilipina
16. In 1928, whichPhilippine company wasgranted telephone franchise forthe entire Philippines?
A. Bayantel C. PhilTel
B. PLDT D. TelCo
17. What secretsocietywasfoundedonJuly7,1892 with AndresBonifacio,Ladislaw DiwaandTeodoro
Plataas its firsttriangle?
A. La Liga Filipina C. KKKor Katipunan
B. Cofradiade San Jose D. KKB
18. Dr. Jose Rizal wasexiledinwhichprovince onJuly 7,1892?
A. Zamboangadel Sur C. Agusandel Sur
B. Zamboangadel Norte D. Agusandel Norte
19. Whenwas the Katipunandiscovered?

3. A. August19, 1892 C. August21, 1892
B. August20, 1892 D. August22, 1892
20. What significanteventinPhilippine historyhappenedonAugust23, 1896 inwhichthe Katipuneros
gatheredandtore theircedulasanddeclaredwaragainstSpain?
A. Cryof Balintawak C. Cry of Matang Lawin
B. Cry of Bataan D. Cry of Pugad Lawin
21. The firstbattle betweenthe KatipunerosandSpanishforcesinSanJuan,Rizal onAugust30, 1896
was called?
A. Battle of Pinaglabanan C. Battle of San Juan
B. Battle of Tirad Pass D. Battle of Rizal
22. On March 22, 1897, the Katipunerosbelongingtothe Magdaló andMagdiwangcouncilschangedthe
Katipunanintoa revolutionarygovernmentandelecteditsofficers duringthisconvention.Subsequent
eventsresulted inthe executionof AndresBonifacioinMaragondon. Whichconventionwasthis?
A. Malolosconvention C. Biak-na-Batoconvention
B. Cavite convention D. Tejerosconvention
23. Throughwhichdocument issuedonMarch 24, 1897 didBonifacionullify the resultsof the elections
duringthe TejerosConvention?
A. Actade Malolos C. Acta de Tondo
B. Acta de Tejeros D. Acta de Pasig
24. Bonifaciosignedthisdocument onApril 19,1897 declaringthe resultsof the electionsduringthe
TejerosConventionnull andvoidandestablisheditsownarmyseparate fromthe RevolutionaryArmy
formedduringthe convention.Thisledtohiscapture and laterhisexecutioninMayof the same year.
What documentwas this?
A. NaicMilitaryAgreement C. Biak-na-BatoAct
B. TejerosMilitaryConvention D. TondoMilitaryDecree
25. Signedbythe Spanishgovernmentandthe Filipinorevolutionaryleaders onDecember14,1897, this
providedforthe secessionof hostilitiesbetweenthe twopartiesandthe voluntaryexileof revolutionary
leadersinHongKong. What agreementwasthis?
A. Pact of Tejeros C. Pact of Cavite
B. Pact of Tondo D. Pact of Biak-na-Bato
26. In thisbattle,whichoccuredonMay 1, 1898, the Americannaval fleetsledbyGeorge Deweyfought
againstthe SpanishfleetunderGeneral Patricio Montojo. Whichbattle wasthis?
A. Battle of Pinaglabanan C. Battle of Tirad Pass
B. Battle of Manila Bay D. Battle of Laguna de Bay
27. Who composedthe Marcha Nacional Filipina,whichlaterbecame the PhilippineNational Anthem?
A. Jose Palma C. LucioSan Pedro
B. JulianFelipe D. TeodoroPlata
28. Whichband playedthe National Anthemduringthe proclamationof Philippineindependence on
June 12, 1898?

4. A. Kawit,Cavite Band C. ImusBand
B. San Franciscode Malabon Band D. Cavite MarchingBand
29. WhichagreementwassignedonAugust20, 1899 inMindanao betweenUSRepresentative JohnC.
Batesand the FilipinoMuslimleaders RajahMuda,Datu Calbi,Datu Joakanainandthe SuluSultanthat
signifiednoninvolvementof the Muslimsinthe Filipino-AmericanWar?
A. Laurel-LangleyAgreement C. BatesTreaty
B. Bell Trade Act D. Treaty of Paris
30. Who ledthe revolutionaryforcesthatproclaimedthe existenceof the Republicof Negros on
November5,1898?
A. General JuanAnacletoAraneta C. General Macario Sakay
B. General EmilioAguinaldo D. General AntonioLuna
31. Thiswas signedbetweenthe UnitedStatesandSpain onDecember10,1898 cedingSpanish
colonies,includingthe Philippines,toAmerica.The Americansreceivedthe righttocolonize the
PhilippinesafterpayingSpain$20 million. Whichtreatywasthis?
A. Treatyof Westphalia C. Treatyof Manila
B. Treaty of Paris D. Treaty of Versailles
32. What proclamation wasissuedby PresidentWilliamMcKinley in1898 to mark the disguised
colonizationof the Philippines?
A. BenevolentAssimilation C. ManifestDestiny
B. White Man’s Burden D. BenevolentColonization
33. WhichFilipinoGeneralwasassassinatedbyfellow revolutionistsinCabanatuan,NuevaEcijaonJune
5, 1899 togetherwithhisaide Col.PacoRoman?
A. General Gregoriodel Pilar C. General AntonioLuna
B. General Macario Sakay D. General SimeonOla
34. WhichnewspaperpublishedJose Palma’spoemFilipinas,whichbecame the lyricsforthe Marcha
Nacional Filipinaof JulianFelipe,onSeptember3,1899?
A. La Independencia C. La Solidaridad
B. La Revolucion D. El Heraldode la Revolucion
35. WhichuniversitywasestablishedinAugust1901 and became the firstProtestantUniversityinthe
Philippines?
A. Universityof the Philippines C. New Era University
B. SillimanUniversity D. Universityof SantoTomas
36. In whichbattle didGeneral Gregoriodel Pilarfightanddie inactiononDecember2, 1899?
A. Battle of HerodPass C. Battle of Tirad Pass
B. Battle of Pinaglabanan D. Battle of Biak-na-Bato
37. In thismassacre that occuredon September28,1901, about180 Filipinosattacked72American
soldiersandkilledmanyof them.Soonafter,the AmericansretaliatedbykillingeveryFilipino inSamar
whorefusedtosurrenderandwere capable of carryingarms, including10-year-oldboys.Which
massacre was this?

5. A. Balangagmassacre C. Catbaloganmassacre
B. Balangigamassacre D. Calbayogmassacre
38. Where didthe Americanscapture General EmilioAguinaldo onMarch 23, 1901?
A. Ilagan,Isabela C. Naguilian,Isabela
B. Palanan,Isabela D. Ramon,Isabela
39. WhichAct of the PhilippineCommission waspassed in1901 to provide forthe publiceducation
system,whichincludesthe use of Englishasthe mediumof instruction,free primaryeducationanda
normal school forthe trainingof teachers?
A. Act72 C. Act 74
B. Act 73 D. Act 75
40. ___________ wasoriginallyagroupof about five hundredAmericanteacherssentbythe U.S.
governmenttothe PhilippinesinAugust1901 whoarrivedon the USAT Thomas.
A. Thomasians C. Thomasitus
B. Thomasites D. Thomasilles
41. What isthe name of the firstlabor federationinthe countrywhichwas establishedatTeatro
VariedadesinSampaloc,Manila,withIsabelode losReyesaspresidentand HermenigildoCruzas
secretary?
A. UnionObreraDemocratica C. Trade Union Congressof the Philippines
B. Alliance of Progressive Labor D. Bukluranng ManggagawangPilipino
42. It providedforthe establishmentof acivil governmentinthe Philippinesin1902.
A. Tydings-McDuffie Act C. JonesAct
B. CooperAct D. Hare–Hawes–CuttingAct
43. Who wasthe firstbishopof IglesiaFilipinaIndependiente (Philippine IndependentChurch) whenit
was establishedinAugust3,1902?
A. Isabelode losReyes C. Felix Manalo
B. Alfredode losReyes D. GregorioAglipay
44. Alsoknownas Act 854 and passedinAugust1903 by GovernorGeneral WilliamHowardTaft's
government,itprovidedforscholarshipof Filipinostudentstouniversitiesinthe UnitedStatesandtheir
returnto the Philippines toserve invariousfields,includinggovernment.
A. ThomasitesAct C. TensionadoAct
B. PensionadoAct D. ScholarshipAct
45. Whichpremierstate universitywasestablishedbyAct1870 onJune 18, 1908?
A. Technological Universityof the Philippines C. Universityof the Philippines
B. PolytechnicUniversityof the Philippines D. National University
46. Whenwere radiostationsestablishedinPasay andManilaby HenryHermann?
A. June 1922 C. August1922
B. July1922 D. September1922

6. 47. Whichpolitical partydidCrisantoEvangelistaestablishonAugust26,1930 that latermergedwith
the SocialistPartyof PedroAbadSantos?
A. NacionalistaParty C. ConservativeParty
B. Liberal Party D. CommunistPartyof the Philippines
48. Who designedthe Rizal Monumentoriginallycalledthe MottoStella(Guidingstar),whichwas
inauguratedon December30,1913 at the Luneta(now Rizal Park)?
A. CarlosNicoli C. GuillermoTolentino
B. RichardKissling D. FerdinandBlumentritt
49. Whichmovement,ledbyBenignoRamosinthe 1930s, became an underground socialistreform
movementwhose memberswere mostlypeasantsagainstthe antinationalistpoliciesof the
government?
A. Socialistamovement C. Sakdalistamovement
B. Propagandistamovement D. Aktibistamovement
50. Thislaw,signedbyFranklinD.RooseveltonMarch 24, 1934, providedforthe establishmentof the
transitionperiodbefore Americawouldeventuallyrecognize Philippine Independence.
A. Tydings-McDuffie Act C. JonesAct
B. CooperAct D. Hare–Hawes–CuttingAct
51. On November15,1935, ____________________ was inauguratedwithManuel L.QuezonandSergio
OsmenaSr.as president andvice president,respectively.
A. Philippine Commission C. RevolutionaryGovernmentof the Philippines
B. Commonwealth Governmentof the Philippines D. Civil Governmentof the Philippines
52. WhichPhilippine constitutionprevailed duringthe Commonwealthperiodand priortothe Marcos-
initiated1973 Constitution?
A. 1899 Constitution C. 1935 Constitution
B. 1925 Constitution D. 1946 Constitution
53. Whendidthe Japanese invasionof the Philippinesstart?
A. December5,1941 C. December10, 1941
B. December8,1941 D. December14, 1941
54. Thiswas a Filipinopolitical partythatservedasthe sole partyof state duringthe Japanese
occupation startingfromDecember1942 withJose P.Laurel as Presidentof the Philippines.Whichparty
was this?
A. KapisanansaPaglilingkod saBagongPilipinas(Kalibapi)
B. Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (Hukbalahap)
C. SakdalistaParty
D. SocialistPartyof the Philippines
55. WhendidPresidentManuel Quezon,through CommonwealthAct570, proclaimTagalogas one of
the official languagesinthe Philippines startingJuly4,1946?
A. June 7, 1940 C. June 9, 1940

7. B. June 8, 1940 D. June 10, 1940
56. Who ledthe Japanese forcesthatoccupiedManilain1942?
A. Tomoyuki Yamashita C. Hirohito
B. Masaharu Homma D. HiroshimaNagasaki
57. WhichAmericangeneral surrenderedthe entire USAFFEinthe Philippinestothe Japanese forces
afterthe Fall of CorregidoronMay 6, 1942?
A. General JonathanWainwright C. General DouglasMacArthur
B. General EdwardP. King D. General George F.Moore
58. Whendidthe famousLeyte Landing,which wasa fulfillmentof General MacArthur’spromise in1942
whenhe said"I shall return,"happen?
A. October20, 1944 C. October22, 1944
B. October21, 1944 D. October23, 1944
59. Launchedon December8,1944, the Japanese useditsmembers,composedof Filipinos,toinformon
guerrillasympathizers.Manyof its memberswere prosecutedafterthe warfor the atrocitiesthey
committedagainstthe people. Whichgroupwasthis?
A. MakabayangKalipunanngmga Pilipino(Makapili)
B. KapisanansaPaglilingkodsaBagongPilipinas(Kalibapi)
C. Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon(Hukbalahap)
D. New People’sArmy(NPA)
60. Thisbattle wasfoughtbetweenFebruaryandMarch1945. The Americansentered the city and
liberatedmanyFilipinoandAmericaninterneesat the Universityof SantoTomas.
A. Battle of Bataan C. Battle of Tondo
B. Battle of Manila D. Battle of Baguio
61. Whendidthe Philippinesbecome amemberof the UnitedNations?
A. September1945 C. November1945
B. October1945 D. December1945
62. Formallyknownasthe Treatyof General RelationsandProtocol, thistreatywassignedon July 4,
1946 and grantedthe Philippinesindependence from the UnitedStatesof America.
A. Treatyof Paris C. Treatyof New York
B. Treatyof Manila D. Treaty of Singapore
63. Where didPresidentRamonMagsaysay’splane crashonMarch 17, 1957?
A. Mt. Manunggal,Cebu C. Mt. Manunggol,Cebu
B. Ticao Pass,Masbate D. BoulevardExtension, Masbate City
64. Who ledthe reestablishmentof the CommunistPartyof the Philippines (CPP)onDecember26,
1968?
A. BenignoRamos C. Isabelode losReyes
B. PioDuran D. Jose Maria Sison

8. 65. WhichproclamationwassignedbyPresidentFerdinand Marcoson September21, 1972 declaring
Martial Law?
A. Proclamation1801 C. Proclamation1081
B. Proclamation1071 D. Proclamation1017
66. Whenwas SenatorBenigno"Ninoy"Aquino assassinatedatthe ManilaInternational Airport?
A. August21, 1983 C. August7, 1980
B. September21,1972 D. September1,1982
67. To whichstate did PresidentMarcos go on exile onFebruary1986?
A. Taiwan C. Haiti
B. Hawaii D. PapuaNew Guinea
68. Who advocatedthe processof Filipinizationinthe Philippinesduringthe Americancolonial period?
A. WilliamHowardTaft C. FrankMurphy
B. FrancisBurton Harrison D. DwightDavis
69. What wasthe pseudonymof AndresBonifacio?
A. LaongLaan C. Dimasalang
B. AgapitoBagumbayan D. Plaridel
70. What isthe termfor a Spanish-bornSpaniardormainlandSpaniardwhoresidedinthe New Worldor
the Spanishcolonieslike the Philippines?
A. Peninsulares C. Insulares
B. Creole D. Mulatto
71. He wasthe priestwholedthe secularizationmovementinthe Philippines.
A. FatherJacintoZamora C. GregorioAglipay
B. FatherPedroPeláez D. LuisAntonioTagle
72. Who wasthe secondeditorof La Solidaridad?
A. GracianoLopezJaena C. Jose P.Rizal
B. Marcelo H. del Pilar D. JuanLuna
73. What wasthe official publicationorganof the MalolosRepublic?
A. La Independencia C. El Heraldode laRevolucion
B. La Solidaridad D. La Revolucion
74. Who isknownas the “Fatherof MalolosConstitution”?
A. ApolinarioMabini C. EmilioAguinaldo
B. PedroPaterno D. Felipe Calderon
75. He became the firstFilipinoChief Justiceof the Supreme Courtof the Philippines.
A. Felipe Calderon C. CayetanoArellano
B. Jose AbadSantos D. Epifaniode losSantos
76. Thiswas the firstFilipinoweeklynewspaperinEnglish
A. AmericanSoldier C. BoundingBillow

9. B. Philippine Herald D. Bulletin
77. Thiswas the firstpolitical partyinthe Philippinesformedin1900.
A. Conservative C. Nacionalista
B. Democratic D. Federal
78. _____________ was the militarypolice force administeredbythe Japanese WarMinistryduring
WWII overthe OccupiedTerritoriesof Japan includingthe Philippines.
A. Sakura C. Yakuza
B. Kempeitai D. Samurai
79. What isthe name of the firstshipto successfullycircumnavigatethe globe?
A. Concepcion C. Victoria
B. Santiago D. San Antonio
80. The governmentimposed thissystemtoincrease the fundsforwarsagainstotherEuropean
explorers. Throughit,the farmerswere forcedtosell theirproduce tothe government atverylow
prices.
A. Polo C. Sakada
B. Tributo D. Bandala
81. Thiswas consideredasthe highestcourtof the landduringthe Spanishcolonial period.
A. Gobernadorcillo C. Encomienda
B. Royal Audiencia D. Cortesgenerales
82. It wasthe termusedinSpanishcoloniesforthe administrative council thatgovernedamunicipality
and itssurroundinglands.
A. Alcalde Mayor C. Royal Audiencia
B. Ayuntamiento D. Encomienda
83. WhichSpanishGovernorGeneral hadthe program onTabaco Monopolyin1782?
A. Jose Basco C. Gaspar delaTorre
B. NarcisoClaveria D. EulogioDespujol
84. Before 1884, thiswasthe numberof daysto be renderedforpolo.
A. 15 days C. 60 days
B. 40 days D. 100 days
85. In PhilippineLiterature,he isknownasHusengSisiw.
A. Jose Rizal C. Jose de losReyes
B. Jose delaCruz D. Jose Perez
86. Thistrade route wasinauguratedin1565 withthe discoveryof the oceanpassage byAndrésde
Urdaneta,and continueduntil 1815 whenthe MexicanWar of Independenceputapermanentstopto
the galleontrade route.
A. Manila-PuertoRico C. Manila-Mexico
B. Manila-Acapulco D. Manila-Riode Janeiro

10. 87. Who wasknownby the pen name HusengBatute?
A. Jose delaCruz C. José Corazónde Jesús
B. Jose Aguilar D. Jose Batuta
88. In 1543, he namedthe islandsof Leyte andSamar Las IslasFilipinasafterPhilipIIof Spain.
A. Miguel Lopezde Legazpi C. Andrésde Urdaneta
B. FerdinandMagellan D. Ruy Lópezde Villalobos
89. SungDynastysourcesin 982 A.D.referredthe Philippine islandsas.
A. Ma-yi C. Ma-i
B. Ma-I D. Luzones
90. Who wasthe Katipunangeneral whowantedthe country tobe namedRizaline Republic?
A. EmilioAguinaldo C. ArtemioRicarte
B. Piodel Pilar D. AntonioLuna
91. He wasthe chroniclerof Magellan’sexpedition.
A. Morga C. Urdaneta
B. Pigafetta D. Loarca
92. Thiswas the policyof resettlementinthe Spanishperiod consolidatingpopulationinlargervillages.
A. Alcaldia C. Pueblos
B. Reduccion D. Visitas
93. Thiswas the firstuniversityinthe Philippines,whichwasoriginallyfoundedascollege in1589 and
elevatedtothe rankof universityin1621.
A. Universityof SanIgnacio C. Universityof SanFelipe
B. Universityof SantoTomas D. EscuelaPia
94. Duringthe Spanishtimes,the Chineseimmigrantsinthe Philippineswerecalled___________.
A. Chinoy C. Sangleys
B. Chino D. Parian
95. Who saidthese immortal words“The Filipinoisworthdyingfor”?
A. AndresBonifacio C. Jose Rizal
B. Benigno“Ninoy”Aquino,Jr. D. Manuel Quezon
96. Whichprovince inthe Philippinesfell tothe Japanese forcesonApril 9,1942 throughthe surrender
of General EdwardP.King?
A. Batangas C. Rizal
B. Laguna D. Bataan
97. He ledthe Chinese pirateswhokilledMartinde Goiti.
A. Eng-Kang C. Kang-Kong
B. Limahong D. SammoHung
98. He wasthe firstAmericanCivil Governor.
A. WilliamHowardTaft C. ArthurMacArthur

11. B. WesleyMerritt D. Murray Bartlett
99. Those provincesthatwere pacifiedandwere alreadyrecognizingSpanishrule werecalled________.
A. Alcaldias C. Indultode comercio
B. Alcalde mayor D. Corregimientos
100. He was famousforbeingthe leaderof the HUKBALAHAPor Hukbong BayanLaban sa mgaHapon.
A. JayTaruc C. LuisTaruc
B. LuisManzano D. BenignoRamos
REFERENCES:
Books
Arcilla, Jose S., S. J. 1994. An Introduction to Philippine History (4th
Ed.). Ateneo de Manila University
Press. Quezon City, Philippines.
Antonio, Eleanor D., et al. 2003. Pana-Panahon: Worktext para sa Araling Panlipunan Unang Taon –
Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Rex Book Store, Inc. Manila, Philippines.
Concepcion,Benjamin,etal.2013. LET ReviewerModule 1(2013 Ed.).MET PublishingHouse.Manila,
Philippines.
Halili,MariaChristine N.2004. PhilippineHistory(1st
Ed.).Rex BookStore,Inc.Manila,Philippines.
Websites
Presidential MuseumandLibrary - http://malacanang.gov.ph/
San BedaCollege Alumni - http://www.beda7882.com/100_significant_events_in_%20Phil_history.htm