Please find my key note lecture on Quantum Computing presented at the RedTeam Security Summit 2019 in North Kerala at Malabar in Calicut City. This session is a survey on the history of Quantum Computing from early 1960's to the recent Quantum Supremacy experiment done by Google along with University of Santa Barbara. It captures the history from conjugate coding to sycamore processor succinctly. It also captures the essence of post quantum cryptography and quantum algorithms.

1. Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G
PA S T, P R E S E N T, F U T U R E
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2. – R I C H A R D F E Y N M A N
“Trying to find a computer simulation of physics, seems to me
to be an excellent program to follow out...and I'm not happy
with all the analyses that go with just the classical theory,
because nature isn’t classical, dammit, and if you want to
make a simulation of nature, you'd better make it quantum
mechanical, and by golly it's a wonderful problem because it
doesn't look so easy.”
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3. – D AV I D D E U T C H
“Computing machines resembling the universal quantum
computer could, in principle, be built and would have many
remarkable properties not reproducible by any Turing
machine … Complexity theory for [such machines] deserves
further investigation.”
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4. H I S T O RY O F
Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G
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6. Q U A N T U M L E A P S
• 1960 - Stephen Wiesner invents conjugate coding
• 1973 - Alexander Holevo publishes a paper showing
that n qubits can carry more than n classical bits of
information, but at most n classical bits are accessible
(a result known as "Holevo's theorem" or "Holevo's
bound”).
• 1975 - R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical
models of information processing in which he showed
the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum
systems on classical computers, due to
the superposition principle.
• 1976 - Polish mathematical physicist Roman Stanisław
Ingarden publishes a seminal paper entitled "Quantum
Information Theory"
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7. Q U A N T U M L E A P S
• 1980 - Yuri Manin proposes Quantum Computer Model
• 1980 - Physicist Paul Benioff suggests quantum
mechanics could be used for computation
• 1981 - Nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman at
CalTech coins the term quantum computer
• 1981 - Tommaso Toffoli introduces the
reversible Toffoli gate, which, together with
the NOT and XOR gates provides a universal
set for reversible classical computation
• 1985 - Physicist David Deutsch at Oxford developed
the quantum Turing machine, showing that quantum
circuits are universal.
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8. Q U A N T U M L E A P S
• 1994 - Mathematician Peter Shor at Bell Labs
writes an algorithm that could tap a quantum
computer’s power to break widely used forms
of encryption
• 1997 - Lov Grover develops a quantum search
algorithm with O(√N) complexity
• 2007 - D-Wave, a Canadian StartUp announces
a quantum computing chip that claims to solve
Sudoku Puzzles, triggering years of debate
• 2013 - Google teams up with NASA to fund a
lab to try out D-Wave hardware
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9. Q U A N T U M L E A P S
• 2014 - Google hires the professor behind
some of the best quantum computer
hardware to lead its new quantum hardware
lab
• 2016 - IBM puts some of its prototype
quantum processor on the internet for anyone
to experiment with, saying programmers need
to get ready to write quantum code
• 2017 - StartUp Rigetti opens up its own
Quantum Computer fabrication facility to
build prototype hardware and complete with
Google and IBM
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10. Q U A N T U M
B U S I N E S S
• Daimler and Volkswagen have both started
investigating quantum computing as a way
to improve battery chemistry for electric
vehicles
• Microsoft says other use cases could include
designing new catalysts to make industrial
processes less energy intensive, or even to
pull carbon dioxide out of atmosphere to
mitigate climate change
• Google has been exploring Quantum
Computing for ultra fast internet search since
at least 2009
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11. G O O G L E B R I S T L E C O N E Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R
S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G Q U B I T M O D E L
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12. G O O G L E S Y C A M O R E Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R
S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G Q U B I T M O D E L
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13. D - WAV E Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R
Q U A N T U M A N N E A L I N G M O D E L
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14. I B M 5 3 Q U B I T Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R
S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G M O D E L
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15. I N T E L 4 9 Q U B I T Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R
S U P E R C O N D U C T I N G M O D E L
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16. I N T E L C R E AT E S Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G T E S T I N G
T O O L C A L L E D C RY O G E N WA F E R P R O B E R
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17. R I G E T T I Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G
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18. I B M Q I S K I T
Q I S A Q U A , Q I S T E R A , Q I S I G N I S
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19. I B M Q I S K I T A Q U A
Q U A N T U M C H E M I S T RY T O Q U A N T U M O P T I M I S AT I O N
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20. X A N A D U S T R A W B E R RY F I E L D S
Q U A N T U M A I
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21. X A N A D U Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R
P H O T O N I C Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S
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22. H O W
Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S W O R K ?
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25. T Y P E O F Q U A N T U M
C O M P U T E R S
• Adiabatic / Annealing
• Superconducting
• Trapped Ion
• Cold / Neutral Atom
• Spin / Quantum Dot
• Photonic
• NV Diamond
• Topological
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26. N E U T R A L AT O M Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G
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27. N E U T R A L AT O M
Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S
• Neutral Atoms as Quantum Bits
assembled into tailored array of atoms
• Optical Engineering Methods to sort
atoms into arbitrary 3D patterns
• Lasers are used to trap arrays of atoms
within glass chambers
• More qubits can be packed into a
small space by taking advantage of
the third dimension.
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28. N E U T R A L AT O M
Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S
• Because neutral atoms lack electric charge and
interact reluctantly with other atoms, they would
make poor qubits.
• But by using specifically timed laser pulses,
physicists can excite an atom's outermost
electron and move it away from the nucleus,
inflating the atom to billions of times its usual
size.
• Once in this so-called Rydberg state, the atom
behaves more like an ion, interacting
electromagnetically with neighboring atoms and
preventing them from becoming Rydberg atoms
themselves.
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29. N E U T R A L AT O M
Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S
• Physicists can exploit that behavior to create
entanglement—the quantum state of
interdependence needed to perform a
computation.
• If two adjacent atoms are excited into
superposition, where both are partially in a
Rydberg state and partially in their ground state,
a measurement will collapse the atoms to one
or the other state.
• But because only one of the atoms can be in its
Rydberg state, the atoms are entangled, with
the state of one depending on the state of the
other.
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30. N E U T R A L AT O M
Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R S
• Once entangled, neutral atoms offer some inherent
advantages. Atoms need no quality control: They are
by definition identical.
• They're much smaller than silicon-based qubits,
which means, in theory, more qubits can be packed
into a small space.
• The systems operate at room temperature, whereas
superconducting qubits need to be placed inside a
bulky freezer.
• And because neutral atoms don't interact easily, they
are more immune to outside noise and can hold onto
quantum information for a relatively long time. other
atoms, they would seem to make poor qubits.
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31. Q U A N T U M D O T C O M P U T I N G
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32. Q U A N T U M D O T S
The nanocrystal semiconductor particles have the
ability to convert light energy and electrical energy
and vice versa in an efficient and stable way that
could revolutionise the way computers work.
silicon-based quantum computers can be built
using atomically engineered phosphorus donors,
quantum dots using CMOS technology and hybrids.
It is also known as Loss-DiVincenzo quantum
computer
Quantum Dot Computer can also be made in
spatial-based qubit given by electron position in
double quantum dot
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33. Q U A N T U M D O T S
A quantum dot creates an electric field ‘well’ that is
too deep for the electron to escape, allowing
individual electrons to be confined to a space just a
few nanometers across.
Properties of Quantum Dot Computers are :
Identically well defined qubits
Reliable State Preparation
Low decoherence
Accurate quantum gate operations
Strong Quantum Measurements
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34. Q U A N T U M D O T
O P E R AT I O N A L M O D E L
The Loss–DiVincenzo quantum
computer operates, basically, using
inter-dot gate voltage for
implementing Swap (computer
science) operations and local
magnetic fields (or any other local
spin manipulation) for implementing
the Controlled NOT gate (CNOT
gate).
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36. Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G S TA R T U P S
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37. H O W T O B U I L D
A Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R ?
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38. Q U A N T U M C O M P U T E R
H A R D WA R E D E S I G N
• The Quantum Computer Hardware for a gate
based model can be abstracted in four layers
• Qubits reside in the Quantum Data Plane
• Operations and measurements on the Qubits
in the Control and Measurement Plane
• Sequence of operations and measurements
for algorithms in Control Processor Plane
• Host processor handles access to networks,
large storage arrays, and user interfaces
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45. Q U A N T U M C O M P U TAT I O N A N D Q U A N T U M
I N F O R M AT I O N B Y M I C H E A L N I E L S O N A N D I S S A C C H U N G
H O W T O B E G I N Y O U R Q U A N T U M C O M P U T I N G J O U R N E Y
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