This document provides an overview of various artistic media and techniques used in art production throughout history, organized by category. It discusses drawing media such as charcoal and techniques like cave drawing. For painting, it outlines tempera, fresco, oil, acrylic, and encaustic. Printmaking techniques covered include relief, intaglio, lithography, silkscreen, and inkjet printing. Additional media summarized are photography, ceramics, sculpture, and new media like video art, sound art, performance, virtual reality, and installation art. The document serves as an introduction to the diverse range of technologies employed in creating visual artworks.

1. ART 101: Introduction to Art The Technologies of Art Production James Greene | Visiting Assistant Professor | 1110 CAC | greenjam@gvsu.edu

2. The Technologies of Art Production: DRAWING Cave Drawing, Lasceaux, France 15,000-10,000 BC. Pigment, charcoal

3. The Technologies of Art Production: DRAWING Leonardo Da Vinci, Madonna and Child with St. Anne and Infant St. John the Baptist charcoal, white lead, 1505-07

4. The Technologies of Art Production: DRAWING Kathe Kollwitz, Self-Portrait, Charcoal, 1928

5. The Technologies of Art Production: DRAWING Robert Longo, Shark #7 from Leap Into The Void, Charcoal drawing, 2004

6. The Technologies of Art Production: PAINTING: Encaustic ENCAUSTIC PAINTING: Pigment suspended in heated beeswax Egypto-Roman Funerary Masks, encaustic on wood Faiyum, c. 160-170 AD.

7. The Technologies of Art Production: PAINTING: Tempera TEMPERA PAINTING: Pigment suspended in a mixture of water and egg yolk. Gentile deFabriano, Adoration of the Magi, Tempera on wood panel, 1423.

8. The Technologies of Art Production: PAINTING: Fresco Fresco Painting: Pigment suspended in wet, fresh plaster applied to walls or ceilings. Giotto The Lamentation Fresco c. 1305.

9. The Technologies of Art Production: PAINTING: Oil OIL PAINTING: Pigment suspended in linseed oil and thinned with a solvent like turpentine. In the high European tradition, oil paint is applied in thin transparent glazes that build up and create luminous surfaces like this one. Jaques Louis-David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps Oil on canvas 1800.

10. The Technologies of Art Production: PAINTING: Oil Kehinde Wiley, Officer of the Hussars Oil on canvas 2007 When an artist chooses oil paint, they may enter into a well-developed European tradition of representation.

11. The Technologies of Art Production: Oil Oil paint is uniquely suited to capturing the luminosity of human flesh. Lucian Freud, Naked Portrait with Reflection Oil on canvas, 1980

12. The Technologies of Art Production: PAINTING: Acrylic Acrylic: Pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer (plastic) emulsion Robert Shimomura, "Classmates" acrylic on canvas, 2008

13. The Technologies of Art Production: PAINTING: Acrylic James Greene Custer, SD Acrylic on canvas 2010

14. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING Prints are derived from a matrix, or a mother image. This can be a block of wood, a metal plate, a slab of limestone, a nylon mesh screen or another material. The matrix gets between the work and the artist, but it allows for the creation of multiples.

15. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Relief Printing An image is carved into a surface like a block of wood, a linoleum panel, or rubber. Whatever surface area is left gets inked and pressed into paper. For each color, a different block must be used. This woodcut print used three blocks.

16. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Relief Printing

17. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Relief Printing Tom HuckBeef Brain Buffet, 2002Woodcut, Edition of 25 52 x 38 inches,Published by Evil Prints

18. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Relief Printing Tom Huck carves a wood block for a relief print

19. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Intaglio INTAGLIO PRINTING An image is etched into a metal plate and ink is scraped into these etched grooves. The ink is then wiped off the surface. When the intaglio is pressed, the paper is traditionally wet. The wet paper grabs the Ink out of all the grooves in the plate. Intaglios have distinct embossments.

20. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Intaglio Drawing through “Hard Ground” using an etching stylus Intaglio scrapers, stylus

21. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Lithography Invented by German playwright Aloys Senefelder in 1796 as a way to cheaply publish music. A slab of limestone is drawn upon with grease pencil. The image is then chemically etched in the stone, allowing the printing of multiples. This process is still used on a large scale using aluminum or polyester plates instead of stones.

22. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Lithography A Litho stone is drawn on with a greasy crayon or liquid medium.

23. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Lithography Nitric acid is mixed with gum arabic and applied to the drawing.

24. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Lithography After etching, the stone (or plate) is rolled up with ink. The ink sticks to the drawn area and does not stick to the un-drawn area.

25. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Lithography After inking, a piece of paper is laid over the inked image and sent through a press. After printing, the printed paper is removed from the stone.

26. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Lithography Multiple color “runs” can be printed in sequence to make multi-color lithos. Beauvais Lyons, Micropterus trichopilaris, 3-color litho, 2009.

27. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Lithography LITHOGRAPHY Was the most popular form of printing in Europe and the US until mechanical plate lithography replaced it in the early 20th Century.

28. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Silkscreen Printing The matrix is a piece of nylon fabric stretched over a screen frame. A stencil is made on the mesh, which the ink is pushed through to create flat areas of color. Andy Warhol elevated this cheap commercial technique to the level of fine art.

29. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Silkscreen Printing Ink is pushed through a nylon mesh screen in which a stencil has been made. Silkscreen can be easily applied to t-shirts, hats, signs, etc.

30. Technologies of Art Production: PRINTMAKING: Inkjet Printing The fastest and most ubiquitous commercial method today. Who knows what will replace it? It is used by the best selling painter in the US. Thomas Kinkade, Make A Wish Cottage, oil on inkjet print on canvas, 2005

31. The Technologies of Art Production: PHOTOGRAPHY The first European drawing of a CAMERA OBSCURA. 1544

32. The Technologies of Art Production: PHOTOGRAPHY 18th Century innovations to the camera obscura. The Camera Obscura was a drawing instrument that used a lens and a dark space to create an upside-down image of reality. It would eventually be combined with the use of film and mechanized during the industrial revolution to become what we think of when we think of a camera.

33. The Technologies of Art Production: PHOTOGRAPHY The first permanent photograph was an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor NicephoreNiepce. However, because his photographs took so long to expose (8 hours), he sought to find a new process.

34. The Technologies of Art Production: PHOTOGRAPHY Louis Daguerre took the first ever photo of a person in 1839 when, while taking a daguerreotype of a Paris street, a pedestrian stopped for a shoe shine, long enough to be captured by the long exposure (seven minutes).

35. The Technologies of Art Production: PHOTOGRAPHY Matthew Brady, The Dead in Front of Dunker Church, Antietam, Maryland, 1862.

36. The Technologies of Art Production: PHOTOGRAPHY In 1884, George Eastman developed the technology of cellulose film to replace photographic plates, leading to the Eastman-Kodak technology used by film cameras today.

37. Technologies of Art Production: CERAMICS PORCELAIN: Clay containing high levels of KAOLIN and low levels of sand. High plasticity, high fire. Porcelain ceramics are among the strongest and most luminous. The Scarf Dance, 1901-02 Designed by Leonard Agathon Van Wydeveld, made by Sevres Porcelain Manufactuary.

38. Technologies of Art Production: CERAMICS STONEWARE: Clay containing less Kaolin than porcelain and more sand. Strong, sturdy and not porous. Used in most everyday dishes, mugs, cups, etc. High fire.

39. Technologies of Art Production: CERAMICS TERRACOTTA Ancient Greeks used black glazes for their red terracotta dishes and containers. EARTHENWARE: Clay containing more sand little kaolin. Fired vessels are fragile and porous unless glazed.

40. Technologies of Art Production: CERAMICS PRIMATIVE GAS RAKU KILN VARIETIES ELECTRIC

41. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Relief sculptures are similar to 2D works in that their 3D forms are raised from a flat background. In low relief or bas-relief, the forms project only lightly from the background.

42. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE In high relief, figures project at least half their natural depth.

43. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Freestanding sculptures have fronts, backs sides and tops. They invite the viewer to walk around, underneath, or even inside them.

44. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Subtractive Process: such as carving, unwanted material is removed.

45. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Additive Process: such as modeling, casting and constructing, material is added, assembled, or built up to reach its final form.

46. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Ron Mueck Untitled (Big Man) pigmented polyester resin on fiberglass, 2000

47. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Ron Mueck Untitled (Self Portrait) pigmented polyester resin on fiberglass, 1997

48. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Ron Mueck, A Girl, pigmented polyester resin on fiberglass, 2002

49. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Casting: The Lost-Wax Technique is used to create BRONZE CASTINGS like this. Auguste Rodin’s The Thinker, 1902.

50. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Assemblage: Found objects are CONSTUCTED into a finished work. Deborah Butterfield, Untitled, Driftwood, Wire, 2006.

51. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Kinetic sculpture: When the sculpture literally moves. Alexander Calder Untitled Fabricated Steel 1977 Shown in the atrium of the National Gallery of Art Washington DC

52. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Earthwork: When the artist uses only the earth as their medium. Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, Black rock, salt, installed in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1976

53. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Nature Sculpture: When the artist uses only things found in nature as their medium. Andy Goldsworthy, Rowan Leaves Around a Hole, leaves, 1987

54. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE Nature Sculpture: When the artist uses only things found in nature as their medium. Andy Goldsworthy, Woven Bamboo…Windy, bamboo, 1987 Andy Goldsworthy Ice Egg, Ice, 1990

55. Technologies of Art Production: SCULPTURE PUBLIC COLLABORATIVE SCULPTURE When the art is the result of an agreement with various government bodies. The result is a public art experience that the entire community shares. Christo & Jeanne- Claude The Gates, New York City, Central Park 1979-2005.

56. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA: Video Art Bill Viola, Going Forth By Day, 2002. Video/sound installation in five parts, Dimensions variable. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

57. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA VIDEO ART: An artist or artists produce(s) a work that exists primarily as a video. A watershed moment for artists came in 1967 with the invention of the Sony Port-A-Pack. Nam Jun Paik TV Cello Video/Performance 1970

58. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA SOUND ART: Speaks for itself. Sound pieces need not have an accompanying visual element. Hugo Ball Performing Karawane Nonsense Poem at Cabaret Voltaire 1916

59. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA: Performance Performance: Performance art can be any situation that involves four basic elements: time, space, the performer's body and a relationship between performer and audience. A piece of performance art may or may not have similarities with theatre. Performances are often documented with video and audio, blurring the boundaries between sound art, video art and performance art. Jeffery Byrd performing Holy Ghost, 2004.

60. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA: Performance STELARC Performing with Movatar Inverse Motion Capture System 1997

61. STELARC performing with Exoskeleton, 2002.

62. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA: Virtual Reality Virtual Reality: Using a combination of video and sound, or a digital video-game interface, artists create virtual situations that take over the viewer’s senses. This can be delivered via a computer screen or created within a space that responds to the viewer’s presence using motion-sensing devises. Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller, The Killing Machine, 2007.

63. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA: Installation Art Installation Art: This blanket termdescribes an artistic genre of site-specific, three- dimensional works designed to transform the perception of a space. The genre incorporates a very broad range of everyday and natural materials, which are often chosen for their evocative qualities. Many installations are site-specific in that they are designed to only exist in the space for which they were created. Walter De Maria, The New York Earth Room Long-term installation at141 Wooster Street, New York City 1977

64. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA: Installation Art Cai Guo Qiang: Head On 99 stuffed wolves, plexiglass, monofilamentDeutsche Guggenheim, Berlin, Germany 2006

65. Technologies of Art Production: NEW MEDIA: Installation Art Christopher Baker: Hello, World! Or, How I Learned to Stop Listening and Love the Noise Video, sound, motion sensors and rear-projection screens, 2008.