2. p. 168-169 Hamilton and the Federalists
p. 169-170 Enacting the Federalist Program
p.154 Indians and Western Lands
p. 173-174 Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty
p. 170-171 The Republican Opposition
p. 198 Dollars and Ships
p. 206-208 The “Indian Problem” and the British
p. 209 Battles with the Tribes
3. p. 200-202 Jefferson and Napoleon and the Louisiana Purchase
p. 208 Florida and War Fever
p. 226 John Quincy Adams and Florida
p. 205 Peaceable Coercion
p. 209-213 Battles with the British and the Peace Settlement
p. 236-238 The Expanding Electorate
p. 245-247 The Five Civilized Tribes
p. 248-249 Jackson and the Bank War
4. I. Leadership
A. Federalist Party founder:
Alexander Hamilton
B. Elitist
1. National
C. Planning policy
2. British “Prime Minister”
model
5. A. Bank of the United
II. Economic Policy States
B. National Debt 1. Customs duties
C. Central
2. Internal taxes
Government revenue
3. Land sales
1. Favored national
D. Government role mercantilism
in the economy 2. Except favored
trade with Britain
6. III. Indian Policy
A. War – Battle of
Fallen Timbers
B. Treaty line –
Greenville Treaty
7. IV. Foreign Policy
Opened current territory:
A. Against expansion
Pinckney Treaty
1. Resuming full trade
B. Relations with Britain
2. Jay Treaty
8. I. Leadership
A. Republican Party
founder: James Madison
B. “Gentlemen” style
1. Diversity/states
C. Planning policy
2. Congress
9. 1. State banks
A. Banking
II. Economic Policy 2. Mixed support of B.
of U.S.
B. Lowers national
debt
1. Customs duties
C. Central government 2. Phase out internal
revenue taxes
3. Land sales
1. Federal and foreign
commerce: capitalism
D. Government role in
the economy
2. State mercantilism
10. III. Indian Policy
A. Welcoming Indians
into the American nation
B. Indian “treaties”
C. Expansion into Indian
territory
1. Tecumseh
D. War
2. Creeks
11. 1. Jefferson:
Louisiana Purchase
IV. Foreign Policy
A. Favored 2. Madison: West
expansion Florida
3. James Monroe:
Florida
1. Embargo
B. Relations with
Britain
2. War of 1812
12. I. Leadership
A. Democratic party
founder: Andrew Jackson
1. diversity/states
B. Democratic/demagogic
C. Planning policy 2. Mostly congress:
executive branch free from
power limits
13. 1. State banks
A. Banking
II. Economic Policy 2. Bank war – ends B. of
U.S.
B. Lowers and temporarily
ends the national debt
1. Customs duties
C. Central government
2. No internal taxes
revenue
3. Phase out land sales
1. Federal and foreign
commerce: capitalism
D. Government role in the
economy
2. State mercantilism
18. FEDERALIST PARTY OVERVIEW
• 1790-1816 (ish) remnants lasting into the 1820’s))
• First American political party
• Supporters were largely urban bankers, businessmen
• Platform:
• Fiscally sound and nationalistic government
• Creation of a national bank
• High tariffs
• Good relations with Britain
• Presidents: John Adams (George Washington was sympathetic to the Federalist program
but remained independent)
• Party comes to an end during the Era of Good Feelings 1815-1825 (ish)
19. ALEXANDER HAMILTON
ELITIST
• Very aristocratic in personal tastes and political
philosophy
• (ironic…)
• Believed a stable and effective government required an
enlightened ruling class
• Government needed the support of the wealthy and
powerful and to get that support the elites needed to be
given a stake in its success
• Investing…
20. PLANNING POLICY:
NATIONAL
• Government needs to buy up/assume the debts of the
states and pay them off in full to show the strength of
the new government
21. PLANNING POLICY
BRITISH “PRIME MINISTER” MODEL
• Thought the government of England was the best in the
world
• Considered his position of Secretary of Treasury as
equal to that of Prime Minister under the British model
22. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
• A national bank would help fill the void that existed in the United
States with only a few principle banks in Boston and Philadelphia and
New York
• Bank could provide loans and currency to businesses
• Bank could provide the government a safe place to deposit federal
funds
• Bank could help collect taxes and disburse expenditures
• Bank could provide stability to a currently weak system
• If the U.S. government is to assume the debts of the states it would
mean a need for an increase in revenue because the government
would not have to pay interest on the loans (bonds) that it was taking
on
23. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
• The government would use these loans to pay on the debts
• Those loans (bonds) would then have to be paid back to the individual citizen
who loaned the money to the government, plus interest
• Hamilton proposed two new taxes for this increase in revenue
• 1. an excise tax on whiskey distillers
• This would mainly impact back country farmers from PA to VA who
used part of their crop (corn and rye) for whiskey
• 2. a tariff on imports
• This would protect American manufacturing from foreign countries
24. NATIONAL DEBT
• Proposal that the new government take responsibility for the
existing public debt
• Old bonds and certificates issued by the “old” congress (Articles
of Confed.) were now in the hands of the wealthy speculators
• Hamilton never really wanted to pay off the debt, rather continue
to issue new bonds as old bonds were paid
• The money from the new bonds would come from wealthy
investors, thus ensuring their stake in the success of the
government
26. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE:
INTERNAL TAXES
• New proposal from Hamilton: tax on whiskey
• Leads to Whiskey Rebellion
• Big issue over internal taxes is why should some states (citizens
in those states like Virginia) pay equally in taxes even though
their state debt was lower than other states (like Massachusetts)
• That matter is solved when Hamilton agreed to a new location
for the national capitol on the Potomac River
• Land donated by George Washington known as “Foggy
Bottom”
27. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE:
LAND SALES
• Primarily the only form of revenue the nation had
• Sales of land in the “west”
• Actually it was land easy of the Mississippi R.
acquired after the Revolutionary War
28. GOVERNMENT ROLE IN THE ECONOMY:
FAVORED NATIONAL MERCANTILISM
• The elite wealthy merchants have become more
wealthy
• Followed the system in England
29. GOVERNMENT ROLE IN THE ECONOMY:
FAVORED TRADE WITH BRITAIN
• Believed England should be the biggest trade partner
with the United States
30. BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS
• General Anthony “Mad Anthony” Wayne lead a group of 4,000 soldiers into
the Ohio Valley and defeated the Miami Indians led by Little Turtle
• This victory secured negotiations with the tribe and opened up the western
portion of Ohio for white settlement
31. GREENVILLE TREATY
• Miami Indians are permitted to keep their claim to territory
• White settlement in the new northwest was opened
• Effect was that the United States affirmed that Indian lands
could only be ceded by the tribes themselves
32. PINCKNEY TREATY
• Settled any conflict with Spain in North America
• Spain thought the U.S. and England might join together to
challenge Spanish possessions
• 1. Spain recognizes the right of Americans to navigate the
Mississippi River to its mouth and deposit goods at New
Orleans for reloading and ocean-going ships
• 2. fixed the northern boundary of Florida along the 31 st
parallel (map)
• 3. required Spanish authorities to prevent Native Americans
from launching raids across the border
33. JAY TREATY
• John Jay was instructed to:
• 1. secure compensation for the British assaults on American
shipping
• 2. demand withdrawal of British forces from the frontier posts
• 3. negotiate new commercial treaty
• The “Jay Treaty” failed to meet any of these goals, however it
did do the following:
• 1. settled conflict with Britain and prevented a likely war
• 2. established American sovereignty over the Northwest
• 3. produced a satisfactory commercial relationship with Britain
• When terms became public in America it was bitterly opposed
as it failed to secure concrete promises from England
34. DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY OVERVIEW
(REPUBLICAN ERA)
• Founded in early 1790’s by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
• Formed first in Congress and then in every state to contest elections and
oppose programs of Alexander Hamilton
• Supporters were strongest in the south
• Platform:
• Favored states’ rights; farmers/planters over bankers/industrialists
• Foreign policy: opposed Jay Treaty, supported good relations with
France (until 1799)
• Domestic policy: denounced the National Bank, opposed proposals that
would give the federal government too much power
• Presidents: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe
• Party splits in 1824 with supporters of Andrew Jackson forming the
“democratic party”; the other faction supported John Quincy Adams formed
the “republican party” later becoming the Whig party
35. JAMES MADISON
• Federalist #10: (Madison writes…) “…measures are too often
decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor
party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing
majority.”
• Like George Washington, Madison was against political parties
• Thought they would only tear a nation apart
• Disagreement on issues was inevitable, but should not lead to the
formation of permanent factions
• “the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties”
• Because Madison (and Jefferson, et. al.) were convinced that Hamilton
and his elites had created an “overbearing majority” there was no other
alternative than to create a vigorous opposition to the Federalists
• This “Republican” party is NOT the ancestor to the current party
• That is the republican party of 1850 and Abraham Lincoln (former northern
36. DIVERSITY/STATES
• Voted against the Alien and Sedition Acts
• Refused to convict anyone of violating the Alien and Sedition Acts
37. CONGRESS
• Major cases during the majority controlled Democratic-Republican party:
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Missouri Compromise
• Spain’s cession of Florida to the U.S.
• Strict construction of the Constitution
38. BANKING:
STATE BANKS
• Supported state’s rights, especially with money
• Considered Hamilton’s, National Bank, plan
unconstitutional
39. BANKING:
MIXED SUPPORT OF BANK OF U.S.
• Most were against the bank as it was deemed
unconstitutional in their “strict” constructionist beliefs
• Strict construction: congress (ie gov’t.) can only do what the
Constitutional specifically says it can do
• Loose construction: congress (ie gov’t.) has specific and implied powers
given to it by the Constitution (“necessary and proper”)
• 1811, Jefferson and his party let the charter on the
National Bank run out, refused to re-new the charter
40. LOWERS NATIONAL DEBT
• Unable to completely disovle the national debt
• Jefferson and his administration did cut it in half from
$83 million to $45 million
42. PHASES OUT INTERNAL TAXES
• Congress was persuaded to eliminate all internal taxes in 1802
• Whiskey tax, etc
43. LAND SALES
• Another source of
revenue that continued
under Jefferson
• Western land sales
(1802 “western” was
still east of the Mississippi
River)
44. FEDERAL AND FOREIGN COMMERCE:
CAPITALISM
• Viewed capitalism and the economy of England as wrong as it
constantly sought to make a profit off of members of society
• Capitalism is “wrong” because it takes an item, places it on
the open market for sale at a price higher than what its
actual value was
• Favored an agrarian society overall (subsistence farming)
• Did support small business but not large scale manufacturing as
Hamilton had proposed
45. STATE MERCANTILISM
• Let the state governments decide on limits
• (there is really nothing else to be found on Jefferson’s views of mercantilism, so
sources “assume” he was opposed; there are some sources that say he favored
it)
• (you have to look at other decisions he made and other remarks given on the
topic of the economy and then eventually decide for yourself…)
46. WELCOMING INDIANS…
• Gave Native Americans two options:
• 1. become settled farmers and assimilate into white society
• 2. migrate to the west of the Mississippi River
• Either option would require that they give up their tribal land
claims
47. INDIAN “TREATIES”
• By 1807 the U.S.
had treaties with
Native Americans
in eastern
Michigan, southern
Indiana and most
of Illinois
48. EXPANSION INTO INDIAN TERRITORY
• White settlers began moving into Native American territory in the
southwest U.S.
• Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi
• Resistance was useless (“resistance is futile”)
• Tribes were acting separately from one another rather than
one body
49. TECUMSEH
• Attempted to unite the tribes of the Midwest against the U.S.
• Claimed that lands taken by the U.S. in individual treaties with individual
tribes was not legitimate as the land belonged to all tribes, not just one
• Battle of Tippecanoe – resulted in a disarray of Indian confederacy and the
destruction of “Prophetstown” (Nov. 7, 1811…New Madrid Earthquake Dec. 11, 1811
anniversary anyone?)
• Prophet: Tecumseh’s brother and tribal religious leader
• British help the Shawnees with supplies, ammunition, weapons
• Tecumseh dies at the Battle of the Thames as a Brigadier General for the
British army, War of 1812
50. CREEKS
• Spanish supplying Creeks with weapons, ammunition (so much
for the Pinckney treaty!)
• Gen. Andrew Jackson and his men slaughter Creek
men, women and children at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend as a
revenge for Creek attacks on white settlers in Florida
51. FAVORED EXPANSION (JEFFERSON)
• Misleading, because at first he did not
• As a strict constructionist (view) of the
Constitution, he could only do what the Constitution
gave him explicit power to do
52. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
• Was unsure if he, as President, could sign a treaty purchasing
the land from France
• The “treaty making” provision in the Constitution was used to
justify the acquisition
• Article I, Section 8, Clause 18:
• To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into
Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this
Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any
Department or Officer thereof.
53. MADISON: WEST FLORIDA
• Wanted the land for future settlement for white
Americans
• Rivers ran through the land provided access to the Gulf
of Mexico
54. JAMES MONROE: FLORIDA
• Using Andrew Jackson’s raids on Native American in Florida
(Seminole War), Monroe sent the message to Spain that the
U.S. could take Florida by force if they wanted
• Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty ceding all of Florida to the
U.S. (expansion policy???)
55. EMBARGO
• Prohibited trade with England 1811, as long as England
enforced its blockade of Europe, mainly Spain
• The embargo worked!
• England removed the blockade but it came too late as war was
imminent with England
56. WAR OF 1812
• Early in the war England was focused on defeating Napoleon (France) and
Spain and did not send vast amounts of men to the U.S.
• Once Napoleon was defeated England turned its full attention to America
• British troops burn many important buildings in the capitol including the
White House in retaliation for the burning of the Candadian capital at
York
(Dolly Madison is given credit for saving many portraits, including that of
George Washington)
• Fort McHenry was blockaded against the British with several old ships sunk
in the Harbor
• It was on a British ship – used as a prison – that Francis Scott Key wrote
the poem, “The Star Spangled Banner” the morning following the battle
• British are turned back at the large Battle of Plattsburg
57. WAR OF 1812
• In New Orleans, Andrew Jackson and 1000 men stand against
several waves of British attacks
• The British finally leave with American casualties of only 8
dead and 13 wounded
• Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) ends the war
• Several treaties follow which allow for continued trade with
England
58. DEMOCRAT PARTY OVERVIEW
(DEMOCRAT ERA)
• Originally part of the Anti-Federalist group that formed the Democrat-Republican
party under James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
• After the War of 1812 the party split – those who favored the Jeffersonian style
(Andrew Jackson, Martin VanBuren) created the Democrat party
• Their main opponent was the Whig party, which faded into almost non-existence over the
slavery issue after the Mexican-American War.
• Anti-Slavery Democrats split from the Democrat party and joined the Whigs, forming the
Republican party
• Democrats split again, but not one that divided the party – merely a split over
ideological issues (slavery, civil war, successor to Pres. James Buchanon)
• Northern Democrats split even further (War Dem.’s vs. Peace Dem.’s)
• The Confederate States of America saw political parties as evil and did not have
any in their “government”
59. DEMOCRATIC/DEMAGOGIC
• (Formed from the split in the Democrat-Republican party)
• (Republican arm becomes the “Whigs”)
• Andrew Jackson promises to make the government a
government of all the people not just the aristocracy
• More voters than ever before
• Land owning/tax paying requirements dropped to allow more
white men the right to vote
• Equal protection and equal benefits to all white make
citizens
60. DIVERSITY/STATES
• Reduce the power of the federal government, but also believed
in forceful presidential leadership
• Believed in state’s rights but vetoed the right of states to nullify
federal laws (Nullification Crisis)
61. STATE BANKS
• Under retraining effect of the National Bank
• Wanted more money in circulation
62. BANK WAR
• Completely opposed to any institution that gave credence to the
aristocracy – the bank was a symbol of power of the elite
• Jackson favors “soft money” supporters – more in circulation
and declares he will not renew the charter in 1836
• Soft money: paper money which hold little or not value but
represents some sort of accepted value
• Hard money: gold or silver
63. NATIONAL DEBT
• Paid off the entire national debt
• First and only time in history this has been done
• Short lived due to the economic depression of
1837
64. CUSTOMS DUTIES
• Lowered tariffs, but not enough for some southern
states
• The states nullified the tariff and demanded an even
lower tariff policy
• Jackson threatened them with treason
• Tariffs helped pay off the national debt
65. NO INTERNAL TAXES
• Kept taxes low
• Believed it was the government’s way of keeping the
people bound under the need for a National Bank
66. PHASES OUT LAND SALES
• Land sales helped pay off the national debt
• Many speculators and businessmen were buying
government land with paper money which did not have
the same value as coin money
68. STATE MERCANTILISM
• Part of closing the national bank was to get the states
more power in controlling their economies
69. REMOVAL
• Removal Act of 1830: forced evacuation of several
tribes in the south (west) U.S. to west of the Mississippi
River
• Trail of Tears (The Trail Where they Cried)
• Five “civilized” tribes: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek,
Cherokee, Seminole
• Seminole resisted more than the others and was
more successful as they hid in the everglades of
southern Florida
70. TEXAS
• Jackson refused Texas’s request for annexation as it
would split the democratic party over the issue of
slavery
• The issue came to light in the 1844 presidential election
• James K. Polk used the annexation of the Oregon
Territory as a compromise and excuse to annex the
Texas territory
71. OREGON (POLK)
• Keep the northern, anti-slave voters happy by allowing
them to occupy the territory, free from slavery
72. MEXICAN WAR, MEXICAN CESSION
• Successes in battle during the Mexican-American War allowed
for the suggestion an annexation of “All Mexico”, the entire
country, to avoid future conflict
• This would mean giving citizenship and rights to a group of
people who did not necessarily want to become American
• The Mexican Cession ended the “All Mexico” talks by annexing
southern California and New Mexico
