1) Advances in radar techniques have allowed for continuous observation of the Earth's atmosphere from the lower to upper atmosphere. 2) The latest techniques include active phased array radars like the MU radar in Japan which can rapidly scan beams to accurately measure wind velocity. 3) Atmospheric radars provide high resolution continuous data on winds and have revealed processes like gravity wave propagation, saturation and their influence on mean flows.

1. Advances in Science and Techniques for Ground-Based Radar Remote-Sensing of the Earth’s Atmosphere Shoichiro Fukao Fukui University of Technology, Fukui Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto IGARSS Vancouver, Canada July 24 -29, 2011

2. Structure of the Earth’s Atmosphere Troposphere Mesosphere and Stratosphere Thermosphere/ Ionosphere

3. The Principle of radar techniques Transmitter Receiver Antenna Pulse Echo Target Doppler shift Frequency Frequency

4. The latest radar techniques have continuously been applied to the Earth’s atmosphere Lower Atmosphere Middle Atmosphere Upper Atmosphere First, meteorologists utilized radars for precipitation measurement.

5. The latest radar techniques have continuously been applied to the Earth’s atmosphere Lower Atmosphere Middle Atmosphere Upper Atmosphere Next, radar techniques were utilized by upper atmosphere physicists ．

6. Scatterer in the ionosphere: Free Electrons Total cross section is comparable to that of a sphere of 1 cmφ . Ｉｎｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｔ ｓｃａｔｔｅｒｉｎｇ ｏｒ ＩＳ

7. The latest radar techniques have continuously been applied to the Earth’s atmosphere. Lower Atmosphere Middle Atmosphere Upper Atmosphere Finally, radar techniques were applied to the middle atmosphere.

8. Scatterer in the Middle Atmosphere: Turbulence Bragg scattering Eddy size responsible for the scattering = One half the radar wavelength

9. Scales of eddies of (Inertial subrange) turbulence Restricting the radar wavelength for middle atmospheric observations to VHF and UHF. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Ionosphere/ Thermosphere

10. Rapid beam scanning required for accurate measurement of wind velocity Radar antenna Wind vector measurement ： Wind velocity assumed to be uniform within the region where / the duration while the beam is steered.

12. MU The MU radar, Shigaraki, Japan Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University 46.5 MHz, 103mφ Yagi array, 1 MW

13. The MU radar features an active phased array:

14. Meteorological balloon observation 6 hrs interval Atmospheric radars provide continuous wind data with high time and altitude resolutions that have ever been realized.

15. MU レーダー観測 Passage of a typhoon Meteorological balloon observation Atmospheric radar observation Atmospheric radars provide continuous wind data with high time and altitude resolutions that have ever been realized.

16. Atmospheric waves modulate tropo/stratospheric wind profiles. Daily mean (a) eastward (solid) and northward (dashed) radial velocity profiles and hourly mean radial velocity fluctuations in the (b) east and (c) north directions for 17/18 October (after Fritts et al., 1988). Mean wind (20 oblique) Fluctuations from the mean wind Vr (Meridional) Meridional Zonal Ur (Zonal) °

17. Atmospheric waves modulate mesospheric wind profiles more extensively Zonal wind Height

18. 北斎 Analogy to ocean surface waves: Their growth and breaking Woodcut print painted by Hokusai Katsushika (19 th century)

19. Atmospheric gravity waves: Propagation and saturation Saturation Momentum flux Wave breaking Turbulence Deceleration of mean flow Atmospheric gravity waves

20. Latitudinal distribution of zonal wind velocity in the mesosphere Theoretically, a strong geostrophic wind exists above the mesosphere . Observationally, the wind is weak irrespective of season and latitude. E: Easterly or westward wind W: Westerly or eastward wind Weak wind

21. Momentum flux measured with the MU radar Eastward flux Westward flux Deceleration of westward wind Deceleration of eastward wind Mean flow westward Mean flow eastward

22. Saturation of atmospheric gravity waves (Model vs Observational results) k : k -3 k -3 k :

23. Gravity waves found to be ubiquitous in the ionosphere and thermosphere “ Gravity waves” continuously modulate the structure and dynamics of this region.

24. Dispersion relation for thermospheric gravity waves

25. Projected along geomagnetic field line Hemispheric conjugacy of nighttime MSTIDs Otsuka et al., 2004 630-nm airglow imagers simultaneously taken at conjugate points. Sata Darwin Darwin Sata Darwin ＥＡＲ

26. X X X h 1 (z) h 2 (z) h 3 (z) Y 1 (t) X h 4 (z) X h 5 (z) Reconstructed time series at ｚ within range volume Y 2 (t) Y 3 (t) Y 4 (t) Y 5 (t) The principle of range imaging 時系列 (I&Q) Doppler spectrum レンジ内の任意高度 z における -noise, -power, -SNR, -Doppler velocity, -spectral width 適用する空間フィルター： ： (N×N) エルミート行列 ( 輝度分布 ~ 強度に比例 ) ：周波数 k の複素受信信号列 ,

28. Simultaneous measurements with c loud radars Ka-band (35 GHZ) and W-band (95 GHz) Doppler radars For profiling cloud structures and processes as well as motions from Doppler shift. Cirrus detected with a Ka-band radar at shigaraki Ref: http://katla.nd.chiba-u.jp/ intro/fmcw.html MUR reflectivity MUR vertical air velocity 94.79GHz FMCW Falcon radar

29. 3. A better knowledge of turbulence in clouds and at cloud edges (mechanisms, occurrence, intensity) and mainly cirrus Tools: lidar, weather radars, MU radar, IWP, balloon KH Instability at a cirrus cloud base observed by MUR KH instability inside cloud observed from lidar Convective instability at a cloud base (solid line) observed by MUR Turbulence in clouds

30. WINDAS : Wind profiler network and data acquisition system - Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) 2001 - ・ Consists of thirty-one 1.3GHz profilers (LTR) and control center, and ・ Provides the NWPs with initial values of wind field. LTR, RISH Kyoto Univ. 0 500km WIND PROFILER SITES CONTROL CENTER (JMA HQ ） RADIOSONDE STATIONS

31. Impact of profiler data to MSM for severe rainfall (c) Composite of radars and rain gauges (a) 3hr forecast of MSM without profiler data (b) 3hr forecast of MSM including profiler data Total Rain Amount for 3hr (mm) Profiler 200km Rawinsonde

33. Atmospheric temperature measurement with RASS: Radio Acoustic Sounding System Horn speaker system

34. RASS profile Atmospheric temperature profiles with the MU radar - RASS － Profiles are successively obtained every three minutes.

35. RASS contour Temperature fluctuation and wind vectors near cold front surface Cold Front Surface

37. Equatorial Atmosphere Radar: EAR Antenna array (110 m in diameter) 47MHz, 560 Yagi antennas, 100kW Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia (0.20 S, 100.32 E, 865 m above sea level) ° °

38. The Equatorial Atmosphere Observatory (EAO) Kototabang, Indonesia μ-rain radar Ceilometer Disdrometer Optical rain gauge Radiometer RASS sounder X-band met radar GPS receiver All sky imager VHF radar Lidar EAR receiver EAR FMCW radar Meteor radar

39. × ： cold-point tropopause Breaking Kelvin wave Increase of turbulence Zonal wind Turbulence Large-scale convective system of ISV EAR: Breaking of Kelvin wave at the tropopause wave wave excitation Fujiwara et al., 2003 成層圏と対流圏の 大気の交換

40. Where will the “gene” of active-phased array radars go? MAARSY, Andoya Equatorial Atmosphere Radar MU radar MAARSY PANSY radar An MUR-type radar being build at Syowa base in the Antarctic

42. Thank you for your attention.