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- 1. Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System
- 14. Fig. 45-6-2 cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A
- 16. Fig. 45-7-2 Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin
- 18. Fig. 45-8-2 Glycogen deposits receptor Vessel dilates. Epinephrine (a) Liver cell Epinephrine receptor Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released. (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Epinephrine receptor Different receptors Epinephrine receptor Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel
- 23. Fig. 45-12-5 Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin
- 35. Fig. 45-21 Stress Adrenal gland Nerve cell Nerve signals Releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH Adrenal cortex Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Kidney (a) Short-term stress response (b) Long-term stress response Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: 1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 2. Possible suppression of immune system 1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
- 40. Chapter 46 Animal Reproduction Animal Reproduction Chapter 46
- 50. Fig. 46-12g Primordial germ cell Mitotic divisions Oogonium Mitotic divisions Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II First polar body Ovulation, sperm entry Completion of meiosis II Second polar body Fertilized egg 2 n 2 n n n n n In embryo
- 51. Fig. 46-12c Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions Spermatogonial stem cell Mitotic divisions Spermatogonium Mitotic divisions Primary spermatocyte Meiosis I Secondary spermatocyte Meiosis II Early spermatid Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients) Sperm 2 n 2 n 2 n n n n n n n n n n n
- 52. Chapter 47 Animal Development
- 60. Fig. 47-6 (a) Fertilized egg (b) Four-cell stage (c) Early blastula (d) Later blastula
- 63. Fig. 47-8-6 Blastula (cross section) Blastocoel Animal pole 4-cell stage forming 2-cell stage forming Zygote 8-cell stage Vegetal pole 0.25 mm 0.25 mm
- 67. Fig. 47-10-4 Future ectoderm Key Future endoderm Future mesoderm SURFACE VIEW Animal pole Vegetal pole Early gastrula Blastopore Blastocoel Dorsal lip of blasto- pore CROSS SECTION Dorsal lip of blastopore Late gastrula Blastocoel shrinking Archenteron Blastocoel remnant Archenteron Blastopore Blastopore Yolk plug Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
- 68. Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
- 75. Fig. 48-4 Dendrites Stimulus Nucleus Cell body Axon hillock Presynaptic cell Axon Synaptic terminals Synapse Postsynaptic cell Neurotransmitter
- 83. Fig. 48-12 Axon Schwann cell Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Node of Ranvier Schwann cell Nucleus of Schwann cell Layers of myelin Axon 0.1 µm
- 84. Fig. 48-12a Axon Myelin sheath Schwann cell Nodes of Ranvier Schwann cell Nucleus of Schwann cell Node of Ranvier Layers of myelin Axon
- 88. Fig. 48-15 Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel Ca 2+ 1 2 3 4 Synaptic cleft Ligand-gated ion channels Postsynaptic membrane Presynaptic membrane Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter 5 6 K + Na +
- 90. Chapter 49 Nervous Systems
- 98. Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
- 112. Chapter 43 The Immune System
Notes de l'éditeur
- Figure 45.6 Cell-surface hormone receptors trigger signal transduction
- Figure 45.7 Steroid hormone receptors directly regulate gene expression
- Figure 45.8 One hormone, different effects
- Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon
- Figure 45.21 Stress and the adrenal gland
- Figure 46.12 Human gametogenesis
- Figure 46.12 Human gametogenesis
- Figure 47.6 Cleavage in an echinoderm embryo
- Figure 47.8 Cleavage in a frog embryo
- Figure 47.10 Gastrulation in a frog embryo
- Figure 48.4 Neuron structure and organization For the Cell Biology Video Dendrites of a Neuron, go to Animation and Video Files.
- Figure 48.12 Schwann cells and the myelin sheath
- Figure 48.12 Schwann cells and the myelin sheath
- Figure 48.15 A chemical synapse