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<1>
2 times
every year
3 days
 
 
Comic Market
Comiket
buy/sell doujinshi
media by fans
amateurs
enthusiasts
 
 
[Lilian Fourhand video]
original
original
“ rip”
“ mix”
“ burn”
[Gradius video]
 
[Airrade video]
Comiket
 
RW
culture
not only  consume
“ produced elsewhere”
actively
make
customize
<2>
2006
web service
ニコニコ動画 (Nico Nico Douga)
 
real-time comments
fly across the screen
novel interactions
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
content
evolve
Kumikyoku Nico Nico Douga
[Kumikyoku video]
So what?
100+ derived versions
slight modifications
crossovers
personal, artistic  touches
build upon one another
Something always  gets created
 
creativity
visible
in your face
inviting
fun
RW
culture
<3>
why?
 
meme
“ a theoretical unit of cultural information”
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
memes ≈ genes
replicate
propagate
natural selection
extinct
survive
evolve
mutation
inheritance (crossovers)
Nico Nico Douga
a meme = a video
large complex of memes (memeplex)
evolve fast
conducive to evolution
user interface
norms
fosters
natural selection
evolution
<4>
user interface
real-time comments
 
 
 
 
easy to give impressions
want to comment
fun
see
sing along
make noise
a part of the mob
contribute
decorate
fun to upload
more feedback
see how people react
much more fun
visualization
more incentives to create
discovery of interesting videos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
promote social causes
detract from natural selection
editors
agendas
steal spotlight
from  truly popular videos
<5>
norms
doujinshi
encourage
derivative works
evolution
easy access
source material
rapid feedback
people already want to derive
not only  the Japanese
everyone wants to derive
no doujinshi in America?
doujinshi = derivative works
no permission
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
America
lawsuits
Japan
opposite
Comiket
>30 years
increasingly commercial
 
$245M in 2007
15% of Otaku industry
anime DVDs manga video games figures
 
lack of resources
“ We don’t have enough lawyers. There just aren’t enough resources to prosecute cases like this.”
norm
legacy
live with it
manga creators
manga creators were/are doujinshi creators
restricting
strong repercussion
consumers
creators
adapted
Comiket
best opportunities to sell goods
 
“ Lucky Star no Kiwami, AAA” [Shiteyanyo]~
“ Lucky Star no Kiwami, AAA” [Shiteyanyo]~
“ Lucky Star no Kiwami, AAA” [Shiteyanyo]~
norm
held by industry
enforced loosely by consumers/creators
free to build upon
evolve
<6>
Nico Nico Douga
UI
user participation
accelerate
creativity
norm
encourage derivation
informally
protects uploaders
publishers’ control
moral of the story
foster creativity
2 things
(1) make it fun
(2) make it free
commons
(1) easy
(2) much harder
change law
reduce copyright’s scope
make doujinshi norm strong
 
do something
rights to derive
protected by the law

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