This document summarizes a report on human trafficking in India that evaluates intervention efforts and provides recommendations. Some key points: - India has widespread issues with sex and labor trafficking, with half of its districts affected and millions of victims. - The report analyzes trafficking patterns and interventions across 9 states representing 40% of India's population. It finds government efforts are still developing but emphasize prevention, protection, and prosecution. - NGOs focus more on prevention and protection in source/transit states, and protection, prosecution, and capacity building in destination states. Collaboration between organizations and with government is improving but still a challenge. - The report's recommendations include economic cooperatives to aid victim protection, engaging vulnerable

1. Human Trafficking in India:Opportunities for The Asia Foundation SadikaHameed, Sandile Hlasthwayo, Evan Tanner, MeltemTürker, and Jungwon Yang – March 10, 2010

2. Agenda Part I: Introduction & methodology Part II: Root causes & legal framework Part III: Findings on NGO, donor, and government intervention efforts Part IV: Recommendations Title photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department 2

4. Half of the 612 districts in India are affected by trafficking

5. 3 million sex workers in India, with 40% being children

6. India is a source, transit point, and destination for trafficking

7. 90% of Indian trafficking is domestic, 10% is internationalPhoto by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department 3

8. Formally, Trafficking in Persons (TIP) means… “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of: Threat or use of force or other forms of coercion Abduction Fraud Deception The abuse of power A position of vulnerability The giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation.” (UN Palermo Protocol, 2000) 4

10. 17-year-old Rana is raped by twenty to fifty men every day.

11. 13-year-old Mehti has been underground weaving carpets for five years, with one meal a day.

12. 14-year-old Priyanka was sold by her father for US$22 into a life of torture, starvation, and agricultural labor.Photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department 5

13. Objectives Evaluate the political, social, economic, legal, and intervention landscape of the anti-trafficking movement in India Research current NGO, donor, and government efforts to combat trafficking in India Provide TAF with actionable recommendations with regards to a human trafficking program in India Photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department 6

14. Geographic Scope Limiting of states/territories based on: A pervasive and increasing trend in TIP State & local government receptivity Representation of source, transit, and destination points for TIP Secondary data availability Representation of a variety of dynamics that could influence TIP Chosen states/territory (shown in black): Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Jharkhand, Orissa (Odisha), Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Collectively, the states/territories represent roughly 40% of India’s population. 7

15. Methodology Stage 1: Literature Review & Synthesizing of Secondary Data Studied general global/India-specific TIP literature Analyzed trafficking in nine representative states/territories Researched anti-trafficking interventions in those regions Conducted a legal framework analysis Stage 2: Interviews Supplemented intervention research with 19 NGO/donor interviews 8

16. Data Constraints The hidden nature of human trafficking Illegality Lack of records Efforts to keep the practice hidden Danger to current victims for speaking out Social stigmatization of survivors Challenge in distinguishing victims from voluntary migrants Scope of the problem Inability to conduct field research 9

17. II. Root Causes & Legal Framework of TIP in India

18. Root Causes Of Trafficking 11

19. 12 NGO/Donor Perceptions of the Problem of TIP in India

20. Summary of Legal Framework 13

21. Strengths and Weaknesses of Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts 14

22. Strengths and Weaknesses of Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts (continued) 15

23. III. Findings on Government, Donor, & NGO Efforts in Anti-TIP

24. Types of Trafficking Intervention Programs 3Ps +C : Prevention, Prosecution, Protection and Capacity Building 17

26. Annual budget: $1 million

29. Multi disciplinary approach

30. Joint response by all stake holders, such as police, prosecutors, NGOs, civil society and media

32. Victims have greater risk of contracting the disease

33. Leverages synergies

34. High value multiplier effect18

37. Low awareness

38. Lack of an integrated plan

39. High level of corruptionNGOs’ perception of gov’t efforts generally positive; however, it was indicated that government still lacks political will, coordination, and capacity 19

41. 19 NGOs interviewed20

42. 1. Program Types Many organizations with anti-TIP initiatives not exclusively focused onTIP. The number of anti-TIP NGOs varies across states. iii. Priority for Different Types of Anti-TIP interventions 21 Bias towards prevention and protection interventions for source/transit states. v. Destination state NGOs focus on capacity-building, protection, and prosecution; but not prevention.

43. Non-Governmental Organizations/ Donor Anti-TIP Efforts (continued) 2. Types of Intervention 22

44. Non-Governmental Organizations/ Donor Anti-TIP Efforts (continued) 3. Challenges of NGOs Primary – Funding Secondary – Implementation of laws Lack of cooperation/coordination Lack of human resources 23

47. In rescue operations, all work closely with law enforcement. 24

49. Live theater performances

50. Anti-trafficking messages in religious festivals

52. Identify opportunities for cooperatives

54. Railroad stations, bus depots, etc. 25

55. IV. Recommendations & Implementation Analysis

56. Evaluation of Alternatives Originating from What’s not working – identified gaps What’s working – best practices Ranking of the recommendations Selected 14 criteria based on What makes programs successful/ unsuccessful TAF feedback (particularly for weightings) & advisor feedback Implementation analysis Suggested partners Photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department 27

57. Primary Criteria 28

59. Other criteria included—

60. TAF’score competencies

61. Adverse outcomes

62. $100K budget

63. Sustainability

64. Changes in government policy

65. Human capital

66. Ease of scaling up

67. Private sector partnershipPhoto by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department 29

68. Results of Recommendations’ Ranking 30

69. Creation of Economic Cooperatives (Ranking: 1/16) PROTECTION 31

70. Reaching Vulnerable Populations (Ranking: 2/16) PREVENTION 32

71. The Importance of Transit Points (Ranking: 2/16) PROSECUTION 33

72. Linking Resources with Need (Ranking: 2/16) PROTECTION 34

73. Central Monitoring & Evaluation (Ranking: 3/16) CAPACITY BUILDING 35

74. The Asia Foundation really values innovation, in addition to “tried and tested” programs. Here are our two most “out of the box” ideas. 36

75. Police Incentive Program (Ranking: 13/16) PROSECUTION 37

76. Rescue and Rehabilitation Experts (RREs)(Ranking: 12/16) PROTECTION 38

78. Prof. Joe Nation, Marcos Rosales, Sarah Duffy

79. Prof. Erik Jensen and NanditaBaruah

80. Ford Dorsey Program in International Policy Studies39