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Collecting Data.  Sampling.
Why do we usually sample? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why is sampling desirable? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why is sampling desirable? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why is sampling desirable? ,[object Object]
Avoiding Bias ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Avoiding Bias ,[object Object]
Sampling Methods. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Point sampling ,[object Object]
 
Line sampling ,[object Object]
 
Quadrat sampling.  ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
How do we decide what to do? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Random sampling.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2. Stratified sampling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2. Stratified sampling ,[object Object],[object Object]
2. Stratified sampling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3. Systematic sampling. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample size.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Required sample size.  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Required sample size.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2 N= required sample size. Z= z score (a different table you aquire as a table of numbers) S =standard deviation. d= Tolerable margin of error.

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Sampling