1. PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

2. TOPICS FOR TODAY’S PRESENTATION
1. ENGLISH: indefinite pronouns and partitive pronouns
2. SPANISH PRONOUNS:
 Gender and number definition.
Subject pronouns
Prepositional pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
 Relative pronouns
 Interrogative pronouns
 Demonstrative pronouns
Indirect object pronouns
Direct object pronouns

3. Indefinite pronouns
-Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically
refer to no particular person or thing.
-Equally, they are characterized by having functions
directly involved in expressing quantity, from totality
(“all”) to its converse (“nothing”).
-Reference in some cases invokes gender, such that
items in –body are personal, items in –thing
nonpersonal.
-Quantification in some cases invokes countability and
number, such that each is singular count, both dual
count, while some may be noncount or plural count.

4. THE UNIVERSAL ITEMS
These function only as pronouns and despite
their entailment of plural meaning they take
singular verbs:
Everyone, Everybody, Everything, No one,
Nobody, Nothing, noting that all except “no
one” are written as single words.

5.  EXAMPLES:
-The room was full of youngsters and everyone/everybody was
listening to the speeches. (La habitación estaba llena de jóvenes
y todo el mundo estaba escuchando los discursos).
 I appealed to the whole crowd, but no one/nobody was willing
to get up and speak. (Yo le pedí a todo el público, pero nadie
estaba dispuesto a pararse y hablar)
-My mother was very particular about how her things were
arranged in her bedroom; she knew where everything was
supposed to be and she insisted that nothing was ever to be
misplaced. (Mi mamá era muy exigente en como sus cosas estaban
arregladas en su habitación, ella sabía donde debía estar todo e
insistía en que nada fuera colocado en el lugar equivocado)

6.  Two further indefinites are each and none, both able to
operate irrespective of gender with singular reference.
EXAMPLES:
-Many members hesitated but although each was
pressed to act, none was in the end willing. (Muchos
miembros dudaron pero aunque cada uno fue presionado
para actuar, ninguno estuvo dispuesto al final).
-There were several knives in the drawer, but although
each was tried in turn, none was Sharp enough to cut
the rope. (Habían varios cuchillos en el cajón, pero aunque
cada uno fue probado sucesivamente, ninguno estaba
suficientemente filoso para cortar la cuerda).

7. -Each (but no none) can also function as a
determiner, in which role it is closely paralleled by
every.
EXAMPLE:
Each Candidate will be individually interviewed
Every
(Cada candidato será entrevistado individualmente).
-Where they differ is that each is more targeted on
the individual among the totality, every on the totality
itself.

8. By contrast with each, none is not
restricted to singular reference, though
plurals like the following are objectionable
to some users:
EXAMPLE:
- Hundreds were examined but none
were acceptable. (Cientos fueron
examinados pero ninguno fue admisible)

9. -With the determiner no which
corresponds to none, however, plural is as
universally used as the singular.
EXAMPLES:
-No photography is permitted during
the ceremony (Las fotografías no están
permitidas durante la ceremonia).
-There were no passengers on the train
(No habían pasajeros en el tren).

10. With all and both, we make plural and dual
universal reference.
EXAMPLES:
-The factory produces luxury cars and all
are for export. (La fábrica produce carros
lujosos y todos son para exportar).
-Police interviewed the (two) suspects and
both were arrested. (La policía entrevistó a
los dos sospechosos y los dos fueron
arrestados).

11. -These two items also have a
predeterminer function.
EXAMPLES:
-All these cars are for export. (Todos
estos carros son para exportar)
-Both (the) suspects were arrested.
(Ambos sospechosos fueron arrestados)

12. -The converse of all is no; that of both is neither,
usually with singular verb concord.
EXAMPLE:
-Police interviewed the (two) suspects but neither
was arrested. (La policía entrevistó a los dos
sospechosos pero ninguno fue arrestado).
-It has a parallel determiner function.
EXAMPLE:
-Neither suspect was arrested (Ningún sospechoso
fue arrestado)

13. PARTITIVE INDEFINITES
(a) I can see someone climbing that tree
Somebody
(Puedo ver a alguien trepando ese árbol)
There is something I want to tell you (Hay algo
que quiero contarte)
There are nuts here; please have some.
(Hay nueces aquí, por favor toma algunas).

14. (b) Did you see anyone in the vicinity ?
anybody
(¿Viste a alguien en la vecindad?)
- I couldn’t find anything to read. (No
pude encontrar nada para leer)
-I’d like nuts, if you have any. (me
gustarían nueces, si tienes)

15. EXAMPLES:
Assertive John bought some apples
(Jhon compró unas manzanas)
Non-assertive/interrogative/positive
Did john buy any apples?
(¿Jhon compró
unas manzanas?)
Non assertive/interrogative/negative
Didn’t John buy any apples?
(¿John no compró unas manzanas?)
Non-assertive/negative
John didn’t buy any apples
(John no compró ningunas manzanas)

16. Non- assertion
(a) The negative never, no, either, nor
(b) The “incomplete negatives” Hardly,
Nearly, Almost, Little, Few, Least, But,
Only, Seldom, etc
(C) The “implied negatives” Just,
Before, Fail, Prevent, Reluctant, Hard,
Difficult, etc.

17. COMPARE THE FOLLOWING ASSERTIVE/NON-
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES:
(a) Jhon will always manage to do something useful
John will never manage to do anything useful
(a) (John siempre consigue hacer algo útil)
(John nunca consigue hacer algo útil)
(b) There was a good chance somebody could come
There was little chance anybody could come
(b) (Había una Buena posibilidad de que alguien pudiera
venir)
(Había poca posibilidad de que alguien pudiera venir)

18. (c ) John was eager to read something about the
war.
John was reluctant to read anything about the
war.
John was too lazy to read anything about the
war.
(c ) (John estaba ansioso por leer algo acerca de
la guerra) (John estaba reacio a leer algo acerca
de la guerra) (John estaba demasiado perezoso
para leer algo de la guerra).

19. EXAMPLES:
Freud probably contributed more than
anyone to the understanding of dreams
(Freud probablemente
contribuyó más que ningún otro a la
interpretación de los sueños)
Nobody contributed more to the understanding
of dreams than Freud
(Nadie contribuyó más a la interpretación de los
sueños que Freud)

20. EXAMPLE WITH SOME:
Did somebody telephone last night?
Anybody
( Alguien llamó la noche pasada)
Would you like some wine? (¿Quieres
vino?)

21. SPANISH PRONOUNSSPANISH PRONOUNS ::
 Gender and number definition.Gender and number definition.
 Subject pronounsSubject pronouns
 Prepositional pronounsPrepositional pronouns
 Reflexive pronounsReflexive pronouns
 Indefinite pronounsIndefinite pronouns
 Relative pronounsRelative pronouns
 Interrogative pronounInterrogative pronoun
 Demonstrative pronounsDemonstrative pronouns
 Indirect object pronounsIndirect object pronouns
 Direct object pronounsDirect object pronouns

22. GENDER:
EXAMPLES:
Él tiene dos carros (He has two
cars)
Ellas son hermosas (They are
beautiful)
No comprendo esto (I do not
understand this)

23. NUMBER:
EXAMPLES:
Ella es alta (She is tall)
Ellas son altas (They are tall)

24. SUBJECTS PRONOUNS
SINGULAR:

25. EXAMPLE:
Yo soy pedro (I am Peter)
Ella es bonita (She is beautiful)

26. PLURAL
SPANISH ENGLISH
NOSOTROS ( masculino ) We (masculine or mixed gender)
NOSOTRAS ( femenino) We (feminine)
VOSOTROS ( masculino, familiar
en España)
You ( mixed gender)
VOSOTRAS ( femenino, familiar
en España)
You (mixed gender)
ELLOS ( masculino) They (mixed gender)
ELLAS ( femenino) They (mixed gender)
USTEDES (formal en España,
familiar en Latino América.
Género mezclado)
You ( mixed gender)

27. EXAMPLE:
Nosotros estamos en el colegio
(We are at the school)
Ellas están bailando
(They are dancing)

28. PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS

29. EXAMPLES:
A mí, no me gusta la carne de cerdo
((To me), I don't like pork)
Quiero estudiar con ellos (I want to
study with them)
Tengo un regalo para ti ( I have a gift
for you)

30. But we also have ello which is for
neuter,
No tengo tiempo para ello (I don't
have time for that.)
Estoy ocupado, y por ello no
puedo ir al cine ( I'm busy, that's why
I can't go to the movies.)

31. Con + mí = conmigo
EXAMPLE
¿Quieres sentarte conmigo? (Do you
want to sit with me)
Con + ti = contigo
EXAMPLE:
 No podemos jugar contigo ( we cannot
play with you)

32. CONSIGO
EXAMPLES:
Ella se la llevó consigo (She took it
along with her(self))
Los niños están contentos consigo
mismos (The children are happy with
themselves)

33. como (like), entre (between), excepto
(except), incluso (including), menos
(except), salvo (except), and según
(according to).
EXAMPLE:
 Necesito un amigo como tú ( I need a
friend like you.)
Todos se fueron menos tú
(Everyone left except you)

34. And also when paired with
another pronoun:
EXAMPLE:
 No había nada entre tù y yo
(There was nothing between you
and me)

35. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns in Spanish are closely related to direct
and indirect pronouns, by following the same rules of word
order and using almost same pronouns.
.

36. EXAMPLES:
•Puedo verme en el espejo (I can see
myself in the mirror)
•¿Qué te compraste? (what did you buy
yourself?)
•Se estaban admirando (They were
admiring themselves)
•Pablo se habla (Pablo talks to himself)

37. -One major difference between Spanish and English in
this regard is that in Spanish many verbs exist only or
primarily in the reflexive form.
Examples of verbs that exist primarily or frequently in the
reflexive form are:
•acostarse (to go to bed)
•divertirse (to have a good time)
•ducharse (to take a shower)
•enamorarse (to fall in love),
•enojarse (to get angry), levantarse (to get up),
•sentarse (to sit down)
•sentirse (to feel)
•vestirse (to get dressed).

38. It is also common to use the reflexive form
when performing some action on a part of the
body.
-secarse el cabello (to dry one's hair)
-lavarse las manos (to wash one's hands.)
Note that for many of these verbs it is not
necessary to translate the reflexive pronoun
into English.
-Se acostó a las nueve (She went to bed at 9.)
-Me siento triste ( I feel sad)

39. But with many verbs, especially those that are
less frequently used in the reflexive, the
pronoun must be translated.
-¿Te ves en el espejo? ( Do you see yourself in the
mirror?)
And in still other cases, you can translate with
or without translating the pronoun.
-Se vistió en su coche ( He got dressed in his car,
or He dressed himself in his car).

40. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
In Spanish as in English, most of the words used as
indefinite pronouns sometimes they function as other
parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as
adverbs.
In Spanish, some of the indefinite pronouns exist in both
masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and
plural forms, so they must agree with the nouns they
refer to.
Here is a list of the most common Spanish indefinite
pronouns:

44. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

46. We can omit relative pronouns in
English, but not in Spanish.
EXAMPLE:
Me gusta la canción que estas
cantando. (I like the song (that)
you’re singing)

47. USES:
1. Que
EXAMPLE:
Me gusta la casa que tienes (I like
the house that you have).

48. Que may also be used after short
separation from the antecedent, for
example a preposition: a, de, or en .
However, que is not used after such
prepositions as sin, por, or para because
those combinations would be confused
with the adverbial conjunctions sin que
[without], porque (because) and para que
[so that].

50. 2. Quien
Roberto es el hombre con quien salgo.
(Robert is the person who I’m going out
with).
3. El que and the other forms (la que, los
que, las que)
El pueblo en el que nací (The village
where I was born).

51. 4. El cual and the accompanying forms la cual, los
cuales, and las cuales. The most typical examples is
after compound prepositions such as acerca de (about,
concerning), al lado de (beside), antes de (before),
cerca de (near), debajo de (underneath), delante de (in
front of), dentro de (inside), después de (after), detrás
de (behind), and por encima de (on top of).
EXAMPLE:
Ese es el niño detrás del cual yo me senté
(This is the guy behind whom I sat down)

52. Neuter relative pronouns: lo que
and lo cual (which, what).

53. Note that the Spanish equivalent of question
word whose is ¿De quién? or ¿De
quiénes?
¿De quién es ese coche? (Whose car is
that?).
 ¿De quiénes son todos estos abrigos?
(Whose are all these coats?).

54. Other relatives: cuando (when), donde
(where), etc

55. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Interrogative pronouns are quién, qué,
cuál, and cuánto.
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, and
interrogative means questioning, so
interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to
ask the questions like who, what, which, and
how much/many .
Following are the interrogative pronouns in
Spanish:

57. DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Éste (This) - Ese (That) -Aquel (That one over there).

58. EXAMPLES:
Eso es lo que te dije. (That is what I
told you.)
Aquello que me pasó me trae
tantos recuerdos. (That which
happened to me brings back so many
memories.)

59. Esto (this matter, this thing)
Eso (that matter, that thing)
Aquello (that matter/thing over there)
EXAMPLE:
¿Qué es eso? (What is that?)
¿Qué es aquello? (What is that thing?
(far from the speaker and the listener) )
Esto no es bueno. (This is not good)

60. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
Indirect object pronouns are words that replace
the indirect object, which is usually a person.
Notice that in Spanish, an indirect object pronoun
is joined to the verb by a. A sentence with an
Indirect object noun usually includes the indirect
object pronoun le or les.
EXAMPLE:
Le dio la comida a ella (He gave the food to
her)

61. The Spanish indirect object pronouns are as follows:

62. Like direct object pronouns, Spanish indirect object
pronouns are placed in front of the verb.
Te hablo de él. (I'm telling you about him.)
Les canta. (She sings to them)
Os prestamos nuestro coche. (We lend you people our car)
Él nos preguntó. (He asked us)
Pronouns can get attached to the end in the case of
infinitives, present participles, and affirmative commands:
Le voy a preguntar (or) Voy a preguntarle ( I'm going to tell
him.)
Les quiero enviar una tarjeta (or) Quiero enviarles una
tarjeta (I want to send them a letter.)

63. The a can be added to these sentences in order to clarify,
contrast, or emphasized the indirect object pronoun.
Example:
A mí me gusta el verde pero a él le gusta el azul y a ella
le gusta el rojo (I like the green one, but he likes the blue
one and she likes the red one.)
With other verbs, when referring to articles of clothing
or parts of the body, the indirect object functions much
like a possessive in English.
Su madre le quitó el impermeable. ( His mother helped
him to remove his raincoat)
Te lavarán el pelo en la peluquería. ( They will wash your
hair at the hairdresser’s.)

64. Special verbs with indirect object
pronouns
There are a few special verbs that work in
conjunction with an indirect object pronoun to
create an idiomatic expression that is quite
common in Spanish as well as its English
equivalent.
Me gusta la pizza (I like pizza)
Te gustan los libros ( You like books)
Nos gusta la música ( We like music)
Le gusta bailar ( She likes dancing)
Special Verbs with Indirect Object Pronouns

66. DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

67. EXAMPLES:

68. EXAMPLES:

69. Latin America
Lo buscábamos (We were
looking for him)
Spain
Le buscábamos (We were
looking for him

70. Direct object pronouns are also
attached to the end of affirmative
commands.
Ponla aqui (Put it here)
Míreme (Look at me)
Tráigalo (Bring it)

71. When the command is in the
negative, the direct object
pronouns goes before the verb
form.
No lo llame usted. (Do not call
him)
No las coma todavía (Do not
eat them yet)

72. EXAMPLE:

73. USING THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT AT THE
SAME TIME

74. THANKS FOR
COMING!