1. BOSNIA-CIVIL WAR (1991-1995)
( EASTERN EUROPE)

2. 1991

3. WHAT IS A CIVIL WAR?
• It’s a conflict between groups in the same
nation state or less commonly between 2 or
more countries created from a formerly
united nation. CHARACTERISTICS: -High
intensity conflict –Often involving regular
armed forces -Civil wars may result in large
casualties.

4. ETHNIC GROUPS
• There are three ethnic groups in Bosnia: 1-
THE SERBS (Orthodox)
• 2-THE CROATS (Roman CATHOLIC)
• 3- THE BOSNIAKS (MUSLIMS) – The Bosnian
nationalist goal was a united country with
Sarajevo as it’s capital city comprising all the
religious groups.

5. PRE-WAR
• After the Cold War, there were elections in
non-Communist governments ( in 4 of the 6
Yugoslavian republics). These events crumbled
the Yugoslavian Federation.

6. THE CONFLICT
• The northern Republics of Croatia and Slovenia were
seeking for independence from Yugoslavia. And by
1991 they realize they could not trust the Serbian
government run by Slobodan Milosevic (President of
Serbia).There was constant tension and aggression.
There was a referendum on the assertion of
sovereignty of both Slovenia and Croatia, that
declared their independence from Yugoslavia.

7. THE CONFLICT
• There was no acceptance by the Serbs who refused
to be a part of the new Croatian state.Immediately
after, the invasions started in both regions supported
by the powerful Serb leader, Slobodan Milosevic.
Since Serbia was better armed, soon was able to take
over the 70% of the country in a few months. Serb
and Croatian forces were strengthened by troops and
supplies from outside.

8. THE CONFLICT
• UN and NATO bombed the Serbs to force them to
stop the attacks. In November 1995 DAYTON
AGRREMENT negotiations began in Dayton, Ohio,
and the treaty was finally signed in Paris in
December 1995 by Us (B.Clinton), France(J Chirac),
Germany, Russia, the UK(J.Major) and the three
representatives of the three ethnic groups. The
treaty ends 3 years of war in the Balkan region.

9. TIMELINE
• 1991 –Referendum for independence
from Yugoslavia. –Serbian invasion to
“protect”the minority.
• 1992-The European Community and US
recognize the independence of Bosnia. –
Massive attacks began.

10. TIMELINE
• 1993 –Interine report issued to the security
council. –Establisment of an International
Tribunal.
• 1994 Declaration of cease-fire by NA TO. –
Mass rapes of Muslim women.
• 1995 –NATO bombing campaign. –Bosnia and
Croatia retake the power. –Dayton Accord in
Ohio

11. BOSNIA TODAY
• Today it is divided into a two-part confederation
• 1-The central,western and southern parts which are
inhabited by the Bosnian Muslims and the Croats.
The Bosnians were granted 51% of the
country(FEDERATION OF Bosnia and Herzegovina).
• 2-The Republic of Srpska (Serb Republic) divided into
two parts: the northern and the eastern.

12. BOSNIA TODAY
• Each entity has its own government, police
and military forces. –Acentral government
handles banking and foreign policies.

13. Bosnia Today