muhammad jawhar

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COOLING TOWER
(IN SMALL APPLICATION)
Students Name: 1-Muhammad Jawhar Anwar
2-Kayfe Sayfaddin Sabir
3-Awat Yusif Omer
Class: Fourth Stage A
LECTURE Name: Air Condition
Department: Mechanical & Mechatronics
College of Engineering
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2021-2022

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ABSTRACT
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature
Cooling towers are used in all heat producing industries. There are two
shapes of cooling tower rectangular and circular cooling tower. In our
project we are going to design circular cooling tower named as induced
draft cooling tower. Induced draft towers are typically mounted with a fan
at the top of the cooling tower, which allows hot air out and pulls air
throughout. The high exiting air velocities reduces the chance of re-
circulation. Design and analysis of induced draft cooling tower is made,
with consideration of different loads. Various loads such as wind load,
temperature load, self-weight, seismic loads. Analysis of cooling tower is
done by using staad pro.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 2
Table of content 3
Introduction 4
Cooling Tower Work 5
Parts of a cooling tower 6-7
Types of cooling tower 8-10
Purpose of cooling tower and used 11
The Best Material For A Cooling Tower 12
The Advantages Of Using Engineered Plastic 13
Conclusion 14
References 15

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INTRODUCTION
A cooling tower is a heat removal device that uses water to transfer process
waste heat into the atmosphere. All cooling towers operate on the principle
of removing heat from water by evaporating a small portion of water that is
re circulated through the unit. The mixing of warm water and cooler air
releases latent heat of vaporization, causing the water to cool. If you are
ever looking down from a high-rise building, you might notice square units
with fans on top of them on the buildings below. Thoseare cooling towers.
No one wants to stay in a building with bad air conditioning—at least not
for too long. On the other hand, buildings with excellent cooling make you
want to return, even if it’s just to enjoy the air. That’s thanks, in large part,
to the continued modernization and innovation of commercial cooling
tower systems.

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Cooling Tower Work
Consider the cooling tower on top of a typical office type building. A
centrifugal pump moves water, known as “condenserwater”, between the
chiller in the basement and the cooling tower on the roof. The chiller adds
heat to the condenser water and the cooling tower cools it down by
rejecting this into the atmosphere. The heat it rejects is all the unwanted
heat from the building caused by the people, computers, sunlight, lighting
etc. It must also reject the heat generated by the compressorofthe chiller.
The condenserwater leaves the condenserof the chiller at around 32°C
(89.6°F) and the pump sends this up to the cooling tower. The system has
been designed so that the condenser water leaving the cooling tower and re-
entering the chiller condenser, must be around 27°C (80.6°F) in order to be
able to pickup enough heat on it’s next cycle.

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Parts of a cooling tower
Before we look at how a cooling tower rejects heat. Let’s first look at the
parts inside a cooling tower.
 Fan: The fan pulls coolambient air in through the filters at the base
and pushes it out the top of the cooling tower, taking heat and
moisture with it.
 Drive Belt and Drive Motor: The simplest method of spinning the
fan blades. It could also be direct drive, chain driven or gear
mounted.
 Drift Eliminator: This causes the air to change direction and
condensesome of the moisture in the leaving air which reduce
operating costs.

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 Condenser Water Inlet: This is where the warm condenserwater
enters the cooling tower
 Spray Nozzles: The warm condenser water is pushed through these
nozzles, causing it to spilt into a spray of small droplets.
 Fill Packaging: The condenserwater spray droplets run down this
increasing the heat transfer surface area and allowing the air (which
flows in the opposite direction) to carry some of the heat away as
well as moisture from the evaporation.
 Filter: This is where the fan pulls it’s air in from. The filter limits the
amount of dirt and leafs entering the cooling tower. Air enters cooler
and dryer here then when it leaves at the top.
 Condenser Water Outlet: This is where the condenser water will
leave the cooling tower. It will leave at a lower temperature than
when it entered at the top.
 Makeup Water: A minimum water level is held in the basin of the
cooling tower. Water is lost from the cooling tower from evaporation
but also when the cooling tower drains to get rid of accumulated dirt
and salt.
 Overflow: If the water level in the basin gets too high, it will flow
through here and out to a drain.
 Drain: Water will be drained from the cooling tower for maintenance
purposes but also periodically during normal operation when the
level of impurities in the water gets too high. The impurities are from
the accumulation of dirt and salts which build up as water evaporates
and leaves these behind. This is often reffed to to “blowdown”.

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How does a cooling towerrejectheat?
The warm condenserwater enters near the top of the cooling tower. It
passes through some nozzles which spray the water in small droplets across
the fill packaging. The spray increases the waters surface area which allows
it to reject more heat.
TYPES OF COOLING TOWERS
This section describes the two main types of cooling towers: the natural
draft and mechanical draft cooling towers.
Cooling Tower fill
packaging
Cooling Tower fill packaging

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1 Natural draft cooling tower
The natural draft or hyperbolic cooling tower makes use of the difference
in temperature between the ambient air and the hotter air inside the tower.
As hot air moves upwards through the tower (because hot air rises), fresh
coolair is drawn into the tower through an air inlet at the bottom. Due to
the layout of the tower, no fan is required and there is almost no circulation
of hot air that could affect the performance. Concrete is used for the tower
shell with a height of up to 200 m. These cooling towers are mostly only
for large heat duties because large concrete structures are expensive .
There are two main types of natural draft towers:
Cross flow tower (Figure 2): air is drawn across the falling water and the
fill is locate d outside the tower
Counter flow tower (Figure 3): air is drawn up through the falling water
and the fill is therefore located inside the tower, although design depends
on specific site conditions
Figure 2 . Cross flow natural draft
cooling tower Figure
Tower Figure 3 . Counter flow
natural draft cooling tower

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2 Mechanicaldraft cooling tower
The mechanical draft cooling towers are very much similar to that of the
natural draft cooling towers. As the name indicates, air is circulated inside
the tower mechanically instead of natural circulation. Propeller fans or
centrifugal fans may be used.
Advantages of mechanical draft cooling towers over natural draft cooling
towers:
 For the same capacity used, the mechanical draft cooling towers are
much smaller than the natural draft cooling towers. This is because
of the increase in cooling capacity due to increase in volume of the
air being forced out by fan.
 Capacity control is possible in mechanical draft cooling tower. By
controlling the speed of the fan, the volume of air can be controlled,
which in turn controls the capacity.
 The natural draft cooling towers can be located only in open space.
As they do not depend upon the atmospheric air, the mechanical
draft cooling towers shall be located even inside the building.
Disadvantages of using mechanical draft cooling towers:
 More power is required to run the system,
 Increased running costdue to increase in maintenance of the fans,
motors and its associated controls, According to the location of the
fan, they are further classified as:
A-Induced draft cooling towers B-Forced draft cooling towers. .

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Purpose Of Cooling Tower
A water cooling tower is used to coolwater and is a huge heat exchanger,
expelling building heat into the atmosphere and returning colder water to
the chiller. A water cooling tower receives warm water from a chiller. This
warm water is known as condenser water becauseit gets heat in the
condenserof the chiller. The chiller is typically at a lower level, like in a
basement. The cooling tower’s role is to cooldown the water, so it can
return to the chiller to pick up more heat.
Cooling Towers Used
Cooling towers are an integral part of refrigeration systems in facilities that
require process cooling. They are often seen in facilities serving industries
such as:
 Chemical processing
 Steel mills
 Power plants
 Manufacturing
 Refineries
 Natural gas processing
 Food processing
How do cooling towers work isn’t restricted to process cooling – they are
also used for comfort controlin exceptionally large commercial buildings.
You may find cooling towers as part of a comfortsystem in:

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 Schools
 Hotels
 Hospitals
 Airports
 Office buildings
The Best Material For A Cooling Tower
Water-cooled systems are primarily made from three materials: Metal,
fiberglass, or plastic. As you know, metal can rust and corrode, and
whatever’s inside of it can begin to leak over time. To no surprise, metal
cooling towers only have an average shelf life of up to only 15 years and
require maintenance with epoxy paint, sealants, and more. That
maintenance can lead to downtime for your business.

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The Advantages Of Using Engineered Plastic
Engineered plastic is designed to stand up to wear and tear. It doesn’trust
or chip—and it can weather harsh environmental conditions. It also
requires almost zero maintenance. High-density polyethylene (HDPE), a
best-in-class engineered plastic used by Delta Cooling Systems, is seamless
and resistant to environment-induced corrosion, unlike metal or fiberglass
cooling towers. With a life expectancy of more than 20 years, you can
install it once knowing you will not have to worry about it afterward.
There are many reasons why you might want to consider an engineered
plastic cooling tower to reduce costs and better meet your process needs:
1-Easierinstallation - The basic design advantages of the latest plastic
cooling towers also include easier installation, especially on rooftops,
because a lightweight plastic shell weighs as much as 40% less than a steel
tower while being 5-10 times thicker. When modular cooling towers are
combined in a cluster, installation is often faster and easier.
2-Flexible modular design- In the past, plastic cooling towers were too
small for many industrial processes.Forthat reason, galvanized metal
cooling towers were traditionally used for most applications above 250 tons
but that situation has changed dramatically.
3- Life expectancy
4-Continuous, more economicaloperation

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CONCLUSION
Cooling towers are becoming more prominent throughout the industry. If
you are looking for high quality cooling towers that can be installed in your
area, you should consider contacting Tower tech for the best resources.
Advances in the design and construction of modern-day plastic towers have
transformed the use of cooling towers from an important supporting tool, to
production and cost-effectiveness. Commercial cooling towers integrated
into a factory built where engineered plastics continue to thrive over the
steel models of sheets that once dominated the cooling tower industry.

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REFERENCES
BOOK
 [1] Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia
RESERCH
 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COOLING TOWER
M KALPANA1 D MUNIPRASAD 2018.
WEB
 https://deltacooling.com/resources/faqs/what-is-a-cooling-
tower#:~:text=All%20cooling%20towers%20operate%20on,causing
%20the%20water%20to%20cool.
 https://www.towertechindia.com/cooling-tower-
applications/?fbclid=IwAR3TPCmuRykhLcoSBuNFCw1k30igekaL
NAADJsfZOsPdg4Y6Y4FoWnzIYLM
 www.energyefficiencyasia.org
 https://www.academia.edu/4385645/Chapter_Cooling_Towers
 https://theengineeringmindset.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/10/cooling-tower-locations.gif
 https://theengineeringmindset.com/purpose-of-cooling-towers/