003 urban landuse model

1. 3/26/2012
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Stages of urban growth
• Infantile stage
• Juvenile stage
• Adolescent stage
• Early mature stage
• Fully mature stage
Zone Model

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Zone Model
• Ernest Burgess
• 1920s: Pertained to Chicago in time of European immigration
• Ecological factors within the city: Competition, Dominance, Invasion, and
Succession, drove formation of concentric rings
• An ecological model, with ethnic groups as the species
• The population throughout the city is evenly distributed
• Movement is equally easy in all direction
• The whole city is considered an isotropic plain
• and values decline regularly from a common central point in the city
• economic rent is highest near city centre and decreases progressively
away from the core
• low income families are forced to live in high density apartments or
tenements close to the city core
Criticism
• It emphasizes clear cut boundaries which cannot be justified by
gradient study: Zonal Boundaries!
• Internal heterogeneity of zones!
• Outdated model
• Lack of universality!
• Distortions!
• Building heights!
• Nevertheless, it remains useful as a first approximation of urban land
use and has stimulated many other studies
• Now…..multiple nuclei!
• Different land uses benefit different amounts from accessibility

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Sector Model
Sector Model
• Homer Hoyt
• 1930s
• wedges form along
transportation
corridors
– railroads & canals lined
by industrial districts
– main roads & some
waterfronts lined by
houses of the wealthy
• Households of different
income and ethnic
groups filter towards
outer edge in the pre
established direction
– Vacancy chain
• Freeways do not follow
this pattern
– why not?

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Sectors and
zones in a real
city (Chicago)
What accounts for the
high-income sector north
of the CBD?
Criticism
Hoyt’s model is generally considered to be better than the
burgess model as both the distance and direction from the
city centre are considered.
Weakness:
• Narrow focus
• Height of building
• Mixed land use zones
• Modern developments

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11
Multi Nucleated metropolis
(Harris & Ullman)
Why are some industrial regions located
in the transition zone and others are at
the outskirts of the city? (hint: think of
economic utility in conjunction with
urban growth)
Harris and Ullman suggested that the
zones develop around a number of
separate nuclei such as railway
stations and industrial complexes.
Advantages:
• Improved transportation
• Hierarchical order of land
use
• Functional zones
• Agglomeration
• Suburbanization and
decentralization
• Accommodation of
irregularities
• Time dimension
• Flexibility
Criticism:
• Height of the building
• Rigidity