3. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
4. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
Thursday, November 10, 2011
5. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
6. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
7. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
8. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
9. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
10. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
11. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
• Economics (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
12. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
• Economics (10)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
13. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
• Economics (10)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
Thursday, November 10, 2011
14. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
• Economics (10)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
15. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
• Economics (10)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
16. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
• Economics (10)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)
• WindAid - Peru (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
17. Outline
• part II (2 hours)
• Example project
• Estimating the wind resource (5)
• Estimating the needs (10)
• Sizing the turbine (5)
• AC or DC (5)
• Sizing the battery bank (10)
• Sizing the inverter (5)
• Economics (10)
• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)
• Case studies
• Practical action - Peru (10)
• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)
• WindAid - Peru (10)
• CometME - Israel / Palestinian authority (10)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
20. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
21. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
Thursday, November 10, 2011
22. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
• We will use this to study the design of the system
Thursday, November 10, 2011
23. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
• We will use this to study the design of the system
• Estimating the wind resource
Thursday, November 10, 2011
24. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
• We will use this to study the design of the system
• Estimating the wind resource
• Estimating the needs
Thursday, November 10, 2011
25. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
• We will use this to study the design of the system
• Estimating the wind resource
• Estimating the needs
• Sizing the turbine
Thursday, November 10, 2011
26. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
• We will use this to study the design of the system
• Estimating the wind resource
• Estimating the needs
• Sizing the turbine
• AC or DC
Thursday, November 10, 2011
27. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
• We will use this to study the design of the system
• Estimating the wind resource
• Estimating the needs
• Sizing the turbine
• AC or DC
• Sizing the battery bank
Thursday, November 10, 2011
28. Small wind development by technology
transfer
• ITDG (now called Practical Action)
• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities -
there are others.
• We will use this to study the design of the system
• Estimating the wind resource
• Estimating the needs
• Sizing the turbine
• AC or DC
• Sizing the battery bank
• Sizing the inverter
Thursday, November 10, 2011
29. Current situation
• 12V Car batteries are used for
radios and TVs
• 60Ah or 90Ah battery typically
used
• A large market for existing
battery users (300,000
households)
• Monthly battery cost 6.5$ (5$
battery replacement, 1$ travel,
0.5$ charging)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
30. Estimating the wind
• Anecdotal evidence
• The local vegetation
• The Beaufort scale
• Wind map
• Installing an anemometer+data
logging equipment - 200-1000$
• Installing a wind turbine with data
logging equipment with the same
funds
Thursday, November 10, 2011
32. Siting the
wind turbine
• The highest
point
• Open to
prevailing winds
• Not too far
from load
• On a tall
tower!
Thursday, November 10, 2011
33. Siting the Highest
point
wind turbine
• The highest
point
• Open to
prevailing winds
• Not too far
from load
• On a tall
tower!
Thursday, November 10, 2011
34. Siting the Highest
Too far from loads point
wind turbine
• The highest
point
• Open to
prevailing winds
• Not too far
from load
• On a tall
tower!
Thursday, November 10, 2011
35. Choosing AC vs. DC
• For a wind turbine installed far from
the load normally the battery voltage
will be as high as possible (48V)
• If not enough - using an DC-AC
inverter at the tower makes sense
• Allows to work at 230 volts, and
therefor less current
• Losses are proportional to the
current squared
• Benefit: Allows to work with regular
230V AC loads
Thursday, November 10, 2011
36. Choosing AC vs. DC
• But cost of DC-AC inverter
can be substantial
• Alternative - site wind
turbine close to load
• Shorter cables - less loss
• Downside: only DC loads
Thursday, November 10, 2011
37. Conservative estimate of monthly
electricity production
• Assuming efficiency is 15%
(see previous lecture for
more refined estimate by
Paul Gipe)
D × V ⎡ kWh ⎤2 3
• E=
10 ⎢ month ⎥
⎣ ⎦
V = average wind speed [m/s]
D = diameter [m]
Thursday, November 10, 2011
38. Estimating the loads
• What the wind shouldn’t power:
• Electric heaters
• Electric cookers
• For whom will the system be
designed?
• Single household
• Several households
Thursday, November 10, 2011
46. Sizing the turbine
In an ideal world -
1. Identify wind resource
2. Identify electricity needs
3. Size turbine accordingly
4. Size battery bank according
to measured wind pattern
Thursday, November 10, 2011
48. Sizing the turbine for our two examples
Enough spare energy
Thursday, November 10, 2011
49. Sizing the turbine for our two examples
Not enough energy
Thursday, November 10, 2011
50. Sizing the battery
• The battery is charged and discharged
over a period of hours or days.
• This is a cycle
• Two parameters important in a battery
life:
• Number of cycles
• The depth of discharge
Thursday, November 10, 2011
54. Sizing the Battery
• Calculate Ep, the daily consumption in
Wh
(for example Ep = 400 Wh/day)
• Choose N, number of days of autonomy,
typically 3-5 days
(for example N = 3 days)
• Choose maximum allowable depth of
discharge, D
(for example D = 0.5, which means 50%)
• Choose U, battery voltage (typically
12,24 or 48 volts)
(for example U = 12V)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
55. Sizing the Battery Calculate C, battery capacity:
• Calculate Ep, the daily consumption in Ep × N
Wh C= [Ah]
(for example Ep = 400 Wh/day) D ×U
400 × 3
• Choose N, number of days of autonomy, = = 200[Ah]
typically 3-5 days
(for example N = 3 days)
0.5 × 12
• Choose maximum allowable depth of
discharge, D
(for example D = 0.5, which means 50%)
• Choose U, battery voltage (typically
12,24 or 48 volts)
(for example U = 12V)
Thursday, November 10, 2011
56. Cost of wind turbine - 2 meter
diameter, 100 watt rated
Thursday, November 10, 2011
57. Economics
• Financing ownership by battery charging services
• Current batteries are 60 Ah car batteries (DOD 50%)
• To charge battery (with efficiency of charging loss of
25%) 0.5X60X12X1.25 = 450 Wh
• 2 meter diameter at 3.5 m/s site produces 17 kWh/
month or 600 Wh/day on average
• Therefor one battery charged per day
• charging 1 day a week for the owner, and the rest for
customers
Thursday, November 10, 2011
67. WT brochure
Proven WT6000 6kW Wind Turbine
Proven TM900 9m (or TM1500 15m)
Self-Supporting Mast
Performance
Cut-In Wind Speed 2.5 metres/second (5.6 mph)
Cut-Out Wind Speed none
Rated Wind Speed 12 metres/second (25 mph)
Rotor
•
Type Down-wind, Self-Regulating
Includes many details
Number of Blades 3, Flexible
Rotor Diameter 5.6 metres
Blade Material Wood/Epoxy/PU
Generator
Type Brushless, Direct Drive,
•
Permanent Magnet
Most important parameter -
(No Gear-Box, Zero Maintenance)
Output 48V/120V/240V/300V 3-phase AC
7000
(25Hz nom)
6000
Rated RPM 200 nominal
diameter, or swept area
5000
Rated Power 6000 Watts
Power Output (Watts)
4000
3000
Annual Output 7000-18 000 kWh depending on site
2000
1000
TM900 Mast
0
Type Self supporting/Tilt Down.
Hub Height 9m
•
0 5 10 15 20
Wind speed in m etres/second
(m ultiply by 2.2 for m .p.h.) Foundations 35 Newton Concrete Pad 2.5 x 2.5 x 1 m
Make sure is intended for Rotor Speed Control
Tube ∅ 175 mm top A/F
350 mm bottom A/F
530 mm square mast base
battery charging
Above 12m/s (25mph) the blade TM1500 Mast
pitch is automatically adjusted to Type Self supporting/Tilt Down.
maintain 200 rpm and full output Hub Height 15m
Foundations 35 Newton Concrete Pad 3 x 3 x 1.2 m
High Build Quality Tube ∅ 200 mm top A/F
All components are hot-dipped 440 mm bottom A/F
•
galvanised steel, stainless steel or 750 mm x 739mm mast base
plastic.
Must have aerodynamic Low Speed Equals Durability
Low rotor speed (half the speed of
Noise
<45dB
<60dB
(approximate)
At 5m/s
At 20m/s
control option
comparable machines) ensures 70-80dB Car 15m away at approx 40 mph.
extended durability of blades and
bearings. It also means that
Weight
Proven WTs are the quietest in the
world! WT6000 500 kg
TM900/6000 360 kg (+ 70kg gin pole)
TM1500/6000 656 kg (+ 240kg gin pole)
z : a l l wi n d t u r b s a l e s l i t m a n u a l w t 6 0 0 0 s s s p e c s h ee t s 6 0 0 0 s s 0 0 1 r e v 2 . d o c
Thursday, November 10, 2011
84. • Example of
technology
transfer
African Wind Power
Thursday, November 10, 2011
85. • Example of
technology
transfer
• Turbines now
installed from
Africa to
Antarctica!
African Wind Power
Thursday, November 10, 2011
86. AWP - Zimbabwe - Masampa Village Lake Kariba
• AWP3.6 - 48V 13.5M tilt up tower, 275Ahr 48V Battery bank, 3KW sine
wave inverter, 12V battery charging station.
Thursday, November 10, 2011
87. AWP - Zimbabwe - Masampa Village Lake Kariba
• AWP3.6 - 48V 13.5M tilt up tower, 275Ahr 48V Battery bank, 3KW sine wave inverter,
12V battery charging station.
• This fishing co-operative village is on the shores of Lake Kariba, 45Km by boat from the
nearest town. Crocodiles inhabit the shore line and Hippos amble through the village at
night while foraging ( startling a hippo is not good for your health). With funds provided by
the Dutch government via the NGO ZERO, AWP implemented the entire project in all its
stages:
• (1) Initial location of the people in need
• (2) discussions with the village committee
• (3) resulting in motivation of the villagers to contribute labour to the installation,
transportation of all materials to site, construction and commissioning
• (4) and finally training of operators.
• The system provides lighting for the main thoroughfares and also a popular 12v car battery
charging center which draws customers from a 20 Km radius. Income from this activity is
used for village development.
Thursday, November 10, 2011
106. Comet-ME
• The systems are designed for producing 2-3 kWh/
day for a large beduin family.
• Systems are DIY wind turbines and solar PV panels
• Systems used for powering:
• Lights
• Refrigirator
• Butter churn
• TV
• Cellphone charging
• Costs are between 5000$-8000$
Thursday, November 10, 2011