Vietnam green energy handbook - BIOMASS

HANDBOOK
VIETNAM
GREEN ENERGY
BIOMASS
Develop & Go Green

VIETNAM
GREEN ENERGY
HANDBOOK
BIOMASS
Develop & Go Green

ABBREVIATION
Viết tắt Tiếng Việt Tiếng Anh
ACT Một nhánh chủng vi sinh A branch of microorganism
BCT Bộ Công thương Ministry of Industry and Trade
CASRAD Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Phát triển Hệ thống
Nông nghiệp
Centre for Agrarian Systems Research and
Development
CCS Trung tâm Sáng tạo, Tư vấn và Phát triển Bền
vững
Center for Creativity and Sustainability Study and
Consultancy
CETDAE Trung tâm Chuyển giao về Công nghệ và
Khuyến nông
Center for Technology Development and
Agricultural Extension
CFB Đốt tầng sôi Circulating Fluidized Bed
CHP Hệ thống kết hợp nhiệt và điện combined heat and power
CleanED Phòng thí nghiệp Năng lượng Sạch và Phát
triển Bền vững
Clean Energy Laboratory and Sustainable
Development
CMC Carbonxymethyl Cellulose Carbonxymethyl Cellulose
CNRS Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Khoa học Quốc gia
Pháp
Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique
CTCP Công ty Cổ phần Joint Stock Company
ĐBSCL Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long Mekong River Delta
ĐBSH Đồng bằng Sông Hồng Red River Delta
ĐH Đại học University
DHMT Duyên hải Miền Trung Central Coast
EVN Tập đoàn Điện lực Việt Nam Vietnam Electricity Group
EVNHCMC Tổng công ty Điện lực Hồ Chí Minh Hochiminh City Power Corporation
FAO Quỹ Nông lương Liên hợp quốc Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations
FCRI Viện Cây lương thực – Cây thực phẩm Food Crops & Rice Institute
FiT Biểu giá Chi phí Tránh được Fit in Tarrif
GBEP Đối tác Năng lượng Sinh học Toàn cầu Global Bioenergy Partnership
GIZ Tổ chức Phát triển Quốc tế Đức German Corporation for International Cooperation
GSO Tổng cục Thống kê General Statistics Office
HCMUST Đại học Bách khoa Hồ Chí Minh Hochiminh University of Science and Technology
HUST Đại học Bách khoa Hà Nội Hanoi University of Science and Technology
IAE Viện Môi trường Nông nghiệp Institute of Agricultural Environment
IRENA Cơ quan Năng lượng Tái tạo Quốc tế International Renewable Energy Agency
KTOE Quy đổi tương đương 1000 tấn dầu One thousand of Tonne of oil equivalent
LASUCO Công ty Cổ phần Mía đường Lam Sơn Lam Son Sugar JSC.
LCA Đánh giá Vòng đời Sản phẩm Life Cycle Assesment
LCOE Chi phí sản xuất điện bình quân / quy dẫn Levelised Cost of Electricity
NITRA Viện Nghiên cứu và Ứng dụng Công nghệ
Nha Trang
Nha Trang Institute of Technology Research &
Application
NPV Giá trị hiện tại ròng Net Present Value
PC Lò đốt than phun Pulverized Coal
PSA Pressure Swing Adsorption Pressure Swing Adsorption
PVN Tập đoàn Dầu khí Việt Nam Vietnam Oil and Gas Group
RDF Viên nén rác Refuse derived fuel
TB Trung bình Medium, average
TKV Tập đoàn Than - Khoáng sản Việt Nam Vietnam Coal and Min Group
TNHH Trach nhiệm hữu hạn Limited Liability Company
TOE Quy đổi tương đương 1 tấn dầu Tonne of oil equivalent
USD Đô la Mỹ US Dollard
USTH Đại học Khoa học và Công nghệ Hà Nội University of Science and Technology of Hanoi
VAAS Viện Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences
VAST Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Kỹ thuật Việt Nam Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
VEA Hiệp hội Năng lượng Việt Nam Vietnam Energy Association
VESB Hội đồng Khoa học Năng lượng Việt Nam Vietnam Energy Science Board
VESC Trung tâm Hỗ trợ Phát triển Năng lượng Việt
Nam
Vietnam Energy Development Support Centre
VINACOMIN Tập đoàn Công nghiệp Than – Khoáng sản
Việt Nam
Vietnam Coal and Mineral Industries Holding
Corporation Limited
VGEN Mạng lưới Hỗ trợ Phát triển Năng lượng Xanh
Việt Nam
Vietnam Green Energy Network
VLEEP Chương trình Phát thải Năng lượng Thấp Việt
Nam
Vietnam Low Emission Energy Program
VND Việt Nam Đồng Vietnam Dong
VSV Vi sinh vật Microorganism
CPEP Dự án Chống Biến đổi Khí hậu từ Trồng cây
Năng lượng
Climate Protection throught Energy Plants
Program

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1
A. Introduction of the book .......................................................................................................................1
B. Introduction of author team..................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER I. OVERVIEW OF BIOMASS ENERGY ..................................................................................5
A. Overview of Biomass Energy...............................................................................................................5
B. Biomass reserves and sources in Vietnam..........................................................................................6
C. Conversion technology from biomass to energy................................................................................15
D. Prospects for developing biomass energy in the world......................................................................18
E. Development facts of biomass energy in Vietnam.............................................................................19
CHAPTER II. SEVERAL BIOMASS ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES SUITABLE FOR
VIETNAM 22
A. Preliminary treatment technology ......................................................................................................22
B. Thermal technology ...........................................................................................................................27
C. Gasification technology......................................................................................................................30
D. Biochemical technology.....................................................................................................................32
CHAPTER III. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF BIOMASS ENERGY.........................................36
A. Advantages of Biomass Energy.........................................................................................................36
B. Limitations of Biomass Energy ..........................................................................................................50
CHAPTER IV. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF GOVERNMENT & COLLECTION OF LEGAL
DOCUMENT ON BIOMASS ......................................................................................................................53
C. View point of Vietnamese government on biomass energy development..........................................53
D. Regulatory support mechanisms .......................................................................................................57
E. Collection of legal documents on biomass sector..............................................................................58
CHAPTER V. EXPERIENCES OF BIOMASS ENERGY PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION IN VIETNAM
59
A. Gasification stove of CCS for low income household ........................................................................59
B. Waste treatment by gasification chain ...............................................................................................64
C. Cofiring biomass in Lam Son sugar refining factory 2........................................................................68
D. Hypothese of co - firing in Ninh Binh Coal fire power plant................................................................72
E. GIZ support activities for biomass......................................................................................................83
CHAPTER VI. VIETNAM GREEN ENERGY NETWORK..........................................................................85
A. Introduction of Vietnam Green Energy Network ................................................................................85
B. Introduction of Vietnam Energy Development Support Centre ..........................................................88
C. Introduction of typical members.........................................................................................................92

INTRODUCTION
A. Introduction of the book
Background: The Prime Minister has set out the Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2020, with
a vision toward 2050 to gradually increase the proportion of renewable energy, ensure energy security,
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect the environment, improve public health and the quality of
people’s life. The private sector has begun to have enough potential to participate in a few areas of
renewable energy, typical examples are Solar energy, Biomass energy…
Among renewable energy industries, Biomass energy is appreciated as a particularly suitable source to
Vietnam's conditions by many economic development experts and energy experts by the following reasons:
It can take advantage of abundant biological inventories in Vietnam, especially the seedlings and microbial
strains; Contribute to improve the livelihoods of farmers, those who account for 70% of the population and
mostly live in remote areas; Handy with remote terrains, where it’s difficult to draw grid; Meet many
investment possibilities, from farmers to large plants can evenly use biomass energy; Positive impacts on
the environment, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, combatting against climate change and
encouraging people to do afforestation,…
In order to contribute to the development of a great potential renewable energy sector, Vietnam Energy
Development Support Center, the agency in charge of renewable energy of Vietnam Energy Association,
has collaborated with experts, scientists from international institutions and organizations, leading
enterprises in the field of biomass energy in Vietnam in publishing "Vietnam Green Energy Handbook:
BIOMASS – Develop & Go Green".
Goal: The Vietnam Green Energy Handbook: BIOMASS – Develop & Go Green (or the book for short) is
the first book written specially for investors in the novel era in Vietnam. This book plays a part in supporting
investors and businesses which engage in the investigation, operation and collaboration in the Biomass
energy field – renewable energy, and prefer economic approaches and practical advice for those relating
to the investing activities.
This is the first edition of Vietnam Green Energy Handbook: BIOMASS – Develop & Go Green so mistakes
are inevitable for this hard work. Any suggestions would be sent to:
VIETNAM ENERGY DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT CENTRE
Tel: +84 667 555 573 Hotline: +84 925 573 573
Homepage: http://nangluongvietnam.org | http://vietnamenergy.org
Email: info@vietnamenergy.org | vesc@dgg.vn

B. Introduction of author team
This book is the collective research work of many scientists, researchers, entrepreneurs in the field of
Biomass energy in particular, the field of renewable energy and fossil energy, Agriculture and Fisheries,
Environment, Mechanic, Economic Development ... from many prestigious institutions of Vietnam and
International. We would like to offer our sincere appreciation to the authors and editors of Vietnam Energy
Development Support Centre and researchers who contributed to the compilation of this book.
Mr. Pham Trong Thuc, Director General of the New Energy and Renewable Energy
Department of Ministry of Industry and Trade
Expert team of Vietnam Energy Association (VEA), Mr. Tran Viet Ngai, chairman of
Vietnam Energy Association and partners
Mr. Nguyen Van Vy, National Energy Strategy Expert, Head of the Project Editor of
National Renewable Energy Strategy for Vietnam Government
Scientists team in the field of energy of Vietnam Energy Science Board (VESB),
including Mr. Nguyen Minh Due, Energy Economist; Mr. Nguyen Van Vy, Energy
Strategy Expert; Mr. Luong Nguyen Khoa Truong, Bioenergy Expert, Mr. To Quoc
Tru, Energy Expert; Mr. Nguyen Canh Nam, Coal Energy Expert.
Reporters and editors group of Vietnam Energy Magazine.
Economic development experts team from Vietnam Energy Development Support
Center (VESC), including Mrs. Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy, Investment Consultant
Expert and MBA & MOPP Bui Hang Phuong, Business Administration &
Development Economist.
Prof. PhD. Trinh Khac Quang, General Director of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural
Sciences (VAAS)
Assoc. Prof. PhD Mai Van Trinh, Director of Institute of Agricultural Environment
(IAE); PhD. Luong Huu Thanh, Head of Environment Biology Division; MS. Nguyen
Thi Hang Nga, Biological Safety and Biodiversity Division, PhD. Pham Quang Ha,
Chairman of Science and Technology Board, and Partners, Institute of Agricultural
Environment (IAE – VAAS)
PhD. Dao The Anh, Vice President of FCRI; MS. Nguyen Ngoc Mai, MS. Vu Viet
Doan, BS. Nguyen Ha Thanh and Partners, Centre for Agrarian Systems Research
and Development (CASRAD), Food Crops & Rice Institute, Vietnam Academy of
Agricultural Sciences (FCRI-VAAS)
Center for Technology Development and Agricultural Extension (CETDAE – VAAS)
PhD. Pham Duc Thinh, Vice President of NITRA; PhD. Vo Thanh Trung, PhD. Le
Nhu Hau and Partners, Nha Trang Institute of Technology Research & Application
(NITRA) - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), and Assoc. Prof.
PhD. Nguyen Thanh Hang from Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology -
Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)

Assoc. Prof. PhD. Van Dinh Son Tho and Partners, Vietnam – Japan International
Institute for Science of Technology - Hanoi University of Science and Technology
(HUST)
Assoc. Prof. Mai Thanh Phong, Vice President of HCMUST; Assoc. Prof. PhD. Le
Thi Kim Phung, Vice Director of Chemical Technology Division; PhD. Nguyen Dinh
Quan, Director of Bioenergy Laboratory and Partners, from Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology (HCMUST)
Mrs. Sonia Loret and Partners, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit, German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ)
Mrs. Andrea Rossi, Mr. Marco Colangeli, Lead Technical Officer of the Project:
‘Building Capacity for Enhancing Bioenergy Sustainability through the Use of the
GBEP Indicators’ (FAO)
Mr. Michael Ellis, Mrs. Le Thi Thoa and Partners, Vietnam Low Emission Energy
Program (VLEEP - USAID)
PhD. Ha Duong Minh, Research Director of Centre Nationale de Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), Director de Clean Energy Laboratory and Sustainable
Development (CleanED), MS. Truong An Ha, MS. Tran Hoang Anh CleanED
laboratory, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH)
Experts team: Mrs. Katrin Brömme, Mr. Harald Mark, Mr. Michael Zschiesche, Mrs.
Dao Chau Thu from the Climate Protection throught Energy Plants Program (CPEP)
MS. Nguyen Hong Long and Partners, Center for Creativity and Sustainability Study
and Consultancy (CCS).
PhD. Nguyen Phuong Que, Bioenergy Expert; MS. To Bao Thach, Energy Machine
Production Expert
Mr. Truong Dong Tam, Director of YellowStar One Member Ltd.
Mr. Le Quang May, Director of LASUCO Power Plant, Lam Son JSC., Deputy
General Director of Lam Son Sugar JSC. (LASUCO)
Mr. Nguyen Van Ngoc, General Director and Chairman of Son Vu Power
Development JSC.
Mr. Nguyen Tien Vinh, Member of Management Board of PetroVietnam – Vietnam
Oil and Gas Group (PVN)
Vietnam Electricity Group (EVN)
Vietnam Coal and Mineral Industries Holding Corporation Limited (VINACOMIN)
Hochiminh City Power Corporation (EVNHCMC)

Wabio Economic Group, Germany
CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER II. OVERVIEW OF BIOMASS ENERGY
A. Overview of Biomass Energy
Biomass definition
Biomass (Biomass) is a concept generally refering to organic material derived from plants and
created through the process of photosynthesis. Biomass not only provides food but also building
materials, fiber, medicines and energy. In particular, biomass can be called energy, by solar energy
stored in the chemical bonds of organic substances.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and water absorbed by the plants which are combined in the
photosynthetic process to produce starch (sugars) that form biomass. Solar energy, through
photosynthesis, are stored in the chemical bonds of the structural components of biomass. During the
biomass combustion, oxygen from the atmosphere combines with the carbon in the biomass to produce
CO2 and water. The process is cyclical because CO2 generated will join again to produce new biomass.
Biomass structure
Table 1: Percentage of Cellulose, Hemi-Cellulose,
Lignin in typical biomass
Cellulose Hemi-cellulose Lignin
Gỗ mềm 45 25 30
Gỗ cứng 42 38 20
Rơm 40 45 15
Most of the plants were created from approximately
25% of lignin and 75% of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates include sugar molecules linked
together in long chains or polymers include
cellulose and Hemi-cellulose. Portions in lignin
acts as a glue holding the cellulose fibers.
Characteristics of biomass
Biomass has some significantly distinctive features with fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas ...), leading to a number
of technical challenges and the economy, including:
Large density and low calorific value: leads to the transport of raw materials can be difficult and
expensive. Storage systems, handling and chain of biomass into the combustion system or greater energy
conversion, thus more costly than equivalent projects using fossil fuels.
Some biomass sources are seasonal produced: agricultural-products generated during the harvest, so
there is a necessary repository.
None-preprocessed biomass typically has high moisture, low heating value and affect the handling,
storage.
These features lead to systems using biomass are designed specifically to fit the material properties and
often have to handle biomass equipment before being converted into energy.
Other parameters are also interested and are set in the calculation process: Moisture, Nature; Density;
Mass density; Particle density; Particle size; Analysis sieve; Digital Techniques; Mobility; Moisture content;
Heat; Ash content; Color…

B. Biomass reserves and sources in Vietnam
Reserves and potential forecast of biomass Vietnam by 2050
Table 2: Summary table of Biomass potential reserves Vietnam (VESC 2016)
Biomass has an important role in the energy system of Vietnam. In 2015, biomass supply 14,4 million of
TOE (tonnes of oil equivalent), representing 18.3% of total primary energy demand. In the structure of final
energy, biomass provides 13.7 million of TOE, accounting for 24.4%.
Tablets
Pressedfirewood
Charcoal
Anneal
Burn
Gasify
Pyrolysis
Anaerobic
digestion
Alcohol,Biodiesel
Reserves(tons)
SEAWEED & AQUATIC PLANTS 700.000
Seaweed x x 700.000
FORESTRY BY-PRODUCTS 37.600.000
Natural forest X x x x x x x 14.500.000
Artificial forest X x x x x x x 9.700.000
Scattered trees X x x x x x x 7.800.000
Paper Processing
Industry x x x x x x x 7.500.000
Woodworking Industry x x x x x x x 5.600.000
CULTIVATION BY-PRODUCTS 82.550.000
Rice 45.070.000
Straw x x x x x x 8.820.000
Rice stubble x x x x x x 2.940.000
Rice husk x x x x x 33.310.000
Maize 11.150.000
Trunk x x x x x x 9.020.000
Leaf x x x x x 1.230.000
Core x x x x x x 900.000
Sugarcane 9.050.000
Leaf x x x x x x 4.970.000
Bagasse x x x x x x 4.080.000
Grains 1.050.000
Peanut x x x x x x 500.000
Macca x x x x x x 20.000
Casava x x x x x x 550.000
Fruit-tree x x x x x 1.650.000
industrial crops 14.580.000
Soybeans x x x x x 300.000
Cashew nuts x x x x x 160.000
Rubber x x x x 330.000
Cassava x x x x 12.100.000
Pepper x x x x 300.000
Coconut x x x x x 500.000
Coffee x x x x 340.000
Tea x x x x 550.000
LIVESTOCK BY-PRODUCTS 40.400.000
Pig x x 20.300.000
Chicken x x 5.850.000
Goat, sheep, horse 1.320.000
Buffalo, cow x x 12.930.000
MUNICIPAL WASTE & INDUSTRIAL WASTE 840.000
Municipal waste x x x 840.000
ESTIMATED TOTAL NATIONAL BIOMASS RESERVE 169.610.000

Table 3: Reserves and potential forecast of biomass in Vietnam by 2050 (VESB 2016)
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Firewood 10.6 11.6 12.7 13.6 14.6 15.1 15.7 16.3 17.0
Agricultre by-product 16.8 17.6 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.8 23.2 24.6 26.3
Livestock waste 5.2 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.4 8.1 8.9 9.8 10.8
Waste 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.5
Other organic waste 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0
Energy crops 20.0 21.0 22.1 23.2 24.4 25.6 27.0 28.3 29.8
SUM 53.7 57.5 61.5 65.5 69.9 73.9 78.4 83.1 88.3
Chart 1: Synthetic of biomass energy potential in (unit: Million TOE), (VESB 2016)1
Biomass supply from wood
a) Wood from the forest
By 12/31/2015, the existing forest area of our country is close to 14.062 million hectares. In particular,
natural forests are more than 10.176 million hectares, plantations are more than 3,886 million hectares, an
area of perennial crops (rubber and specialty) grown on forest land is 559 thousand hectares, accounting
for 1.34%. Forest area to calculate nationwide coverage is 13.52 million hectares with forest cover is
40.84%. The average coefficient of sustainable wood exploitation is 0.7 tons / ha / year for natural forests
and 2.1 tons / ha / year for plantations, the total output of wood can be exploited from natural forests and
plantations respectively 7.1 and 8.2 million tons of firewood.
According to the Plan of Forest Protection and Development period 2011 - 2020 was approved in Decision
No. 57 dated 09/01/2012 of the Prime Minister, the forest cover is expected to be raised to 44 - 45% in
2020, the area of forests is 15.1 million hectares. Forest cover will increase to 46.6% by 2025 (the total
forest area reached 15.41 million hectares) and 49.1% in 2030 (reaching 16.25 million forest hectares),
completely greening barren hills.
With forest development plan mentioned above, firewood from the forests can be around 15.5 million tons
in 2015, rising to 19 million tons in 2025 and about 20.8 million tons in 2030, and hold stable at this level
until 2050.
b) Bare land
Bare land 2.2 million hectares in area in 2015, possibly for mining approximately 1.1 million tons of wood
(average coefficient of harvesting sustainable timber firewood 0.5 tons / ha / year). The area of barren hills
descending along with the planting, the area dropped to about 1.5 million ha in 2020 (possibly 0.8 million
tons of exploitable wood).
c) Perennial Plants
In 2015, the total land area for perennial tree is at about 2.22 million hectares, with the average coefficient
of harvesting sustainable timber firewood is 1.2 tons / ha / year, the total amount of wood which can be
1
Cây năng lượng: Energy crops | Các chất thải hữu cơ khác: Other organic waste| Rác thải: waste| Chất thải chăn
nuôi: Livestock waste| Phế thải nông nghiệp: Agricultural waste | Gỗ củi: Firewood | Tổng sinh khối sử dụng: Summary
of biomass used
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Cây năng lượng
Các chất thải hữu cơ khác
Rác thải
Chất thải chăn nuôi
Phế thải nông nghiệp
Gỗ củi
Tổng sinh khối sử dụng

exploited is 2.7 million tons. Expected that perennial area will increase to 2.45 million hectares in 2020,
about 3 million hectares in 2030, an estimated 2.9 million tons of wood in 2020 and 3.6 million tons in 2030.
d) Fruits
In 2015, fruit trees area is at about 0.86 million hectares, which can produce about 0.43 million tons of fuel
wood. Area of fruit trees will increase to 0.95 million hectares in 2020, about 1.2 million hectares in 2030,
fuel wood extraction yield could reach 0.5 million tons in 2020 and about 0.6 million tons 2030.
e) Scattered trees
In 2015, there have been around 4.7 billion dispersed plants, equivalent to 4.7 million ha (at a density of
1000 trees / ha). Scattered plants can produce 8.2 million tons of fuel wood in 2015). According to the Plan
of protecting and developing forests, in 2011-2020, annually the average planting is about 50 million trees
/ year. Expected by 2020, scattered trees can be 8.7 million tons of wood, in 2030 about 9.5 million tons.
Thus, production of wood can be exploited from sources around 28.3 million tons by 2015, is expected to
increase to about 30.2 million tons in 2020; about 34.5 million tons in 2030 and about 38.1 million tons in
2050.
f) Waste and wood waste from wood processing plants, include the excess wood chips and
sawdust
The volume of wood waste is estimated based on the annual timber volume. Estimated in 2015, about 13
million m3 of timber extraction are processed, producing more than 5.25 million m3 of sawn timber. The
average percentage by weight between wood and wood waste being processed was 0.6 for sawmills (10%
and 50% wood sawdust waste). The total volume of wood waste produced in sawmills in 2015 is about 6.4
million m3 or 4.5 million tons. Wood waste is expected increase to 5 million tons in 2020, about 6.1 million
tons in 2030 and 9 million tons in 2050.
Energy from wood resources over Vietnam are from 11.6 million TOE 2015, increased to 12.7 millions TOE
in 2020; approximately 14.6 millions TOE in 2030 and nearly 14 millions TOE in 2050.
Chart 2: Biomass supply potential from firewood in Vietnam (unit: Million TOE) (VESB 2016)2
Agriculture
a) Agricultural by-products
Byproducts grown on fields, which primarily are organic waste, have very abudent and diversified
components. However, they all fall into two main groups of compounds: The carbon-containing organic
compounds: Cenllulose; Hemicenllulose; pectin; lignin; Starch and organic compounds containing nitrogen:
Protein; Chitin. These organic compounds are not immutable but always change from one form to another
2
Mùn cưa: Sawdust | Cây trồng phân tán: Scattered trees | Cây ăn trái: Fruit trees | Cây CN lâu năm: Perennial Plants |
Đất trống đồi trọc: bare land trees | Rừng trồng: plantations | Rừng tự nhiên: Natural forest
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Mùn cưa
Cây trồng phân tán
Cây ăn trái
Cây CN lâu năm
Đất trống đồi trọc
Rừng trồng
Rừng tự nhiên

(physical, chemical and biological) forming a closed loop in nature. The composition and amount of waste
in the field depends on the farming systems of each geographic region, each country.
The number of agricultural by-products (in the field of Farming and Ranching) were collected in area, volume
and number, from which the potential power supply is calculated and forecasted potential in 2020, 2030 and
2050 based on their ability to produce energy. Biomass resources in agriculture in this case only from crop
production and animal husbandry.
The data is shown from the cultivated area
and the number of livestock and poultry
listed according to the General Statistics
Office (GSO, 2011). The forecast figures of
2020 and 2030 are based on the 2020
development plans of the Agriculture and
Rural Development Sector, vision to 2030.
The forecast data to 2050 are calculated on
the basis of changing trends in land use, the
level of population growth, food demand
and available resource based on the
calculation of the 2050 Calculator project.
According to forecasts, in future years, the
area of rice cultivation will decrease while
the crop area will increase, in line with
society's trend of reducing food demand and
increasing the demand for foodstuff and
commodity products serving for a higher
standard of living.
Table 4: Agricultural by-product area (unit: 1000 ha) (IAE 2016)
2010 2020 2030 2050
Rice 7489,4 7000 6700 6000
Corn 1125,7 1200 1200 1700
Courtyard 413,4 293,5 234,7904 225,76
Sweet potato 150,8 175 175 175
Sugar cane 269,1 300 300 300
Shake 231,4 350 350 350
Soybean 197,8 450 500 700
Pomelo 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9
Mango 87,5 87,5 87,5 87,5
Citrus 75,3 75,3 75,3 75,3
Longan 88,4 88,4 88,4 88,4
Lichi&rambutan 101,7 101,7 101,7 101,7
Coffee 554,8 500 500 500
Cashew 379,3 379,3 379,3 379,3
Rubber 748,7 748,7 748,7 748,7
Tea 129,9 129,9 129,9 129,9
Pepper 51,3 51,3 51,3 51,3
Coco 150 150 150 150
Melon 84,7 60,1 48,0896 46,24
With cattle and poultry, we could calculate
the trend of development by combining
statistics from the years before 2010 with
the population projection models and
demands for foods such as meat, milk and
eggs projection models for future years in
2020, 2030 and 2050 (Calculator 2050,
2014) to get relatively accurate forecast
figures.
Table 5: Number of livestock (unit: thousand) in 2010, 2020 and
2030 (IAE 2016)
2010 2020 2030 2050
Beef 5.679,0 11.500,0 14.000,0 20.000,0
Cow 128,4 500,0 800,0 1.000,0
Buffalo 2877,0 3000,0 3000,0 4500,0
Pork 27.373,3 34.000,0 39.000,0 49.835,000
Goat/
sheep
1.478,8 3.900,0 4.500,0 6.213,0
Poultry 300.500,0 380.000,0 440.000,0 492.280,0
Horse 93.1 91,0 90,0 90,0
Even in the years before 2010, animal husbandry in Vietnam had developed at a very fast rate, especially
are major livestock species such as beef, dairy cows, pigs, goat, sheep as well as poultry. This trend is
consistent with population growth, the increase in foodstuff demand and the decrease in rations demand.
Based on the forecast of area under cultivation of crop plants mentioned above, their biomass productivity
potential and energy ratio of each type of waste /by-products of each plant, their energy production potential
are calculated by KTOE (TOE = appromixately 1 ton of oil)
Table 6: Bioenergy potential from agricultural trees and energy crops (KTOE) (IAE 2016)
Part of plant 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Rice Straw 7.066 7.281 7.684 7.225 6.881
Rice Bêtl 1.651 1.701 1.795 1.688 1.608
Corn Leaves and corncobs 3.049 3.583 3.950 4.938 5.596
Countyard Body and manioc 342 268 236 227 227
Sweet potato Leaves - - - - -
Sugar cane Leaves 209 257 283 283 283
Sugar cane Cane 23 29 32 32 32

Shake Leaves 10 16 18 18 18
Soybean Leaves 6 15 18 22 25
Pomelo Foliage 3 3 4 4 4
Mango Foliage 101 111 123 123 123
Citrus Foliage 128 141 155 155 155
Longane Foliage 100 111 122 122 122
Lichi & rambutan Foliage 9 10 11 11 11
Coffee Foliage & shell 68 67 74 74 74
Cashew Foliage 33 37 40 40 40
Rubber Foliage 65 72 80 80 80
Tea Foliage 11 13 14 14 14
Pepper Foliage 2 2 2 2 2
Coco Foliage & shell 1 1 1 1 1
Melon Foliage & tubers 70 55 48 46 46
SUM 12.947 13.772 14.690 15.104 15.342
With livestock waste, based on the number of cattle, poultry, daily discharged waste and daily gas
production to calculate the biogas generation potential for that type of animal husbandry as well as for all
field.
Table 7: The amount of manure and biogas
produced per day(Nguyen Quang Khai 2003)
The amount of
manure produced
per day (kg/animal)
Daily gas
production
(liters/kg/ day)
Beef 15-20 15-32
Buffalo 18-25 15-32
Pig 1,2-4,0 40-60
Poultry 0,02-0,05 50-60
Table 8: Energy potential from livestock waste(IAE2016)
2010 2020 2030 2050
Waste volume
(million tons)
1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0
Collection rate (%) 45.0 55.0 65.0 70.0
Energy Yield
(KTOE/million
tons)
415.9
Energy production
(KTOE)
204.4 331.5 446.2 585.6
With the trend of producing biogas from livestock waste, the estimated production of energy could produce
in 2020, 2030, and 2050 respectively are 204, 331, 446 and 585 ktoe, contributes relatively great in the
energy production system of the country. Apart from producing biogas for electricity, fuel and lighting,
livestock waste is also a tremendous and high-class carbon source and can be handled and processed into
superior microbiology organic fertilizer serving for cultivation with the activities of microorganisms.
b) Straw
Master plan maps of
areas that produce
potential rice variety to
supply straw used as
bio-energy is
integrated information
from the data and
results of research and
analysis on the ability
to metabolize sugar
from straw of some
common rice varieties
and associated with
administrative districts
maps.
Map 1: Master plan maps of areas that produce potential rice variety to supply
straw used as bio-energy in The Red River Delta (CASRAD 2016)

Research results from potential rice varieties in the group of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences has
identified 15 samples with the highest ability to metabolize sugar from straw among material samples of rice
varieties. Producing regions of these 15 samples are used to build straw potential master plan maps.
Map 2: Master plan maps of areas that produce potential rice variety to supply straw used as bio-energy in North
Central Coast (CASRAD 2016)
Map 3: Master plan maps of areas that produce potential rice variety to supply straw used as bio-energy in The
Mekong River Delta (CASRAD 2016)
c) Seaweed and algae
The potential and the allocation of Vietnam seaweed biomass: Vietnam seaweed biomass has great
potential in producing ethanol and biofuels. Current and future output ensure the sustainability of materials.
Today, 57.045 tonnes dry seaweed can be exploited on an area of 76,800 ha. Water surface area has the

potential to grow and exploit seaweed in about 555.814 hectares with production of 2,549,974 per year.
Can easily realize that green seaweed thive in natural environment and are mostly grown.
Table 9: Distribution of natural seaweed and seaweed grown by location (NITRA-VAST 2016)
Province Phylum Natural Grown
Area (ha) Production
(tonnes dry)
Area (ha) Production
(tonnes dry)
Quang Ninh Green seaweed 308 147,8 4080 34188
Red seaweed 60 14,4 695 3172
Brown seaweed 70 49,7
Hai Phong Green seaweed 340,2 109,7 2806 22568
Red seaweed 46 16,1 601 2044
Thai Binh Green seaweed 672 84 3395 27280
Red seaweed 120 28 340 680
Nam Dinh Rong Lục 430,5 143,1 3900 31400
Red seaweed 30 9 395 790
Ninh Binh Green seaweed 290,5 35,6 1884 15152
Red seaweed 50 13,3 215 430
Thanh Hoa Green seaweed 65 58,5 500 4200
Red seaweed 60 12,4 127,9 516,8
Brown seaweed 120,05 97,6
Nghe An Green seaweed 70 19,1 1200 9680
Red seaweed 50 11 331,3 1224,6
Ha Tinh Green seaweed 45 9,6 2380 19400
Red seaweed 35 7,5 109,4 415,8
Thua Thien Hue Green seaweed 35 15,8 1915 15720
Red seaweed 28,8 4,9 160,9 321,7
Brown seaweed 67 110
Quang Tri Green seaweed 16 9 280 2480
Red seaweed 15,5 5,1 102,4 550,7
Quang Binh Green seaweed 23 11,5 488 4204
Red seaweed 11,2 4 135 568
Brown seaweed 88 50
Da Nang Green seaweed 35 6,6 55 480
Red seaweed 30 9,6 10 20
Rong Nâu 83 35
Quảng Nam Green seaweed 16 9 1510 12520
Red seaweed 86,8 30,5 125 250
Quang Ngai Green seaweed 35 15,8 229 316,2
Red seaweed 180 92,5 8 16
Binh Dinh Green seaweed 54 17,4 1460 11920
Red seaweed 35 19 1200 6520
Phu Yen Green seaweed 60 16,3 970 8080
Red seaweed 90 31,3 845 4390
Khanh Hoa Green seaweed 35 15,8 3258 26664
Red seaweed 180 92,5 1240 6900
Ninh Thuan Green seaweed 39,5 8,7 928 7624
Red seaweed 190,5 60,8 1045,7 6443,4
Rong Nâu 149 168,5
Binh Thuan Green seaweed 48 31,2 140 1280
Red seaweed 86,8 30,5 61,6 123,2
Green seaweed 123 47,7 5126 41208

Ba Ria – Vung
Tau
Red seaweed 1462 8824
Long An Green seaweed 4600 28200
Tien Giang Green seaweed 2480 16560
Ben Tre Green seaweed 25868 159108
Tra Vinh Green seaweed 15550 99600
Soc Trang Green seaweed 22400 151800
Bac Lieu Green seaweed 107400 439200
Ca Mau Green seaweed 249650 999800
Red seaweed 1849,6 3699,2
Kien Giang Green seaweed 69,3 136,4 72250 291000
Red seaweed 207,4 772,6 1420 8740
28 tỉnh Green seaweed 2810 948,6 536702 2481632,2
Red seaweed 1593 1265 12479,8 56639,4
Total 6632 11701,5 549181,8 2538271,6
12 species of seaweed that has the greatest biomass potential: Vietnam has 40 species of seaweed
with large volumes including 10 species of Brown seaweed, 13 species of Green seaweed and 17
species of Red seaweed. Red seaweed phylum consists of 8 genera (Acanthophora, Ahnfeltiopsis,
Gelidiella, Gracilaria, Gracilariopsis, Hypnea, Kappaphycus, Laurencia), Green seaweed phylum comprises
5 genera (Chaetomorpha, Cladophora, Caulerpa, Enteromorpha, Ulva) and Brown seaweed phylum
includes 2 genera (Turbinaria, Sargassum). Analysis results of main chemical ingredients of 750 samples
of 40 common seaweed species including 10 species of Brown seaweed, 13 species of Green seaweed
and 17 species of Red seaweed.
Fluctuation of biological weight of Red seaweed is from 30-600g, and carbohydrate fluctuations is 41-66%.
Fluctuation of biological weight of Brown seaweed is from 150-450g, carbohydrate fluctuations from 43-
60%. Fluctuation of biological weight of species of Green seaweed phylum is 35-230g, average
carbohydrate content of 60-70%. In these 40 species, there are 20 species with high biological weight
(150-600) and high carbohydrate > 50%, including 12 species of seaweed which capable of
developing large biomass cultivation for high yield as follows:
Table 10: Productivity&economic value of 12 kinds of seaweed having biomass potential (NITRA-VAST 2016)
Ordinal
number
Typeofgrown
seaweed
Productivity
(Drytonnes/
ha/crop)
Number(cases
/year)
Yield/year
Costof1kg
(VND)
Green seaweed
1 Enteromorpha torta (Mert.) Reinbold 3,4 3 13,6 3.000
2 Ulva reticulataForsskål 3,2 4 12,8 15.000
3 Ulva papenfussii 4,2 4 16,8 15.000
4 Chaetomorpha linum (Muell.) Kuetzing 3,8 6 22,8 3.000
5 Cladophora socialis Kuetzing 3,1 6 18,6 3.000
Red seaweed
6 Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) 6 1 6 20.000
7 Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) 12 1 12 20.000
8 Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins et Harvey 8 1 8 20.000
9 Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia 4 3 12 5.000
10 Gracilaria firma Chang et 4 3 12 5.000
11 Gracilariopsis bailinae Chang et 5 3 15 5.000
Brown seaweed
12 Sargassum polycystum 12 1 12 12.000
Crop yield on harvest of different species is different, which made annual crop yield is different either. In
particular, Green seaweed has low crop yield on harvest but grow at a fast rate so its annual crop yield is
higher than Red seaweed and Brown seaweed.

Green seaweed Biomass an be harvested 18-22 tons/ha/year. Besides, costs of some types of Green
seaweed (Chaetomorpha, Cladophora, Enteromorpha) are the lowest among seaweed objects so they are
suitable to be raw materials for the biofuels production.
Waste
Household waste is calculated on the basis of factors arising waste per capita (kg / person / day): For the
metropolitan area of about 1.0 kg in 2010, increased to 1, 4 kg in 2020; 1.8 kg and 2.6 kg in 2030 and 2050.
For rural areas, this coefficient incurred by around 65% of urban areas. Garbage of other areas, is estimated
to account for about 30% of the total amount of waste (household waste accounts for about 70%).
Chart 3: The potential for energy recovery from waste in Vietnam 2050 (unit:
Million TOE), (VESB 2016)3
The rate of collection,
processing all kinds of waste
is removed in accordance
with the National Strategy for
Integrated Management of
Solid waste in 2025, with a
vision to 2050 (Decision No.
2149 dated 17/12/2009 of
the Prime Minister).
Expected rate of collecting, recycling and reusing, energy recovery or production of organic fertilizers
following areas: Urban Household Waste: 2020 is 85%; 2025 is 90%; from 2030 onwards is 100%; Rural
household waste: 2020 is 70%; 2025 is 90%; from 2030 onwards is 100%; Other organic waste: 2020 is
90%; from 2025 is 100%.
The ability to recover energy from organic wastes is about 0.82 million TOE in 2015, increasing to 1.03
millions TOE in 2020; 1.5 millions TOE in 2030 and about 2.5 millions TOE in 2050.
The organic waste is used to produce bio fuels
The organic waste sources (molasses, used oils and fats from catfish) can be used as raw materials for the
production of bio fuels in Vietnam:
a) Molasses can be used to produce biomass ethanol
Molasses can be produced in the sugar mills. Processing one ton of sugarcane can produce 0.04 tons of
molasses. With 18.2 million tons of cane processed in the sugar factory in 2015, the amount of molasses
produced is 0.73 million tons. Expected molasses in 2020 is about 1 million tons; about 1.3 million tons in
2030 and 2050 nearly 2 million tons.
b) Used cooking oil can be used as feedstock for the production of biomass diesel
Used cooking oil is collected mainly from food processing plants, medium and large scale restaurants. In
2015, Vietnam consumed 1.1 million tons; expected by 2020, Vietnam will consume about 1.6 million tons,
2.2 million tons in 2030 and 3.2 million tons in 2050. The estimated percentage of collectors of used cooking
oil will be 20 %.
c) Catfish fat can be used to produce bio diesel
This fat is collected from the catfish processing plant (tra and basa), mainly concentrated in the provinces
of the Mekong Delta. Vietnam currently produces about 1.11 million tons / year. With the ratio of fatty fish
and processed fish was 0.12 tons / ton, fat catfish in Vietnam is arising now about 0.133 million tons;
expected to increase to about 0.2 million tons in 2030 and 0.3 million tons in 2050.
3
Rác thải công nghiệp: Industrie waste | Rác thải sinh hoạt nông thôn: Rural household waste| Rác thải sinh hoạt đô thị:
Urban household waste
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Rác sinh hoạt đô
thị
Rác sinh hoạt
nông thôn
Rác thải CN

The ability to recover energy from the organic matter is about 0.8 million TOE in 2015, rising to 1.0 million
TOE in 2020; 1.33 million TOE in 2030 and nearly 2 million TOE in 2050 (The following figure)
Potential production of raw materials for bio fuels
a) Starch crops
Cassava: Cassava production has grown rapidly in Vietnam, from nearly 2 million tons in 2000 increased
to 10.7 million tons in 2015. It is the result of the expansion of farming from 237.6 thousand hectares to 566
thousand ha in 2015 and yield increased from 8.36 tons / ha in 2000 to 18.9 tons / ha by 2015 Ethanol
production industry in Vietnam at present, if mobilize all capacity of ethanol plants, will use about 50% of
cassava production. The increase in demand for cassava to produce primary goods are facing problems of
food cultivation, the local boosted cassava, however, there should be an overall plan to integrate both land
use planning, sustainable farming practices in order to provide stability for the ethanol plant.
Corn: For over 15 years, Vietnam maize production has gradually increased significantly mainly due to
increased demand for animal feed. In Vietnam, an area of 730 thousand hectares of corn planted up to
1,179 million hectares in 2015, corn production in 2015 reached 5.3 million tons from 2 million tons in 2000.
b) Energy crops
The term "energy crops" is often used to refer to plants and provide environmental benefits and greater
energy than food crops such as cassava, maize crops which are often used as raw materials for current
ethanol production. Some plants - such as poplar, maple, black locust, willow, sycamore, eucalyptus trees
and picket fence - allow to harvest in 20 or 30 years. Vietnam currently plants picket fence trees (Jatropha)
in some places. Picket fence is the oldest living tree in the energy of the land with difficult farming conditions.
Picket fence tree oil is a source used to produce bio diesel, electricity, cooking fuel ...
The economic use of forest land and unused land for growing energy crops can create a new agricultural
industry through the formation of raw materials associated with the development of energy crops in serving
industry bio fuels are highly effective.
It is expected that the area land on the energy crops can produce biomass energy of about 20-30 million
TOE / year.
Microorganism strains
Table11: Typical microorganisms in converting biomass (IAE 2016)
Name Group Bioactive Level of
biosafety
1 Streptomyces
griseorubens
Actinomycet Carbon-containing compounds metabolism 2
2 Streptomyces fradiae Bacterium Protein metabolism 2
3 Bacillus velezensis Bacterium Protein metabolism 2
4 Bacillus polyfermenticus Bacterium P-containing compounds metabolism 2
5 Bacillus velezensis Bacterium P-containing compounds metabolism 2
6 Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Yeast Proteins Biomass, amino acids 2
C. Conversion technology from biomass to energy
Biomass pretreatment
Drying: in order to reduce transportation costs by reducing moisture, improving combustion efficiency.
Compressed and baled: Using machine to compress bulky biomass such as sawdust or agricultural waste.
Thermos chemical treatment: A process similar to traditional charcoal production, biomass is heated in
the absence of oxygen, biomass will become charcoal.
Biogas (bio methane) is gas rich in methane, similar to natural gas, which can be produced by anaerobic
digestion technology, by which biomass is converted into biogas to be used in the next energy process.

Thermal conversion
Thermal technology is used, with or without the presence of oxygen, to convert biomass or raw materials
into other forms of energy.
c) Burning
Direct combustion means the burning of biofuels in the presence of oxygen. Furnaces and boilers
are typically used to produce steam used in the heating / cooling or to turn a turbine in producing
electricity
In a furnace, burning biomass in the combustion chamber converts biomass into heat. The heat is delivered
in the form of hot air or water. In a boiler, heat of combustion is converted into steam. Steam can be used
to produce electricity, mechanical energy or heating and cooling. Vapor in a pot contains 60-85% of the
energy in biomass fuels.
Co-firing is the burning of fossil fuels (such as coal or natural gas) and biomass.
This is a solution that allows the biomass to be used early in the renewable energy, conversion. Co-firing
has some advantages, especially when the output is electricity product. If conversion facility located near a
factory processing of agricultural products, forestry residues bulk low-cost biomass is available to be burned
with a fossil fuel materials. This method is now widely accepted as power factorys using fossil fuels often
cause pollution by sulfur, CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Make use of existing equipment, with a little
fix, combine biomass burning can be an effective way to meet the stringent emission targets. Since relatively
low sulfur in biomass fuel allows biomass to bư capable of replacing higher sulfur content of fossil fuels.
Co-generation combines heat and electricity in the production of heat and electricity simultaneously.
Usually all the thermal power factorys produced as a by-product of producing electricity and heat is usually
discharged into the environment through cooling towers (which releases heat into the air) or waste water.
However, during the combine heat and power (CHP), some of the "waste heat" is recovered for use in
heating. Co-generation holds about 85% potential energy in biomass into useful energy
a) Thremolysis
Thremolysis is to burn biomass in the environment with high temperature (greater than 430 ° C),with
low environmental pressure and oxygen levels.
In this process, biomass underwent part-combustion. Thremolysis process results in liquid fuel and solid
residue called char, or biochar. Biochar is like charcoal and carbon rich. The liquid phase due to temperature
that is too low to destroy all the carbon in the biomass particles should result in the production of tars, oils,
methanol, acetone, ...
b) Torrefaction
Torrefaction is the transformation of biomass by heat in the absence of oxygen, but at a lower
temperature than the conditions normally used in the process of thremolysis.
Torrefaction temperature typically ranges from 200-320°C. During torrefaction process water is removed
and cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are decomposed partly. In other words, this process increases the
density of the biomass while removing volatiles and breaking complex molecules. The final product is
a dense energy solid fuel which is often called biochar.
Thermochemical conversion
Thermochemical technologies are used to convert biomass into fuel gas and chemicals. The
thermochemical process includes several stages. The first stage involves in converting solid biomass into
gas. In the second stage, gases are condensed into oils. In the third period, and also the last, oils are
cooled and aggregated to produce syngas. Synthesis gas containing carbon and hydrogen and used to
produce ammonia, lubricants, and through the Fischer-Tropsch process can be used to produce biodiesel.

Gasification: is the use of high temperatures and a controlled environment led to almost all biomass
is converted into gas.
This takes place in two stages: the first is a partial combustion process to produce gas and coal, followed
by chemical modification. These stages take place in space separated from the gasification process, the
gas obtained depends very much on the characteristics of input biomass. Gasification requires a
temperature of about 800°C. Gasification technology has existed for centuries when coal is gasified widely
in the UK and elsewhere for using in power factorys, indoor cooking and lighting. Gasification has an
important role in the future and is expected for the production of electricity from biomass plantations and
agricultural waste with large-scale use.
Biochemical conversion
The use of the microorganism to produce ethanol has been a long time. Recently, fermentation technology,
with the help of biotechnology, brings breakthroughs in the manufacturing process of fuel and fertilizer
together with many other useful products in agriculture.
c) Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion (also called anaerobic) is the use of microorganisms in the environment of
oxygen to decompose organic matter.
Anaerobic digestion is widely used to produce methane biogas from waste plants, food scraps, waste
(human and animal), carbon-rich. Anaerobic digestion is commonly used in wastewater treatment and
reduce emissions from landfills.
Anaerobic digestion has several phases: First, the bacteria are used in the process of hydrolysis to break
down carbohydrates. Next, bacteria metabolize sugars and amino acids into CO2, hydrogen, ammonia
and organic acids. Finally, other bacteria convert these gasses into methane gas and CO2. Mixed bacterial
culture thanks to the optimum temperature range for growth, allowing the decomposition process will be
operated over a wider temperature range (from 0°C to 60°C). When working well, the bacteria convert about
90% of biomass into biogas (containing approximately 55% methane), which is an easily usable energy
source.
d) Fermentation
Fermentation is the use of enzymes to convert carbohydrates into alcohol, most notably ethanol,
also known as bio-ethanol.
The first stage, the plants are ground into flour, combined with water to form a mixture. Heat and enzymes
will break down the original material to form a smooth mixture. Other enzymes convert starch into
glucose. Then, sugary slurry mixture was pumped into the fermentation chamber where yeast is added.
After about 48-50 hours, the fermented liquid is distilled to separate wine from other materials.
Many researchers around the world are aiming to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of the process of
separation and conversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars. Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which
the molecules are divided into sections with the addition of water and salt or weak acid. A form of hydrolysis
involves the use of enzymes. Such advanced techonology promising treatment costs will significantly be
lower.
Chemical conversion
Chemical conversion of biomass involves in the use of chemical interaction to convert biomass into usable
forms of energy.
Transesterification, types of chemical reactions associated with fatty acids (from oils, fats and
greases) bonded to the original wine, create biodiesel, glycerin, soap.

This process reduces the viscosity of the fatty acids and makes them flammable. Most biological oils (such
as soybean oil), animal fat or vegetable oil can be converted into biodiesel.
Diagram of conversion from biomass to energy
Diagram 1: Forms of Energy Biomass conversion into energy (USAID 2016)
D. Prospects for developing biomass energy in the world
Biomass quickly become an important part of the renewable energy types, increasingly large proportion of
electric power around the world. Be awareness of improved biomass, biomass is recognized as high value
modern fuels, replacing fossil fuels in power generation.
According to the survey of World Energy Association in 2001, the total biomass on the surface of the earth
is around 220BN dry tonnes, equivalent to the energy 4,500EJ. The total amount also increases greatly by
biomass extraction from marine algae.
Traditional biomass, mainly for cooking and heating, accounts for about 13%, is growing slowly or even
decline in some regions due to the change of the energy ladder. The negative aspects of traditional biomass
will be alleviated when promoting research and development.
Biomass after converting into a special form makes it easy to transport, store and use the rest of the energy
value chain. Especially when biomass supply potential is always ready in both rural and urban areas of all
countries when it includes material derived from agricultural, agro-industrial and waste wood, waste urban
and industrial. Industries are biofuels and will provide employment opportunities for many people, promoting
biodiversity when applying land management and sustainable forest management. The most common
technique in the world is “burn directly”. Thermal efficiency is as high as 80-90% in advanced gasification
technology together with a significant reduction in atmospheric emissions. Systems of CHP technology
adapted from small scale to large grid-connected facilities, providing significantly higher performance than
merely systems generate electricity. The biochemical processes, such as anaerobic digestion and sanitary
landfills, cleaner forms of energy production of biogas, the gas is converted into electricity and heat use.
Biomass
Harvest / collection, transportation, preparation, storage
Thermal-chemical onversion Biological-chemical conversion Physical-chemical conversion
Ther
mal
Ga
sifi
cat
ion
Threm
olysis
Alcoholic
fermen
tation
Biogas
fermen
tation
Com
Pres
sion
Solid/ liquid/gas fuels
Electrical Power Thermal Energy Burning
Index Esterifi
ed

Biomass also reduce greenhouse gas emissions when replacing fossil fuels in energy production. Biomass
enhance carbon sequestration from short crops or forests on abandoned agricultural land which contains
carbon accumulation in soil. Biomass reduces dependence on fossil fuels when being used with thermal
conversion technology chemistry. The industry is also creating new job opportunities, enhancing sustainable
development and improving the health and livelihood of people in rural areas, modernizing the agricultural
economy.
When compared to wind power and solar power, and biofuel plants have the advantage of ensuring a
reliable base load and diversify energy supplies, strengthening national energy security.
Though facing with ensuring a balance between agricultural land used as fuel crops and food crops, or the
need to return fertilizer to the land to keep soil quality, using of biomass energy gives relatively high value,
particularly in the case for waste handling and waste byproducts.
Biomass energy can account for one-third of the world's energy in 2050. In 2005, biomass provides about
1.3% of global electricity production. By 2015 this figure could rise to around 3.4% - 5.8%. In 2050, estimates
suggest that the amount of biomass used will be about 150-200EJ / year, compared to the use of current
biomass volume is about 50EJ / year.
E. Development facts of biomass energy in Vietnam
In Vietnam, in the total nationwide energy consumption at the stage that economic scale was still small
(before 2000), the rate of biomass energy still accounted for over one half of the total energy needs of the
country. At that time, people used 3 forms of energy biomass: solid, liquid and gas. Among of them, solid is
the traditional form used at ancient times but still accounts for the largest proportion. For gaseous and liquid
energy, they began to develop in recent decades due to the explosion in demand for energy and common
application of technology solutions.
With its geographical location and natural flora and fauna, Vietnam is among the top countries that have
potential to develop biomass energy. However, because of outdated mining technology, the use of it is not
really efficient. The total use of biomass in 2010 was 12.8ktoe while now it just accounts for 25% of total
national energy consumption. The proportion of biomass converted into energy only makes up 38,2%. Over
three quarters of the current biomass is used for family cooking with traditional and low-performance stoves.
The rest of biomass is used in production:
 Production of building materials, pottery making mostly use designed ovens following experiences,
burned by firewoods or husks, mainly in the South.
 Sugar production: utilizing bagasses for co-generation of heat and electricity in all 43 sugar mills in VN
with equipments imported from foreign countries.
 Rice and crop drying: Mekong Delta currently has thousands of active dryers. These dryers are
manufactured by many foundations and can use rice husks as fuels. Especially, after-harvest project
funded by Denmark and implemented since 2001 has the target of installing 700 dryers.
 Biomass carbonization for coal production is applied in a number of provinces in the South but follows
traditional technology and has low performance.
 Other technologies such as biomass briquetting, gasification of rice husks at the research, testing
stages, have an initial success.
 Biomass in power supply
Biomass for power generation
Vietnam has never had a power plant using biomass before. However, data from local reports have
mentioned that about 10 investors including 10 investors in Vietnam and others co-operating with foreign
investors have proposed constructing these plants with a capacity of average 10 MW per plant. The report
said that most of them wanted to use rice husks to generate electricity selling to national grid and also use
fluidized bed combustion.

The proposed projects are focused in the provinces of Mekong Delta, namely 2 projects in Tien Giang, 3
projects in Dong Thap, 3 in Can Tho and only 1 in Kien Giang. The reasons why these projects are focused
in these provinces are: Husks of this region makes up 55% of the total amount of husk in Vietnam; This
region is far from carbon energy sources, especially peat; Heat and electricity demand in this region is very
high, particularly in the rice harvest.
Chart 4: The amount of biomass used for heat
and electricity Demand (QĐ-Ttg/2068, 2015)
Chart 5: Total electricity produced from biomass (QĐ-
Ttg/2068,2015)
According to Renewable Energy Development Strategy of Vietnam to 2030, view to 2050, Biomass energy
in VN will have an opportunity to develop and contribute to the energy structure of the country (QĐ-Ttg/2068,
2015). This image shows the biomass output that will be used to produce heat and electricity conformable
to the development strategy. It was found out that in the period 2015-2020, biomass demand mainly
supports for heat generation while it only supports for electricity generation a little. But after 2020, the
demand of biomass will continue to increase and the proportion of electricity produced from biomass will
also increase. In the year of 2020, VietNam’s target is try its best to make electricity produced from biomass
be 7,8 billion kWh, contributing about 3% of total national electricity production.
On thermoelectric co-generation, there are currently 6 sugar mills producing electricity from bagasse with
generation capacity of 88,5 MW to the grid. In 2015, bagasse output from sugarcane industry was 5,4 million
tons.
Chart 6: Biomass potential in Vietnam According to development plan of sugarcane industry,
till the year of 2020, production of bagasse will have
been approximately 7,2 million tons and if all the
bagasse is used for power generation purpose, the
output power can produce 1,2 billion kWh.Agricultural
by-products are rice husk, straw, corn cobs and those
of forestry are wood, sawdust, shavings with large
reserves are potential raw materials to generate
electricity. In the future, VN is fully capable of building
biomass power plants from different biomass material
sources
Biogas
Currently, small-scale biogas projects are developing around the country with more than 1 million plants
being built and operated. Some industrial-scale foundations are also built to support for waste and waste
water disposal in industrial farms, factories, soft drink production, rubber, coffee or seafood processing
production, canned fruits factories, tapioca processing plants or ethanol plants… However, among of them,
there is only one biogas production foundation generating electricity in pig farms belonging to San Miguel
cattle-feed products joint stock company in Binh Duong province. This foundation has a total installing
capacity of 17000m3 (2MW of electricity generating capacity) and is invested by the company of Philippin
Rice
straw
33% Rice
husk
7%
Corn
cob
19%
Bagasse
4%
Cassava
3%
Wood
31%
Saw
dust
3%

SURE. Other foundations are designed just to produce biogas to replace coal or fuel oil to distillate.
Redundant gas is burned or removed to the environment. But, if these establishments are developed to
generate electricity, the installing capacity can be quite low, from 1 to 3 MW.
Vietnam is estimated to use only 40% of biomass in the supply of energy. The rest is used for other purposes
including animal feed, fertilizer, mushroom, building materials, furniture and can disintegrate naturally.

CHAPTER III. SEVERAL BIOMASS ENERGY CONVERSION
TECHNOLOGIES SUITABLE FOR VIETNAM
A. Preliminary treatment technology
1. Definition of biomass pellets
Biomass pellet is simply type of biomass or organic matter compressed and used as fuel.
Biomass pellet is biological. It is the future of biomass energy due to those advantages: easily transported
over long distances at low costs, easy produced and stored from any sources of biomass, high energy
density, easy to mechanize and automate feeding, burning and uploading process, especially its gasification
capacity- it can almost transform air into syngas with only 1% residual ash.
2. Biomass energy production inputs
In principle, any types of biomass can be used to create biomass pellets. However, in fact, because of the
availability, economy, technology, safety, the following types of biomass are often used to create biomass
pellets due to high economic efficiency, acceptable processing technology ‘s complexity, abundant and
accessible reserves:
 From agricultural waste products: straw, rice hulls, corn cobs, bagasse, some grass…;
 From forestry sources (including wood and waste products in mining and processing industry): wood,
wood/ bamboo sawdust, wood/ bamboo chips…
Another classification associated with the object and using purpose as follows:
 Pellets for small consumer market: All trees, except roots; trunk; wood residue without chemical
treatment (industrial wood residue);
 Pellets for middle market with larger capacity range: All trees and roots, forest residue, barks, wood
residue without chemical treatment (industrial wood residue);
 Other pellets for electricity production or agricultural materials factories: Roots; mixed woods from
gardens and landscape conservation activities, chemical-treated wood residue (wood fibers and
components), herbaceous biomass, biomass from fruits
3. Technical characteristics of biomass pellets
According to European standard (DIN 51731 or Ö-Norm M-7135), biomass pellets have a moisture content
less than 10%, their density has high equality.
The weight of a single pellet is larger than 1 ton/ m3 so it can be sunken in water. Gross weight is about
0,6-0,7 ton/m3. Biomass pellet must have high hardness and low dust, ash content. Size: Cylinder,
diameter: from 6 to 12mm, length: often from 5 to 40mm.
Basic chemicals: Cellulose including 48% C, 52% O, 6% H; Lignin even including 64%C, 30%O, 6%H. Due
to their inhomogeneous nature, there is not enough information about chemical composition of
hemicellulose. Unequal molecular components of raw materials affect the overall carbon content, as well
as its energy content.
Table 12: Tablets in comparison with other fuels (CCS 2016)
Fuels Price (VND/kg) Energy value (kCal/kg) Energy price (VND/1000 kCal)
1 Coal 2.000-6.000 5.000-7.000 400-1.000
2 CNG, LPG 25.000 12.000 2.083
3 FO or DO 17.000 9.800 1.730
4 Electricity 1500 VND/kWh 860kCal/kWh 1.740
5 Pellets 2.200-2.600 4500 480-580

4. Several popular pellets
Bảng 13: Tổng hợp khả năng tỏa nhiệt của các loại nhiên liệu (Công ty Ngôi sao Vàng)
Giá K.năng tỏa nhiệt Hiệu suất Tiêu thụ nhiên liệu Chi phí hơi nước
Baht/kg USD/kg
(****)
Kcal/kg % (**) Kg/tấn hơi nước
(**)
USD/tấn
(Baht/lit)
Diesel 37,78 0,988 **10.200 87 62 61,3
(**27,54)
BanberC 14,80 0,542 **9.900 85 64 34,7
(**14,50)
LPG **16,81 0,439 **11.900 92 53 23,3
NG **8,5 0,222 **7.000 92 68 15,0
Sawdust ***1,6 0,042 ***3.800 75 189 7,9
Scantling ***1,2 0,031 ***2.800 70 275 8,5
Husk ***1,4 0,036 ***4.005 75 211 7,6
Palm bark ***2,1 0,055 ***4.700 70 164 9,0
Coal(indo) ***2,9 0,076 ***5.500 80 123 9,3
Rubbish pellets (Refuse-derived fuel, RDF): Rubbish is raw material that derives from organic substance
of life and production. That population is increasing while the amount of rubbish sources is increasing poses
a challenge to proper disposal methods. The vast majority of rubbish today is still disposed or burned.
Obviously, disposal is a short-term method and causes land resource consumption and also pollution.
Waste incineration in traditional method not only releases toxic gas, which is difficult to recover efficiently,
but also causes loss of energy. RDF (Refuse-derived fuel) is solid product by crushing, mixing, pressing,
shaping dry flammable ingredients of solid waste. Finished product RDF is generally uniform with high net
weight and higher energy density than that of many inputs, used as solid fuel. It is inevitable that burning
RDF causes harmful compositions to spread or produces soot, dust and toxic gas during combustion. But
RDF is used as gasification ‘s input material to generate syngas. Gasification transforms organic materials
in RDF into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and hydrocarbon. Other components will be separated during gas
washing or discharged in the form of ash, slag that can’t be gasified. Product that syngas produces from
RDF is no different than a gas mixture which can be completely burnt, clean, without dust and heat transfer
surface’s dirty components.
5. Technology of producing biomass tablets
That it depends on manufacturing plant of wood pellets with input materials as sawdust, shavings or wood…
decides manufacturing process to be fully-stepped or only partially-stepped. Initially, wood is imported to
factory and chopped into sawdust by knife and hammer of hash. Next, sawdust is dried to the humidity of
15-18%...... Dry and wet sawdust are mixed with each other depending on the experience of machine
operator technician, then put in tablets compressor. Wood pellets when scarcely coming out of tablets
compressor are so hot (up to 100 degree Celsius), undergoing cooling process to be steady, sturdy and
have a certain aesthetic gloss. Then, finished wood pellets are sifted to eliminate crushed or too small ones.
The poor-quality ones are returned to the step of mixing to squeeze next time. The pellets’ manufacturing
steps include Peeling bark (for timber plants) -> Cutting, grinding -> Transporting and storing wet
materials -> Drying -> Storing dry materials -> Compressing materials into pellets -> Storing and
loading pellets -> Packing.
Arbor and arbor processing: Residue from sawmills, wood processing factories is very suitable to create
biomass pellets but does not meet all rapidly increasing requirements. Therefore, arbor is used as
manufacturing biomass tablets raw materials, especially short, small industrial wood is commonly used. The
sawmills provide sawdust, useful waste products when improving raw materials as waste products are in
underwriting. On the other hands, the factories of pellets must consider contingency plans when in
manufacturing process at peak times, timeout… to minimize bottlenecks and ensure stable inputs.

Diagram 2: Raw material treatment flow of pellets production (CCS 2016)
Wood fragmentation: After being peeled, arbor is shredded by cutting machine. There are 3 types of
commonly used cutting machine : plate, drum and screw types. Among 3 of them, drum mower is used most
popularly in biomass pellets’manufacturing engineering as the quality of cuttings does not have to meet as
many requirements as pottery making. It not only completely cuts the stem but also processes small timbers
and wood chips. Furthermore, it is easy to change tools and has simple operation without requirement of
large area.
Figure1: Drum wood cutting machine (CCS 2016) Figure 2: Plate wood cutting machine (CCS 2016)
Figure 3: Screw types wood cutting machine (CCS 2016)
Storage of wet raw materials: The process of producing biomass pellets at industrial scale consists of
production methods dependent on continuous fuel supply. To avoid a shortage of partial supply, factories
are recommended to reserve enough raw materials for 5 working days. In reality, storage capacity is directly
proportional to economic advantages. The worst case is that the factory has to break down due to the lack
of materials. To store materials, some following ways can be used : roof open/roofless container yard,
warehouse, silo or other similar ways.
Wet materials transport system: It is responsible for transporting the materials flow throughout
manufacturing process. There are a lot of different approaches to transport materials.

Figure 4: Truyền tải rung (CCS 2016)
Figure 5: Gầu tải
(CCS 2016)
Drying: Drying plays a very
important part in the process of
producing biomass pellets, but is
the most ostly. Design for drying
depends much on heat source
that will be used. Two types of
systems which are used the most
in generating pellets are drying
conveyor belt and drying drum. Diagram 3: Drying system with screw conveyors and material recovery
(CCS 2016)
Figure 6: Silo include
dry raw material
Figure 7: Screw feeder transport raw
material into the silo
Conveyor drying is widely used
when drying agricultural products,
suitable when heat has low energy
indensity. The rate of 90/700C
between heat entering a section
and heat coming out of heat
exchanger in drying system is
reasonable.
.
Its principle of operation is similar to the other air drying systems : The air is drawn in the heat exchanger,
which is heated up to about 900-1100 degree Celsius. This hot air is very dry, hence, it absorbs a lot of
moisture of the raw material, then release them. Drum drying is also commonly used, the most important
feature of it is its equal drying quality. Because the materials are turned with proportional frequency so as
to make drying air to get access to materials’surface that needs to be dried. Entering temperature of the
drying drum is higher than that of drying conveyor.
Storage of dry raw materials: Dry materials silo is built of cement with doors, windows, holes, hollows
under technical standards of equipment.
Technology of compressing tablets: Dry material from warehouse is transported to production area.
Bucket conveyor takes responsibility of elevating material to a certain height. Then the material is carried
through metal separator to protect equipment of the next operation such as hammer, ignition prevention.
Next, the materials go through a hopper to be put in the hammer.
On its way, they are passed through air sifter to eliminate heavy pieces, possibly stone, to absolutely discard
the possibility of ignition when metal hammer crushed stone. After being put in the air sifter, the materials
are fed into the hammer. In this stage, they are crushed into small pieces.

These pieces are conveyed into the mixer by a
screw. Here, one will mix them with binder and water
(water should be heated before the mixture)
In the last mixing, materials continue to fall into the
screw, feeding for pellets compression. Pellets are
compressed by pressure through the gap between
static and moving propellers. After being pressed,
they have been shaped and have a particular
hardness. They also have a certain length because
of being broken themselves or cut at last step. This
process just has limits of accuracy.
Subsequently, tablets fall, cooled by backward
blowing air to the temperature greater than ambient
temperature about 50 degree Celsius. When cooled,
they get more rigid and stable.
Bolter is set to classify 3 main types of tablets. Those
which are too long at the top will be « broken » by
appropriate equipment ; those which meet the
standard lies in the middle, and some fine, broken
pellets will fall to the bottom tray. People will
transport those eligible pellets to finished
products’packing stage. Those which are fine and
broken will be conveyed back to the silo to prepare
for the next production. Silo is usually made of metal
sheet, under which there is a feed chute when in
need.
Wood pellets’ production needs to use compressors
and pelletizers. Diagram 4: Tablet production flow (CCS 2016)
There are 2 types of compressors: ring-die and flat-die. Compressors with vertical rollers are used by most
plants; sawdust or wood bran, shredded wood pulp is pressed into holes on a loop; mortar turns around and
squeezes it, then extrudes it out of the mold outside the loop. Compressors with horizontal rollers have
mortar rolling on a flat surface of the mold, extruding wood downward through the mold holes. Pressing
creates pretty high temperature, up to 100 degree Celsius due to friction, making a part of lignin in the wood
flow out, combining small wood pieces into wood pellets.
Figure 8: Structure of ring-die tablet press machine Figure 9: Structure of flat-die tablet press machine

Figure 10: Packaging in jumbo
bag
Figure 11: Packaging in
bag
Packaging: Sawdust pellets finished
product after cooling process will be put
into the hopper of packaging machine and
then sealed with PP, PE through
automated weighing system to weigh 700-
800kg jumbo or on the request of
manufacturers or consumers.
6. Applied technology of compressed pellets
Direct combustion: It is used to replace fuels like coal, firewood in available applications including civil
and industrial ones. Its advantages are low cost and renewable raw materials that reduce carbon emission
while its weaknesses are low efficiency and emissions of toxic gas, soot carbon.
Biomass gasification: Similar to direct combustion, biomass gasification technology us also uses fuel
pellets as inputs. Up to now, in spite of not really popular, it has applied to both civil and industrial sectors.
For instance, high-efficiency public gasification stove developed by CCS in 2014. The advantages of this
technology compared to the direct combustion is its raising effeciency (67% versus 8%). Besides, this
technology also allows « burying » carbon as burning can generate biochar (the amount of biochar is about
20% of the initial total fuel burned)
7. Carbonization biomass
Carbonization biomass technology is burning biomass in an air- isolated environment so volatile
components of biomass material can be separated to produce biomass charcoal powder, wood plastic,
wood vinegar and gas. This process can be heated inside and outside the system. External heating process
is heating up materials inside carbonization chamber without air; the heat necessary for volatile component’s
decomposition is completely from other biomass fuels while internal heating will pump oxygen(air) to the
carbonization chamber to burn a part of biomass. Heat from combustion can cause 4 products mentioned
above, except fuels, internal carbonization may have a lower heat.
One of the urgent technical problems is developing carbonization brazier continuously on industrial scale
and technical standards. Carbonization system now does not meet the requirement of productivity,
conversion efficiency and design. Its continuous process and by-products needs to be progressed and
produced. Besides, making use of outputs of technical procedures such as gas, wood plastic, wood vinegar,
biomass charcoal can help optimizing carbonization. Vietnam has more research to improve the use of
biomass for the production of coal and coal’s application to biomass energy production technologies such
as PSA, monecular sieve…
B. Thermal technology
Thermal technology combines 2 types: Combustion technology and Biomass gasification technology.
Biomass combustion technology
Direct combustion of biomass for power generation technology is widely applied, the plant's capacity from
a few megawatts to be able to 100MW. 90% of world electricity generation from biomass combustion
technologies are applied. Electricity generation from biomass combustion technology includes the following
options:
Direct burning: The direct burning of biomass is to produce high-pressure steam and use steam to turn a
turbine and generate electricity. The performance of the process is from 23-25%.
Power plant technology to stop steam: In power plants using biomass fuel, biomass boilers using direct
combustion, generate steam to produce electricity through a steam turbine. Condensing technology is now

being widely used to generate electricity from biomass fuels. Power generation efficiency depends on the
size of the power plant. Scale suitable for plant's ability to provide biomass feedstock local (approximately
10 MW to 50 MW), power generation efficiency using condensing technology is between 18% and 33%,
slightly lower than with power plants using fossil fuels have similar sizes.
Biomass co-fired with coal: Combustion of biomass together with coal in the thermal power plant
technology is widely applied. Biomass can be directly mixed with 5-10% of coal directly burned in industrial
boilers without changing much about the technical infrastructure. Even after the last of the preliminary
processing of biomass, the proportion of biomass burned together with coal possibly up to 50-80%.
Co-fired technology includes 3 main parts:
Biomass co-fired with coal directly, this is a simple, the cheapest and
most commonly used techonology. Biomass can be crushed along with
coal, which is then put into the boiler. This technology is applied in the
case of biomass ratio of about 5% occupancy rate - 10% of energy, when
it is not necessary to adjust the mode of combustion power plants.
Indirect co-combustion technology is a less common, including a
further gas processing, converting solid biomass into a fuel gas and then
burned with coal in the same boiler. Although more expensive because
of more biomass gas equipment (parts Gasifier), this technology allows
a higher proportion of biomass resources and uses more diverse
biomass sources.
Parallel co-combustion technology: This technology requires a
separated biomass boiler, steam is then mixed with water vapor
produced in coal-fired boilers to run steam turbines. This method allows
high biomass ratio and commonly used in paper mills, pulp and industrial
establishments to make use of by-products from the production of paper.
The experience of many countries in the world have proven the most effective solutions for converting
biomass into electricity is co-combustion of biomass in coal-fired power plants. The co-combustion of
biomass also contributes to convert electricity with relatively high efficiency at coal-fired power plants (large
scale for coal thermal power plants of 300 MW power unit, effective crystal capacity of about 36-38% for
plants with a capacity of 600 MW units, refined performance should be around 38-40%). This solution helped
reduce carbon directly by reducing the volume of coal used in power plants.
In cases the proportion of biomass accounts for only 5-10%, it is not necessary to adjust the mode of
combustion power plants; in the case of raising the proportion of biomass, it is necessary to adjust the
working mode of the equipment in the power plant, as the crusher. Currently in the world there are about
230 factories which have implemented the 2 fuels cogeneration, including co-combustion of biomass fuel
with coal or gas fuel.
Burning biomass together with coal is widely used today, in North America and Europe, approximately
55GW power were produced by burning method together. In Europe, around 45GW produced from biomass
burning associated with the rate of 3% in the thermal power plant, the plant may even reach 95%.
Advantages attached biomass combustion technology for coal is a low investment cost, just to renovate a
few items related to the process of receiving and preparation ... biomass boiler equipment, turbine,
generator, treatment ... of fumes have not changed.
Many researchers around the world have concluded: the co-combustion of biomass is one of many
energy-saving technology with outstanding cost of possible solutions in recent decades. Co-combustion
is a proven technology; bring the following beneficial effects:

Additional energy-saving performance: The cogeneration project replaces a portion of the coa whichl is
not renewable fuels by renewable biomass fuel;
Additional economic performance: cost savings by replacing joint production of coal with biomass
materials are low cost. Typically, the cost of biomass fuel supply to the plant is at least 20% lower
compared to coal supply.
Biomass gasification process for electricity generation
Biomass gasification process is the process that converts biomass into gas materials and is used to operate
engines to either generate electricity or use gas materials for gas turbins. Electricity generation process is
the process with the efficiency of 30-35% which is higher than that of biomass combustion process. Biomass
gasification process is the technology that was commercialized. In 2010, there are 373MWth produced by
biomass gasification technology all over the world. There are additionally 2 projects with total set-up
capacities up to 29 MWth. Now biomass gasification technology is forward-order gasification, reserve-order
gasification, fluidizied gasification, flow gasification. Reserve-order gasification process can be applied to
supply up to 40MWth, forward-order gasification can be applied within 1MWth.
Because almost thermoelectric factories in Vietnam use flour spray technology, parallel biomass
combustion with coals needs some surveys about technical problems: The difference between 2 materials’
density and HGI figure will draw to the change of materials preparation system as: grinding, drying and
spraying…; The difference in ignition temperature and speed of combustion of coal and biomass and
different calorific values between biomass and coal will create changes in oven temperature and affect
steam generator performance; Effect of alkali metal content and alkaline earth on ashes’ soft flowing
temperature and affecting the surface heat exchangers and corrosion system; control emissions during
parallel combustion of biomass ; Applications of ash after parallel burning coal and biomass.
The investment cost for burning biomass together with coal depends on technologies applied as combustion
directly, combustion in parallel or gasification combustion of biomass. The investment cost for the direct
burning of biomass together with coal has the lowest investment costs and range from 140-850USD / kW
(IRENA, 2012). This cost is much lower than the cost of the construction of biomass power factorys in need
of investing more than just raw material preparation materials and burners. Operating costs ranging around
2.5-3.5% over the cost of investment and approximately cost of coal power factories. Therefore, now
paralell combustion technology is applied mainly in almost countries. About 230 power factorys burning
biomass together with coal for power generation capacity from biomass from 50-700MW.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Productioncost(VND/Kwe)
Biomass cost (VND/kg)
Figure 12: Fluctuation of material prices affect the
price of electricity
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Cashew nut shellSaw dust
Biomasscost(VND/10.000Kcal)
Rice husk
Figure 13 : Compare prices biomass and coal fuel
One feature of biomass is seasonal so prices change seasonally and depends on supply and demand on
the market. With demand of biomass for 5% combustion power generation for thermal power factorys is
100MW, biomass needs to 150-200 tonnes / day. Prices are competitive biomass at low level, but at high
level price of biomass is similar or higher than the cost of 5B coals. It means that the use of biomass for
Coal grade 5B Hon GaiBiomass FIT Thailand
FIT of QĐ 942-BCT

fired coal is not economically attractive. Besides, biomass supply is not stable, technical problems are
unresolved, coal prices remain low and electricity price does not include the cost of CO2 emissions and
social costs, the opportunity to apply attached biomass combustion for power generation faces many
difficulties.
C. Gasification technology
Overview of gasification
Similar to coals, biomass is a cumbrous material because it is solid. By converting biomass into a gaseous
form, it can be utilized in a variety of devices of different energy. For example, gas derived from biomass
can be burned for heating or cooking, converted to electrical or mechanical processes (through a secondary
conversion device such as a combustion engine), or used as a synthesis gas for the production of high
quality fuels or chemical products such as hydrogen or methanol. Gasification works by heating biomass in
an environment where solid biomass decomposes to form a combustible gas. The biogas can be cleaned
and filtered to remove the hazardous chemical compounds.
Electricity production from biomass gasification using gas fuels from biomass materials after cleaning.
Burning fuels are used to run the engine or turbine to generate electricity. Gasification technology using
biomass fuel with air and steam is the agent to generate fuel gas heat through chemical processes in high
temperature conditions. The fuel gas which is created containing CO and H2 is called biomass fuels.
Biomass fuels from gasification furnace contains certain impurities such as tar, ash, alkali, while tar will
affect the normal operation of the electricity generation if not cleaned properly. The key techniques in energy
production from gasification and gas cleaning process is low cost and processes of electricity generation.
Two of the popular technique of gasification of biomass is gasified fluidized bed and fixed floor.
One of the major technical hurdles of the fluidized bed gasification is to removal tar in fuels. Due to the high
oxygen content in the fuel gas from the fluidized bed gasification, tar recovery techniques charged can not
be used to remove tar, high component of tar in fuel materials make tar s still inside xi cylinder engine, and
engine operation is unstable. According to current research and development, focusing on clean fuels in
fluidized bed gasification process so as to resolve weekness and widely applied.
In gasification technology directly from the heat, there are many facilities and structures with different input
to make variables solid organic material into fuel gas (syngas). Basically, it is common to divide the
traditional device-based gasification of solid material path and the path of the airflow. The gasifier traditional
fixed floor including syngas stream upward (updraft kiln), syngas stream goes down (downdraft stove), and
passing syngas stream (furnace crossdraft).
Figure 30: Common gas stoves (HCM HUST, VNU 2016)

Diagram 5: System diagram pilot biomass gasification steam at Biology energy laboratory
(HCM HUST,VNU 2016)4
Strength and weekness of gasification equipments
Table 14: Strength and weekness of gasification equipments ( HCM HUST, VNU - 2016)
Strength Weekness
Updraft Operating at normal pressure
Good separation efficiency
The amount of water in the syngas nose and big
coal
There must be a long boot time
Difficult decomposition reaction to the large-sized
compound
Downdraft Easy control material loaders
Less coal, less smell of coal and
water in the syngas
High equipment
Not applicable for small size materials
Crossdraft Equipment Low
High productivity
Ease of process control operations
Large amount of slag generated
High working pressure
Outstanding strength of gasification technology when applied to solid fuels
With solid fuel renewable origin described above, the method is considered gasification combustion
technology "smart", brings the superior performance compared to traditional combustion.
Table 15: Comparing direct and indirect solid burning fuel / material by means of gasification
Traditional combustion Gasification combustion
Gasification
combustion
outperform
traditional
combustion
Moderate flame temperature
Exhaust fumes containing toxic gases
The effluent contains more dust, silica
and carbon black clinging heat transfer
surfaces significantly reduce
performance over time.
Ability to maintain stable combustion
requires fuel moisture must be low.
The temperature of the syngas can fire
up to thousands of degrees Celsius to
heat transfer efficiency greatly.
Emissions are clean, safe environment.
Dirt from the insignificant.
In theory, the humidity of materials
gasifier can be up to tens% are still
conducting
Weakness of
gasification
combustion
Depending on the applications that need
pretreatment system syngas
In the solid fuel renewable origin can be applied using gasification technology, RDF waste is composed
diverse elements, not only C, H, O as in the theory of generalized ideal case ( see part II); for example
4
Thùng chứa vỏ trấu: Husk container | Thùng chứa than trấu: Husk charcoal container| Van xoay: Rotation van | Quạt
hút nhập liệu: Raw material exhaust fan | Thiết bị khí hóa: Gasifier | Buồng đốt khí : Gas combustion chamber | Lò hơi:
Boiler: | Cơ cấu đóng mở: Open and close structure | Quạt xả khí thải: Exhaust fan | Ống khói: Chimney | Động cơ:
Meadow | Nhiệt kế: Thermometer | Vỏ trấu: Husk | Khí: Gas | Hơi nước: Steam

sulfur in the rubber , or halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) can in some kinds of polymer; therefore RDF gasification
process can produce a quantity of toxic gases such as halogen (X2) or hydrogen halogenide (HX), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), carbonyl sulfide (COS), etc…
Therefore, RDF gasification requires preprocessing stages syngas to remove the toxic gases, as well as to
condense water separation, and cleaning air from dust and tar syngas.
Syngas cleaned air filter through dirt and acid gas impurities is not only used in the steam generator furnace
hot but also can be put on the internal combustion engine as a generator, directly generate useful energy
for the final applications and industrial life.
D. Biochemical technology
Research Ethanol production from corn stover
Table 16: Composition of the chemistry of
dried corn stalks (IAE 2016)
Subzero temperature 73,00
Cellulose 24,07
Hemicellulose 37,19
Lignin 7,82
Others 30,92
Total 100,00
According to research by the Institute of Agriculture and
Environmental Science Institute of Vietnam Agriculture and
the Institute of Biotechnology and Food - Hanoi University of
Technology tested on corn stover is collected from the Central
Seed, Fertilizer and Trees planted after harvest 2 days for
fermentation ACT VSV strains 01, 06, 17, 18.
Method of research: Method of measuring ethanol concentrations: Sample measured at the Institute of
Biotechnology and Food - Hanoi University of Technology. Analysis of physical and chemical components
of corn stalks after harvest.
Corn stalks after harvest are dried naturally light brown, odor. Corn stalks contain mostly hemicellulose
(37.19%) and 24.07% cellulose, the analysis shows that this is the potential of biomass materials for ethanol
production if the conditions for hydrolysis and fermentation are studied effectively.
a) Selection of microorganisms’ resolution Carbohydrate
Biology Department of the Environment - Environmental Institute of Agriculture provides actinomycetes
capable Carbohydrate metabolism that have a clear history and be identified to species, biological safety
when applied in real International production.
Table 17: The density of cells and bioactive CMC 4 species of VSV research (IAE 2016)
symbol Cell density (CFU/ml) Diameter of ring resolution CMC (D-d) mm
24 hours 48 hours 72 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
ACT 01 5,77. 107
6,20.108
4,14.108
25 31 33
ACT 06 2,47.106
7,31. 108
6,12. 108
28 33 40
ACT 17 2,18. 108
8,34.108
5,22.108
26 30 35
ACT 18 1,87. 106
3,56.108
2,34.108
26 32 37
The rating bioactive resolution CMC and growth capacity and the development of microorganisms (VSV) in
the environment can translate from 0 hours to 72 hours of culture shows, the 4 strains of microorganism
used in research are achieved high density at 48 hours; however, ACT 06 strains has higher biological
activity than the remaining 3 strains 01 ACT, ACT 17 and ACT 18. Based on these results, ACT 06 strains
were further used for the purpose of biological agents of transformation Carbohydrate.
ACT 06 is designated as Streptomyces thermocoprophilus, when cultured on agar plate (A1) for colonies
with opaque white, wrinkled surface, smell him, colonies engrained plaster surface, after 3 days of culture
colony diameters from 1.5 - 2,3mm. When cultured on a shaker at a temperature 37¬oC speed of 150 rev /
min in the humoral environment can form small particles, when staticly cultured, create scum on humoral
environment.

b) Selection of strain for fermentation
Microorganism strains used in the fermentation of ethanol used in the study were selected as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains SA.03 currently kept at the Department of Environmental Biology -
Institute of Agricultural Environment.
Evaluating the possibility of alcoholic fermentation by qualitative assessments through the creation of CO2:
pipes are to reverse Durham tube fermentation broth to be humoral fermentation. After disinfection of all
types of gas in the tube, sealed tubes submerged environment. After transplanting yeast, CO2 generated
environmental pushed out of the tube. Ampoules of CO2 will rise. Pipes emerged as much more of CO2
produced.
The study result showed that, Durham tube in fermentation environment using SA.03 pushed up most used
to prove in the SA.03 used tube generates most CO2 than 2 strains SA.01 and SA.02. Thus, SA.03 yeast
strains is capable of high fermentation and is used in the fermentation process.
c) To compound carbohydrates in corn stover into simple sugar
Table 14: Percentage by weight of the major components of raw materials (IAE 2016)
Components Percentage by weight (%)
Raw
materials
Pretreatment (H2SO4
0,5%, 1210C, 1h)
Hydrolysis by acid
(H2SO4 2%, 1210C, 1h)
Hydrolysis microorganism,
3% ACT06, after 3 days
1 Cellulose 24, 07 37,67 39,83 18,80
2 Hemicellulose 37,19 22,90 9,52 24,01
3 Lignin 7,82 6,77 8,58 8,22
4 Khác 30,92 32,66 42,07 49,33
Total 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00
Compare with acid hydrolysis methods and hydrolysis by microoganism by analyzing levels of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin shows the ratio% cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other compounds in the raw
materials have changed from baseline after when preliminary treatment. The analytical results also showed
that after hydrolysis with acid H2SO4 2% and services 06 ACT SK strain, composition of raw materials
continue to change. However, there are differences: In formula H2SO4 acid hydrolysis by 2% rate%,
hemicellulose decreased markedly while hydrolyzed formula with microoganism rate% cellulose slumped
over with hemicellulose.
Table 19: Percentage metabolism of microorganisms and inorganic acids (IAE 2016)
Compounds Raw materials (g) After hydrolysis process (g) % metabolism of
Hydrolysis by
microoganism
Hydrolysis by
inorganic acids
By
microoganism
By inorganic
acids
Microogan
ism
Inorganic
acids
Cellulose 18,84 18,84 6,98 14,26 63,0 24,3
Hemicellulose 11,45 11,45 8,91 3,41 22,2 70,2
Lignin 3,39 3,39 3,05 3,07 10,0 9,4
Others 16,32 16,32 14,60 15,06 10,5 7,7
Total 50,00 50,00 37,12 35,80 25,76 28,4
d) The efficiency of fermentation
To study and evaluate the ability of fermentation humor of the strains for services SA.03 fermentations,
subjects were arranged experiments with 5 recipes fermented during 5 days, at a temperature of 300C, pH
= 5.5 fluid volume is 1-liter fermentation supplemented with 10% biomass SA.03:
LM1: Fermentation humor is filtrate obtained by the pretreatment with 0.5% H2SO4 at 1210C for 1 hour.
LM2: Fermentation humor is by acid hydrolysis with 2% H2SO4 acid, at 1210C for 1 hour;
LM3: Fermented mixture humor of the filtrate obtained by the pretreatment with 0.5% H2SO4 at 1210C for
1 hour and by acid hydrolysis with 2% H2SO4 acid, at 1210C for 1 hour;
LM4: Fermented humor is the mixture of the filtrate obtained by the pretreatment with 0.5% H2SO4 at
1210C for 1 hour and hydrolysis by microoganism obtained after hydrolysis by adding 3 ACT 06% shake
humor for 3 days.
LM5: Fermentation humor, the homor is hydrolysised by microoganism is obtained after hydrolysis by
adding 3% 06 ACT shake humor, for 3 days

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