The Report includes analysis and data from village survey, household survey, PRA tools & exercises, micro-planning, focus group discussions, community mobilization.

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Report on Action Research Segment (ARS)
The Study of Brahmanmara village in Balisankara Block of Sundargarh district in Odisha
22nd December, 2020 – 16th January, 2021
Submitted To: Prepared By:
Prof. Damodar Jena
Henna Ahuja (20201025)
Paulus Oreya (20201040)
Siddhanta Sarangi (20201065)

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Certificate
This is to certify that Henna Ahuja, Paulus Oreya, Siddhanta Sarangi students of KIIT School of
Rural Management, Bhubaneswar, has successfully completed their 25 days of “Rural
Internship Programme (Action Research Segment – ARS)” in SEWAK (Self Employed Workers’
Association Kendra), Sundargarh
Date: 10th February, 2021 Signature
Place: Sundargarh, Odisha (Name of the Principal)
(College Seal/Stamp)

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Declaration
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “The Study of Brahmanmara Village in
Balisankara Block of Sundargarh district” submitted to SEWAK is a record of the original work
done by us under the guidance of Prof. Damodar Jena (KIIT School of Rural Management) and
Mr. Pradeep Kumar Brahma (Secretary of SEWAK). The results embodied in this village report
have not been submitted to any other Organization or University.
Henna Ahuja
Paulus Oreya
Siddhanta Sarangi
Date: 10th February, 2021
Place: Sundargarh, Odisha Signature of Interns

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Acknowledgements
For the duration of this study we have been fortunate to receive support, encouragement and
advice from a number of people to whom I wish to express sincere gratitude. Firstly, and
foremost our Secretary Sir at SEWAK (Mr. Pradeep Kumar Brahma) who has provided constant
support, encouragement and gave inputs for our research segment throughout the study
period. Our heartiest thanks to all members of SEWAK and Chairman Sir (Mr. Amiya Kanta Naik
for their throughout support during our field study segment. We are grateful to SEWAK for
giving us an opportunity to do a study on “Brahmanmara village study” for giving us necessary
support.
Thanks to all the members who gave their valuable inputs. We would also like to thank
Harapriya Ma’am, Snehalata Ma’am, Anita Bagh Ma’am who have immensely helped us during
this internship programme.
We would also like to acknowledge the many nameless participants who provided the primary
and secondary data which provided us valuable inputs in our internship programme. Finally, I
would like to thank to our families and KIIT School of Rural Management for their
encouragement, love and support throughout this internship.

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Table of Contents
Certificate 1
Declaration 2
Acknowledgements 3
List of Tables 6
List of Figures 6
Abstract 7
List of Abbreviation 8
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 About Rural Internship
1.3 About Host Organisation (SEWAK)
1.4 Objectives of the study
1.5 Methodology
1.6 Collection of Data
1.7 Sample Design
1.8 Tools
9 – 11
Chapter 2 – Village Component
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Geographical location
2.3 Demographic Details
2.4 Village Economy
2.5 Infrastructure
2.6 Education
2.7 Health
2.8 Governance
2.9 PRA Activities for Data Collection
 Transact Walk
 Social Map
 Resource Map
 Forest Map
 Historical Timeline
 Venn Diagram
 Activity Clock of Men & Women
 Seasonality Analysis
12-24

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Chapter 3 – Data Analysis
3.1 Sample Composition
3.2 Income Details
3.3 Expenditure Details
3.4 Age & Gender Distribution
3.5 Primary Occupation & Primary Source of Income
3.6 Sanitation & Medical expenditure in last one year
3.7 Reasons for Open Defecation
25-28
Chapter 4 – Organisation Component
4.1 Maa Gruha
4.2 Millet Food Festival
4.3 Odisha Forestry Sector Development Project (OFSDP)
29-38
Chapter 5 – NSS Activity
5.1 Distribution of masks to Households during survey
5.2 Coronavirus prevention awareness programme
5.3 Distribution of masks in Anganwadi to women and children during Bhaat Khua
programme
5.4 Poster on Covid-19 prevention methods
39
Chapter 6 – Micro Plan of the village 40
Chapter 7 – Learnings from ARS 41
Reference 42
Annexure
 Photographs of Important Institutions the village is dependent on
43

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List of Tables
Table 1 Sources of Primary & Secondary Data
Table 2 Daily wage of men & women in agriculture, construction, MGNREGA
Table 3 Common Property Resources and its uses
Table 4 Activities carried out by OFSDP and Income generating activities encouraged by OFSDP
List of Figures
Figure 1 Objectives of ARS
Figure 2 Geographical location of Brahmanmara village
Figure 3 Transect walk of Brahmanmara village
Figure 4 Social Map of Brahmanmara village
Figure 5 Resource Map of Brahmanmara village
Figure 6 Forest Map
Figure 7 Historical timeline of VSS and Brahmanmara village
Figure 8 Venn diagram
Figure 9 Activity clock women in Brahmanmara village
Figure 10 Activity clock men in Brahmanmara village
Figure 11 Seasonality analysis Map
Figure 12 Percentage of Income in last one year
Figure 13 Percentage of Expenditure in last one year
Figure 14 Demographic details of the Respondents
Figure 15 Use of IHHL by HHs
Figure 16 Reasons for Open Defecation by HHs
Figure 17 Vision, Mission & Values of SEWAK
Figure 18 Different Programmes & Livelihood Interventions of SEWAK
Figure 19 Map of Odisha showing coverage of Odisha Millets Mission
Figure 20 Working Model of Odisha Millets Mission
Figure 21 Different dishes that can be prepared from Finger Millet or Mandia
Figure 22 Impact of Odisha Millets Mission

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Abstract
The aim of the study is to profile a village, which should be selected by our own. The objectives
of the study include the documentation of the selected village life and realities and the
livelihood systems, to study the economic condition of the village, to study the resource and
their distribution, to identify the strength and weaknesses of the village and villagers, to
understand and identify the key issues and problems of the village and arrive at the possible
best solutions by involving villagers.
The study is conducted in Brahmanmara village in Balisankara block of Tildega Gram Panchayat,
consisting 187 HHs. PRA tools like Social map, Resource map, Forest map, transect walk,
Timeline, Seasonality analysis, Venn diagram, Daily Activity Schedule were conducted. A
transect walk was done across the village. PRA Tools were made with the help of villagers and
gram volunteers, SEWAK coordinator. 60 Individual HHs survey was taken through simple
random sampling using social map (prepared by villagers). A micro plan has been prepared
based on problem prioritization and PRA tools. Data Analysis was done from the Sample
collected based on their demographic details and other dimensions of information provided in
the HH survey format.
As a part of the academics, the Action Research Segment has to be done in a village, with
certain requirements. The HH survey format is provided by our institution to collect the data.
The results of the analysis are inferred in the Chapter – 3 of this report. It is observed that the
village (Brahmanmara) faces severe problems such as lack of irrigation facility, improper access
to Transportation, poor Village Economy, Unawareness of modern farming technics etc. Our
study is based on the entire village but the data analysis is based on data collected from 60 HHs.

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List of Abbreviation
ARS: Action Research Segment
FPO: Farmer Producer Organisation
GP: Gram Panchayat
HH: House Hold
IHHL: Individual Household Latrine
SEWAK: Self Employed Workers’ Association Kendra
NTFP: Non-Timber Forest Product
OD: Open Defecation
PDS: Public Distribution System
PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
SC: Schedule Caste
SHG: Self Help Groups
ST: Schedule Tribes

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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Background
After completion of our theoretical part of the first semester during the course curriculum we
had been given the opportunity to apply the theory to practicality moreover understand the
basic difference between what we had learned and what we actually did. During the Rural
Internship Program, our learning was not confined to the school teachings rather we were also
provided with the opportunity of getting on hand experience with the rural immersion in the
field of which we have worked and dedicated our carrier to it. Considering the role of villages in
India and its development can be a major cause as to why villages of our country are still the
backbone of our nation as it provides, labour, land for cultivation which are used by the entire
nation, this Rural Internship Program has made us understand the rural dynamics.
1.2 Rural Internship
This program’s work directly addresses the problem of the division between theory and
practice by integrating the development of practice with the construction of research
knowledge in a cyclical process. The purpose of all action research is to impart social change,
with a specific action as the ultimate goal. Rural Internship Program provides the preliminary
exposer to us to the context of rural life and develops an understanding of the realities of the
rural people.
1.3 About Host Organisation (SEWAK)
SEWAK is a grass root level organization native to Sundargarh district. Compliments to the
dedicated workmanship of a team of pioneering young minds that inspired by a strong inner
impulsion to add to the assuagement for marginalized people in their own and neighboring
settlements brought this organization in to existence. It was registered in May, 1995 under the
Societies Registration Act, and continued with its Mission with renewed zeal and fervor.
Mission
To educate rural and tribal communities on rights, generate among them awareness on health
and environment, train them in entrepreneurial skill and encourage them to find sustainable
livelihood.

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Vision
To visualize a society in which people are self-reliant, possess equal right and opportunities and
take responsibilities for their action
Values
 Equity
 Accountability
 Transparency
 Non-Violence
1.4 Objective of the study
Figure 1: Objectives ofARS
1.5 Methodology
 The study is conducted in Brahmanmara village, Tildega Gram Panchayat, Balisankara
block, Sundargarh district of Odisha
 The village consists of 187 HHs
 PRA tools like Social Map, Resource Map, Activity Clock, Venn Diagram, Historical
Timeline and few others were conducted

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 A Transect Walk was done across the village
 PRA tools were made with the help of few villagers and coordinator of SEWAK
 60 HHs were taken for survey using simple random sampling method using Randomizer
 A micro plan has been prepared based on problems and some solutions as suggested by
villagers and coordinator of SEWAK
 Data analysis was done on the data collected from village and HH survey
1.6 Collection of Data
Table 1: Sources ofPrimary & Secondary data
1.7 Sample Design
1.8 Tools
After the data collection process was over, various statistical tools like Tabulation, Graphical,
Diagrammatic presentation will be used for presentation. Measures of Central Tendency i.e
averages like mean, median and mode will be used for comparison

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Chapter 2 - Village Component
2.1 Introduction
 Brahmanmara is a village in Balisankara block of Tildega Gram Panchayat in Sundargarh
district of Odisha.
 The first settlement in the village was established in 1888.
 This village is well known for organic farming.
 Lack of irrigation for farming is the major issue.
 People spend considerable amount on food as cultivation on large scale is mainly
rainfed and people buy vegetables in others months of the year.

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2.2 Geographical Location
Figure 2: Geographicallocation ofBrahmanmara village
2.3 Demographic Details
 No of Households: 187
 No of HH on the basis of Religion: Hindu – 187
 No of HH on the basis of social groups: SC – 6 ST – 112 Others – 69
 Total no of HH connected with electricity: 182 ( 5 HH do not have electricity )
 Total no of women headed HH: 4
2.4 Village Economy
 The economy of Brahmanmara village is centered on rainfed agriculture
 Paddy is the main crop grown in the area.
 The cultivation of paddy provides livelihood opportunities for those in the agricultural
sector.
 The methods used in cultivation are quite primitive and labor intensive, as much of the
agricultural work like planting and harvesting is done by hand.

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 The introduction of mechanization could improve productivity, but the cost of
purchasing such technology is beyond the reach of most farmers, and the technology
would end up displacing traditional agricultural workers, possibly resulting in out-
migration.
 The village produces simple commodity goods and does not have any facilities for
agricultural value-added production.
 Most of the villagers depend on NTFP and MGNREGA work as an income source other
than paddy cultivation during rainy season.
 There is no vibrant service sector within the village.
 The small shops in the village sell basic necessities, such as foodstuff, household
products, and consumer goods.
2.5 Infrastructure
 Walking through the village is an exciting experience because nothing is standardized
and there is no set structure.
 The winding pathways in the village are made of both brick, mud, and in some places
concrete.
 The physical widths of the pathways inside the village are good enough for passage of a
4-wheeler.
 In comparison to other villages distributed throughout the rural landscape of the region,
the physical infrastructure of Brahmanmara villageis not quite impressive and needs
more attention from the state government and district administration.

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 The availability of electrical power within the village to those able to afford the utility
signifies a remarkable achievement in infrastructure for electricity, also the water is
available for domestic use through hand-pumps at various places in the village.
 It seems that even though the local bureaucracy is quite responsive to the needs of the
village, the geographic condition and near to forest area makes development difficult as
the Elephant corridor passes just on the outskirts of the village.
 The condition of the road is very bad in some parts of the village. The bridge on one of
the ways to the village is broken and needs to be repaired as 4 wheeler vehicles cannot
go through that road.
2.6 Education
 Education was one of the major concerns of the villagers though the villagers are not
focusing on it but during our PRA exercise and communication with the village
education was a major problem they were not able to demand what they need.
 There are 2 teachers, their attendance is low.
 Students would come only for doubt solving as lectures were not conducted in physical
mode in school due to Covid-19 pandemic guidelines of the government.
2.7 Health
 The nearest possible health facility available was the nearby PHC.
 Even though the villagers reach the PHC the chances of getting a doctor even during day
time was difficult as there was lack of surveillance of doctors and staff in PHC as told to
us by coordinator of SEWAK
 The nearest hospital is in Tildega
2.8 Governance
 The governance structure of India has been democratized to the local level.
 The administration of villages is accomplished through a governance structure known as
the Panchayat Raj.
 By area this structure is composed of three-tiers: district, block, and village level. At
each of these levels, elected members help to develop and administer the rural areas.

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 Brahmanmara follows this democratic system and has an elected village Panchayat that
takes care of village administration, including making collective decisions and solve
disputes.
2.9 PRA Activities for Data Collection
 PRA is a process of involving local people in the analysis and interpretation of the local
situation.
 It is a set of informal techniques used by development practitioners in rural areas to
collect and analyze data.
 Participatory means that people are involved in the process i.e. a “bottom-up” approach
that requires good communication skills and attitude of project staff.
 Rural refers as the techniques can be used in any situation, urban or rural, with both
literate and illiterate people.
 Appraisal refers to finding out of information about problems, needs, and potential in a
village.
 It is the first stage in any village.

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Transect Walk
Figure 3: Transectwalk ofBrahmanmara village
Social Map

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Figure 4: SocialMapofBrahmanmara village
• Women who are part of SHG have to attend a minimum of 24 out of 48 meetings in a
year
• Women who are part of SHG are more aware of their household finances, government
schemes, village development
• Households whose women are part of the SHG have access to small loans from SHGs
(this has helped them during pandemic time)
• Total no of women headed HH: 4
• No of Households: 187
• No of HH on the basis of Religion: Hindu – 187
• No of HH on the basis of social groups: SC – 6 ST – 112 Others – 69
• Total no of HH connected with electricity: 182 (5 HH do not have electricity)

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Type of Work Daily wage of
Male
Daily wage of
Female
Construction Rs 200 Rs 200
Agriculture Rs 150 Rs 120
MGNREGA Rs 303.40 Rs 303.40
Table 2: Daily wage ofmale &femaleinconstruction, agriculture& MGNREGA
Resource Map
Figure 5: ResourceMapofBrahmanmara village

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Table 3: CommonProperty Resources & its uses

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Forest Map
Figure 6: ForestMap ofBrahmanmara
Historical Timeline
Figure 7: Historical Timeline ofVSS & Brahmanmara

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Venn Diagram
Figure 8: Venn Diagram

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Activity Clock of Women & Men
Figure 9: Activityclock ofWomenin Brahmanmara village
Figure 10: Activity clock ofMen inBrahmanmara village

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Seasonality Analysis
Figure 11: Seasonality Analysis Map

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Chapter 3 – Data Analysis
3.1 Sample Composition
60 HHs were selected out of 187 HHs for survey to collect data
3.2 Income details
Figure 12: Percentage ofIncomein last one year

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 Major source of income for the villagers is MGNREGA (65%) followed by farming (8%)
 Non-agri labour, agri-labour and collection of NTFP also contribute to the income source
of considerable amount of villagers
3.3 Expenditure details
Figure 13: Percentage ofExpenditureinlast oneyear
 It is observed that people spend more on Food (30) followed by Health (26%) and
Clothing (14%)
 Most of the villagers do not own a vehicle, so expenditure is least on Fuel (1%)
3.4 Age & Gender Distribution
It is observed that around 40% of the population consists of males in the age group of 18.1 to
60 years and 28% of population consists of females in the age group of 18.1 to 60 years

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3.5 Primary occupation of HH members
Around 50% of the villagers are engaged in cultivation as their primary occupation and 30% are
engaged in daily wage labour.
Figure 14: Demographic Details oftheRespondents
3.6 Sanitation & Medical Expenditure in last one year
Figure 15: MedicalExpenditurein lastoneyear byHHs

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Figure 15: UseofIHHLby HHs
3.7 Reasons for Open Defecation
Figure 16: Reasons for practice ofOpen Defecation byHHs

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Chapter 4 – Organisation Component
4.1 Details about Host Organisation
Figure 17: Vision, Mission &Values ofSEWAK

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Figure 18: Different Programmes & Livelihood Interventions ofSEWAK
4.2 MAA GRUHA – Special Initiative for promotion of InstitutionalDelivery in Inaccessible
Areas

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Introduction:
 World Health Organisation (WHO) revealed some startling facts about maternal deaths
in India.
 Their report revealed that every five minutes, at least one Indian woman dies during
pregnancy and child birth.
 This is attributed to absence of focus on emergency obstetric care, missing trained
midwives, lack of management capacity in health system and absence of comprehensive
maternal care services.
 Geographical barrier and lack of communication hinders transportation of expectant
mothers to hospital in the last stage of labour or in emergency.
 Suitable place and cost factors involved in staying outside before delivery is also not up
to their reach because of their poor economic status.
 So, in spite of various provisions given under “Janani Suraksha Yojana”
 To tackle these problems, “Maa Gruha” which is “Maternity Waiting Home” are
established especially for people living in most difficult pockets.
Objectives:
 Alternative support infrastructure – in order to address communication problems in
difficult and inaccessible pockets for ensuring institutional delivery.
 Increase Institutional delivery – in inaccessible and difficult pockets ultimately
minimizing maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity.
Maa Gruha:
 It is a temporary home for expectant mothers where they can wait for safe delivery
preferably 7 to 10 days before the delivery date given to them.
 On onset of labour, they are to be shifted to nearby health facility having facilities for
delivery.
 The Maa Gruha centre at Rourdega, Balisankara send the expectant mothers to
Subdega hospital and in case if the expectant mothers need special care or intensive
care due to complications then are sent to the Sundargarh hospital.
 The mothers in this facility at Rourdega are allowed to stay 15 days after delivery with
the new born as it is permitted in Maa Gruha centres in which funding is provided by
District Mineral Foundation.
 There are 12 beds available in two rooms at present at the Rourdega centre.

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Salient Features:
 Maa Gruha project is implemented through PPP model.
 Provision of one ANM-cum-Coordinator, three lady health assistant and one cook-cum-
attendant for each project.
 Accommodation facility for expectant mothers and her escort (one only).
 Provision of food, a meal plan for the week is prepared in advance.
 LHA (Leady Health Care Assistant) for attending to expectant mothers in shifts.
 Provision for shifting of expectant mothers from Maa Gruha centre to Hospital by
Ambulance (108).
 Provision of mosquito nets, bedsheets, pillows, purified drinking water, clean kitchen
and clean bathrooms.
 Free transportation facility for pregnant mothers
 Regular health check-up
 Health education
 Health check-ups at the centre – blood sugar testing, BP test
 Home visits
Targeted Beneficiary:
 Pregnant mothers those are from the sub centre with more than 20% of Home delivery
will be eligible for admission in the Maa Gruha. Such sub centres will be identified and
listed by DDM and will be submitted to CDMO through ADMO for final notification.
 The pregnant mother from notified villages those are inaccessible and no road
connectivity with the main road are also eligible to admission to Maa Gruha
 The facility will not be extended to any person other than from notified area.
Suggestions:
 If possible the expecting and new mothers should be given few seasonal fruits to
overcome any deficiencies and promote overall health.
 Mothers should be given some visual trainings on how to handle the labour pain and
delivery along with post-delivery care for mother and child.
 Home visits to mothers after they are discharged from the Maa Gruha centre should be
continued to at least 6 months for the mothers and children should be checked upto 2
to 3 years of age till the complete immunization is done.

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4.3 Millet Food Festival – Finger Millet
Odisha Millets Mission with Facilitating agency – Sewak in Balisankara Block of Sundargarh
Introduction of the Millet Food Festival at Balisankara Blockof Sundargarh:
 The Millet Food Festival for Finger Millet (Mandia) was held on 24th December, 2020
from 10.30 am in Balisankara block of Sundargarh district.
 It was organized by Sewak which is the facilitating agency of Odisha Millet Mission in the
Balisankara and Tangarpali blocks of Sundargarh.
Odisha Millets Mission:
 Odisha Millets Mission is a flagship programme of Department of Agriculture and
Farmer’s Empowerment, Government of Odisha.
 Special programme for promotion of Millets in Tribal Areas of Odisha (Odisha Millets
Mission) was launched by Govt of Odisha in 2017 to revive millets in farms and on
plates.
 This mission emerged as a consultation between Government, Academia (NCDS) and
Civil Society Organizations (RRA Networks, ASHA Network and local NGOs)
 It is first of its kind of agriculture programme with priority on increasing consumptions in
Odisha.
Figure 19: MapofOdisha showing coverageofOdisha Millets Mission

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Figure 20: Working Model ofOdisha Millets Mission
Major Objectives of Odisha Millets Mission:
 Promoting household level consumption
 Setting up Decentralized Processing Unit
 Improving Productivity of Millet Crops
 Promoting FPOs for marketing
 Inclusion of millets in ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) MDM (Mid-Day
Meal) scheme and PDS (Public Distribution Scheme)
Government of
Odisha
Watershed Support
Services and
Activities Network
Nabakrushna
Choudhury Centre for
Development Studies

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Finger Millet (Mandia) Recipes:
Various recipes can be made from finger millet (English) / Mandia (Odia) / Ragi (Telugu, Hindi) /
Nachni (Marathi)
Figure 21: Differentdishes thatcan beprepared fromFinger Millet orMandia

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Recipes at display in the Food Festival open for people to taste
 The Food Festival had 17 types of different dishes prepared from Finger Millet (Mandia)
 These recipes were prepared by women members of the SHGs of the block who were
trained on the importance of Mandia and on preparation of variety of recipes
 The cake cutting as a part of the inauguration was also prepared from Mandia and was
but and given to all the guests to taste
 The chief guest and other guests at the festival tasted all the recipes prepared by the
women of SHGs
 From the Festival at Balisankara Block, photos of some of the recipes that were put on
display for people to taste are below
Mandia Tikhri Mandia Dosa
Mandia Gaja Mandia Rasagolla Mandia Sev

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Advantages/Benefits of Mandia:
 It is riche in Calcium
 It is best for weight loss
 It is one of the best semi-solid foods that you can give your kid before you start feeding
him solid food. It is the best baby food in India to give strength to the baby
 It is a rich source of fiber and helps lower cholesterol level
 It is best for cooling the body and diabetes
 It is a rich source of carbohydrates
 It reverts skin ageing
 It helps to battle Anemia (Mandia is excellent source of iron)
 It relaxes the body
Figure 22: Impact ofOdisha Millets Mission

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4.4 Odisha Forestry Sector Development Project
Table 4: Activities carried outby OFSDP andIncomegenerating activities encouraged by OFSDP

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Chapter 5 – NSS Activity

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Chapter 6 – Micro Plan of the village

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Chapter 7 – Learnings fromARS

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References
 Anganwadi centre – Brahmanmara
 Primary school – Brahmanmara
 Block Development Office – Balisankara
 Gram Panchayat Office – Tildega
 VSS
 SHG
 SEWAK coordinator
 Village volunteer

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Annexure
Photographs of the visit to institutions the village depends on
Google Drive link where the photos of ARS are uploaded
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1xEBC9y2M6PKCxC_pUVjD6NLVAxehvb9b?usp=sharing