doc for mobile genartions

1. 1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINITION OF MOBILE PHONE
Mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can
make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a
telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching
systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone
network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and,
therefore, mobile telephones are called cellular telephones or cell phones, in North America.
In addition to telephony, 2000s-era mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as
text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared,
Bluetooth), business applications, video games, and digital photography. Mobile phones
offering only those capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones which offer
greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.
Fig.1.The mobile phones
1.2 WHAT IS 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
6g mobile technology in upcoming name in field of mobile communication
technologies, it is based on set of standards which enable devices to connect internet with
broadband wireless access. Complete information about this technology has not been
provided yet, but some sources think that this technology will also follow the path of previous
series. This technology can come as 6g mobile technology, 6g technology, 6g mobile, 6g
network or 6g wiki, as these are rising and important technologies.
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2. Fig.2 6Gmobile
Currently 3G and 4G are most popular around the world, as they are available
on almost every mobile device today and people are obsessed with internet speed that these
technologies provide. To enhance this experience now developers are considering 5g and 6g
broadband access technologies because they will deliver users more than their expectations.
Concepts and functions of 6g technology have been developed, and 5g is under development
phases. It is expected that 5g technology will be released soon, and it will be compatible with
new Smart phones and tablets.
1.3EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY IN MOBILES
1.3.1 Evolution of 0G
OG (Zero Generation) is also known as Mobile Radio Telephone system. As this
generation was invented prior to cellular system it was mentioned as pre cellular system. This
system was analog in nature i.e. analog signals were used as carriers. Generally Mobile Radio
Telephone system provides half duplex communications i.e. only one person will speak and
other should hear. Mobile Radio Telephone system (Zero generation) consists of various
technologies such as Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Mobile Telephone
System (MTS), MTD (Mobile telephony system D), OLT (Offentlig Landmobile Telefoni or
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3. Public Land Mobile Telephony), Push to Talk (PTT) and Improved Mobile Telephone
Service (IMTS).These mobile telephones were placed in vehicles (truck, cars etc). The mobile
telephone instrument had two main parts those were transceiver (transmitter – receiver) and
head (instrument which had display and dial keys). Transceiver (transmitter – receiver) was fixed
in the vehicle trunk; head was fixed near the driver seat and both head and transceiver were
connected to each other with wire. The device (telephone) would connect to local telephone
network only if it is in the range of 20 Kms. Each city had a central antenna tower with 25
channels. This means that mobile transceiver should have a powerful transmitter with a
transmitting range of 50-70 Kms. Only few people were able to use this device as only 25
channels were available. Roaming facility was not supported in this generation of analog cellular
Mobile Radio telephone system. Mobile Radio telephone system was a commercial service under
public switched telephone network with unique telephone numbers. Zero generation had seen
different variants of two way radio telephones. Large number of limitations in this generation led
to the advent of new generation.
Fig.3 mobile radio telephone
.
1.3.2 Evolution of 1G
The main technological development that distinguished the First Generation mobile
phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to
transfer calls from one site to the next as the user travelled between cells during a
conversation. The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generations) was
launched in Japan by NTT in 1979.
In 1984, Bell Labs developed modern commercial cellular technology, which employed
multiple, centrally controlled base stations (cell sites), each providing service to a small area
(a cell). The cell sites would be set up such that cells partially overlapped. In a cellular
system, a signal between a base station (cell site) and a terminal (phone) only need be strong
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4. enough to reach between the two, so the same channel can be used simultaneously for
separate conversations in different cells. As the system expanded and neared capacity, the
ability to reduce transmission power allowed new cells to be added, resulting in more, smaller
cells and thus more capacity.
These phones were the first mobile phones to be used, which was introduced in 1982 and
completed in early 1990. It was used for voice services and was based on technology called
as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). The AMPS system was frequency modulated
and used frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with a channel capacity of 30 KHz and
frequency band of 824-894MHz. Its basic features are:
• Speed-2.4 kbps
• Allows voice calls in 1 country
• Use analog signal.
• Poor voice quality
Poor battery life
• Large phone size
Limited capacity
• Poor handoff reliability
• Poor security
• Offered very low level of spectrum efficiency
It introduces mobile technologies such as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced
Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push
to Talk (PTT).It has low capacity, unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all
since voice calls were played back in radio towers, making these calls susceptible tounwanted
eavesdropping by third
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5. fig.4 1g mobiles
1.3.3 Evolution of 2G
2G refers to the second generation based on GSM and was emerged in late
1980s. It uses digital signals for voice transmission. Main focus of this technology was on
digital signals and provides services to deliver text and picture message at low speed (in
kbps). It use the bandwidth of 30 to 200KHz. Next to 2G, 2.5G system uses packet switched
and circuits witched domain and provide data rate up to 144 kbps. e.g. GPRS, CDMA and
EDGE. [5]. The main features of 2G and 2.5G are :
Second generation, 2G:
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems emerged, primarily
using the GSM standard. These 2G phone systems differed from the previous generation in
their use of digital transmission instead of analog transmission, and also by the introduction
of advanced and fast phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result
of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.
The second generation introduced a new variant to communication, as SMS text messaging
became possible, initially on GSM networks and eventually on all digital networks. Soon
SMS became the communication method of preference for the youth. Today in many
advanced markets the general public prefers sending text messages to placing voice calls.
Some benefits of 2G were Digital signals require consume less battery power, so it helps
mobile batteries to last long. Digital coding improves the voice clarity and reduces noise in
the line. Digital signals are considered environment friendly. Digital encryption has provided
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6. secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The use of 2G technology requires strong
digital signals to help mobile phones work properly.
• Data speed was up to 64kbps
• Use digital signals
• Enables services such as text messages, picture messages and
MMS(Multimedia message)
• Provides better quality and capacity
• Unable to handle complex data such as videos.
• Required strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no
network coverage in any specific area, digital signals would weak.
Fig 5: 2Gmobile
1.3.4 Evolution of 2.5G
technology is a cellular wireless technology developed in between its predecessor,
2G, and its successor, 3G. GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s.
It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access,
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as
email and World Wide Web access.
In the world of cell phones, 2.5G wireless technology is a stepping stone that bridged 2G
to 3G wireless technology. While 2G and 3G have been formally defined as wireless
standards, 2.5G has not been and was created only for the purposes of marketing.
As an interim step from 2G to 3G, 2.5G saw some of the advances inherent in 3G
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7. networks (including packet-switched systems). The evolution from 2G to 3G ushered in
faster and higher-capacity data transmission. Also known as second-and-a-half
generation cell phone technology
fig.6: 2,2.5G mobiles
1.3.5 Evolution of 3G
3G, standing for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile
telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade for 2G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for
faster internet speed. This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and
mobile telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the International
Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile
Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate
of at least 0.2 Mbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide
mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop
computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet
access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.
Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G,
indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services
advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards
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8. for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system
is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However,
many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical
requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also
provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smart phones and mobile modems
in laptop computers.
Fig 7: mobile development up to 3G
1.3.6 Evolution of 4G
4G stands for fourth generation mobile phone technology: a superfast, high capacity
network which makes doing things on your phone seem instant.
EE was the first UK network to offer 4G, and we're leading the way once again with 4G+.
That plus sign means even faster speeds, as 4G+ enabled phones can receive data from
multiple bands in the 4G spectrum. It's the equivalent of getting fiber broadband on your
mobile. So you can do more of what you love, even faster.
Our 4GEE Essential Plans and 4GEE Plans give you access to speeds of up to
60Mb/Second. Our fastest speeds are accessed with our 4GEE Max Plans, which give you
access to 4G+ and speeds of up to 90Mb/Second. Check out the table below to see how
speed improves the download time of a 5GB HD video.
Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies,
with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. It is
basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the
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9. 3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming
over end to end Internet Protocol. The first two commercially available technologies billed as
4G were the WiMAX standard and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by
TeliaSonera.
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of
circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of
voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over
internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.4G LTE data transfer speed can reach peak
download 100 Mbit/s, peak upload 50 Mbit/s, WiMAX offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s
downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink.
Fig 8. 4G mobile communication
1.3.7 Evolution of 5G
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems, abbreviated 5G,
are the proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-
Advanced standards, operating in the millimeter wave bands (28, 38, and 60 GHz).
9

10. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile
broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, more reliable, and massive machine
communications.5G research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G
equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of
things. There is currently no standard for 5G deployments.
In addition to providing simply faster speeds, they predict that 5G networks also will need to
meet new use cases, such as the Internet of Things (internet connected devices), as well as
broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in times of natural disaster. Carriers,
chipmakers, OEMS and OSATs, such as Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE) and
Amkor Technology, Inc., have been preparing for this next-generation (5G) wireless
standard, as mobile systems and base stations will require new and faster application
processors, basebands and RF devices.
Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G
standards are under consideration, those new capabilities have been grouped under the
current ITU-T 4G standards. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
approved the spectrum for 5G, including the 28 GHz, 37 GHz and 39 GHz bands, on 14 July
2016.
Fig 8.comparison between 4G and 5G
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11. Fig 9: Evolution of Different Generations
1.3.8 Evolution of 6G
The 6g technology haven't been fully revealed yet but the search phrases like what is 6g
mobile technology, 6g technology, 6g mobile, 6g network, 6g wiki, 6g technology ppt are
getting more familiar with new mobile technology getting evolved. The Google hot trends
has rated the term 6g as the 17th most searched word in the search engines.
Hope to give the latest news on 6g mobile technology and 6g networks. We guess 6g mobile
phones are not available.
Wireless technologies are at boom nowadays, as they help users to transfer information from
one point to another without any effort at part of users. These technologies are helping us in
shortening distances such as millions of kilometers are now shorten into few meters. When
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12. we put consideration towards wireless data communication then we come to know that how
essential is this for mobile computing. Different wireless technologies are already available
today to ease users like 2g, 3G, 4G and so on; these technologies differ from one to another
on basis of availability, range, performance and coverage etc.
6g mobile technology in upcoming name in field of mobile communication technologies, it is
based on set of standards which enable devices to connect internet with broadband wireless
access. Complete information about this technology has not been provided yet, but some
sources think that this technology will also follow the path of previous series. This
technology can come as 6g mobile technology, 6g technology, 6g mobile, 6g network or 6g
wiki, as these are rising and important technologies.
Currently 3G and 4G are most popular around the world, as they are available on almost
every mobile device today and people are obsessed with internet speed that these
technologies provide. To enhance this experience now developers are considering 5g and 6g
broadband access technologies because they will deliver users more than their expectations.
Concepts and functions of 6g technology have been developed, and 5g is under development
phases. It is expected that 5g technology will be released soon, and it will be compatible with
new Smart phones and tablets.
Many operator are making fake claims about these two rising technologies, they are
spreading that their Smartphone devices are equipped with this wireless mobile technology
before release of it. Readers must be aware of the fact that these claims are moving around
because of scam artists who want to increase sales of their devices, there is no fact or reality
related to these claims. Some sites are also clamming that Apple developers have offered this
technology with their new devices like Apple iPod nano/mini, but Apple manufacturers reject
this fact. Because of tough competition in mobile world, everyone wants to own rights of 6g
technology as soon as possible. They want to offer more to their customers to stay at number
one position in market, and receive targeted sales each year. To give more than expected to
their customers, they are also considered about giving new things before competitors. This
fact is making them more curious about arrival and working of 6g technology. After infrared,
Bluetooth and card slots, broadband internet access are outrageous technology which has just
changed internet experience for users.
12

13. According to Google search engine results, 6g technology is among top 17 most searched
keywords today. Everyone who heard once about it wants to know about its details from
some means. But unfortunately there is still nothing available from developers besides some
guesses and rough estimations. We all are still waiting to get some authentic information
about most heard rumor of the year. But when ever some authentic news comes along,
Wifinotes.com would be one the first platform to release notes on it.
Some common expectations from this rising and hot topic says that it will provide increased
data speed, it can be unto 1000 Megabits per second. Currently 4G technologies are offering
100 Mbps internet speed and it is also improving with time. With 6g devices are expected to
move up to 1GB or even more than that. This will also improve data and voice quality with
video calling and rich media. Addition to it is better security for data transmission and
wireless standards. This technology will break all previous records of technologies form these
series and will deliver more than expectations.
2G, 3G, 4G and 5G mobile technologies have evolved in the technology side of development.
The 6G mobile technology is the next generation wireless mobile resources and the 6g
technology will surely make a phenomenal changes in mobile technologies.
On the contrary, mobile manufacturers have reduced the mobile prices drastically such that
each and every single individual is owning a mobile and it also has become a necessity for
better and good communication. People earn money with these mobile technologies and this
isn't surprising. The how end and high end mobiles perform well which is needless to doubt.
6g mobile technology have become more familiar in most of the developed countries and in
the under developing countries. With the 3g becoming more and more familiar, the next level
technology 4g have evolved. Apple is going to the next levels which is the 5g and it also has
introduced ipods and other devices. They did not stop there, they took the next step and
forwarded for 6g technology and launched the iPod Nano 6G. iPod nano 6G is available in
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14. 8GB and 16GB versions and carries the price tag of $149 and $179 respectively.
Fig 10: 6G mobile
1.4 6G TECHNOLOGY
The importance of electronics in the modern world is hard to overstate, touching every aspect
of life. A good example is the telephone. For the first century of its existence, the telephone
was strictly a voice communication device. Today’s smart phone has a wide range of
functions that have nothing to do with voice, including email, web browsing and personal
entertainment. Tablets are another example. In just a few short years, they have become not
only highly popular consumer devices but productivity tools for enterprises, healthcare
institutions and governments, enhancing communications and providing a mobile
communications workplatform.
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15. Telecommunications offers a striking example of the rapidity of the electronics revolution.
The move from 1G to 4G took a full decade. The pace of new technologies is accelerating,
meaning that the time to 5G and 6G will be much shorter — it may be a little as three years
until 6G is a reality. Higher Speed, Lower Power, Smaller Packages — and Increasing
Demands on System Designers
What are the driving forces behind this revolution? One key factor is the continuing evolution
of the integrated circuit (IC) toward higher speeds and lower power consumption, providing
the ability to make products of all kinds smaller and more powerful. Today, ICs are the brains
of a wide range of consumer products, from personal computers and smart phones to
entertainment devices, automobiles and home appliances. They are at the core of industrial
products such as industrial machinery and equipment, medical devices, renewable energy
equipment, oil and gas exploration systems, digital homes, networking components, process
control equipment, aircraft,and construction equipment.
At the system level, designers are being asked to pack more and more capability into devices
and electronic systems with ever-decreasing dimensions. The designers of the today’s smart
phones have to introduce new products that are lighter and thinner — and more frequently
than before, on an annual basis. At the same time, the telecommunications equipment
industry must continue to make faster and faster networking devices to accommodate the
increasing traffic caused by these next generation smart devices. In such an environment,
every design decision, from the choice of components to the location of ports and switches,
affects every aspect of the product.
We can say that, present wireless technology (1G to 4G) is meeting all the requirements of
users. But present generation wants everything should be fast that’s why we are thinking
about broad and fast across all the boundary of requirement and efficiency. That’s why we
are thinking about next generation of wireless network 6G. 6G will fulfill most of the demand
of the present and next generation user.
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16. Fig 11: 6G with satellite network
1.5 FEATURES
 Data rate will be up to 10-11Gbps.
 Home automation and other related applications. Smart homes, cities and villages.
 Space technology, Defense applications will be modified with 6G networks.
 Home based ATM systems.
 Satellite to satellite communication for the development of mankind.
 Natural calamities will be controlled with 6G networks.
 Mind to mind communication may be possible.
 Frequency : 5.8 GHz
Bandwidth : 1 Gbps
 40 Mbps Connectivity Speed
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17.  Ultra Broadband Internet Service
 More Storage Capacity
 Circuit and Packet Switching
 Provide the 3D Internet concept
Fig 12:network communication
1.6TECHNOLOGY USED IN 6G
• Uses WCDMA Multiplexing(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
• UWB Radio Technology(Ultra Wide Band)
• LTE(Long Term Evolution)
• 3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project)
• E-UMTS(Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
• E-EDGE(Evolved Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
The 6G mobile technology is the next generation wireless mobile resources and the 6g
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18. technology will surely make a phenomenal changes in mobile technologies. The mobile
world is racing very fast that the mobile manufacturers on one side make new mobile
phones with latest technology which can be categorized into Camera Mobiles, Music
Mobiles, Office Mobiles, Touch Mobiles, Mp3 mobiles, Card slot mobiles, FM mobiles,
Bluetooth mobiles, GPS mobiles, Games mobiles, 3G mobiles, Wi-Fi mobiles, E-mail
mobiles, Qwerty mobiles, Smart phones, Business Mobiles and others.
Fig 13:latest technology in 6G
.
1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
• Protects your Mobile And Secure your Data
• Superfast Streaming without any buffering
• A Real Time Online Gaming Experience
• Massively reduced Lag while Gaming
• Record Calls and Forward to Email also Forward Calls to Other Numbers
• Intelligent Batteries
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19. • Improved Storage Capability
• High Mobile-TV Resolution
Disadvantages:
• High cost
• Research
• Infra structure
• Security issues
• Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.
• The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in future, it might
be) because of the incompetent 5G. Challenges
Fig 14. Latest Mobile phone
2.CONCLUSION
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20. wireless mobile communication generations. Edge will contribute to a bright future for
3G and onwards generations, a vision shared by major analyst and industry groups. Satellite
network will be used from 6G mobile communication systems and onwards. In 6G the cost of
mobile call will be relatively high but in 7G this problem will be improved and the cost of
call will be reduced and lower level user will benefit from it. Automobile and the television
changed our lives but EDGE will change our lives by providing 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G services
for the masses
Today mobile phones consist of everything ranging from the smallest size, largest
phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio player ,and camera and soon. Recently
with the development of internets and Bluetooth technology data sharing has become a child's
play. The 6th generation (6G) wireless mobile communication networks integrate satellites
for global coverage .It can be a combination of nano core and artificial intelligence, where all
the network operators will be connected to one single core. As in evolution and explosion,
many will become extinct but some will change the world. In 6G the cost of mobile call will
be relatively high but in 7G this problem will be improved and the cost of call will be reduced
and lower level user will be benefited
3.REFERENCES
• https://www.ijsr.net/conf/NCKITE2015/17.pdf
• https://www.slideshare.net/upadhyayniki/5gwirelesstechnology14669479
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com › 6g›6G Advantages & Disadvantages
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_technology
• https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/advantageanddisadvantagesmobileteoloy
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/universal_mobile
• http://iarcventure.com/publication/ijarse_vol1lss2/content_10.pdf
• www.universal_mobile_telecommunications_system.pdf
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