3. SHOCK
Shock is a syndrome that results
from a decrease in effective
circulating blood volume or fluid in
the body as a result of any injury
or illness.
4. CAUSES
• Severe or extension injuries
• Severe burns
• Severe pain ; heart attack
• Electric shock
5. CAUSES
• Loss of blood
• Exposure to extreme heat and cold
• Poison taken internally
• Bites or stinges of poisonous snakes and
insects
6. EFFECTS OF SHOCK
• Early loss of consciousness that mainly
involves the nervous system and that may be
fatal.
• Progressive loss of blood from active circulation
which may leading to failing heart output and
insufficient oxygen to that are vital for survival.
• Sustained lower blood pressure which may
lead to liver and kidney failure.
7. HYPOVOLEMIC
Due to decreased circulating blood volume in
relation to the total vascular capacity and
characterized by a reduction of diastolic filling
pressures.
8. CAUSES
• Hypovolemic shock results from significant
blood or fluid losses in our body. Blood loss
of this magnitude can occur because of:
• Bleeding from cuts or wounds
• Bleeding from blunt traumatic injuries due to
accidents or seizure activity
• Internal bleeding from the
gastrointestinal tract or ruptured ectopic
pregnancy
9. CAUSES
In addition to actual blood loss, the loss of body
fluids can cause a decrease in blood volume.
blood in your body to drop. This can occur in
cases of:
• Excessive diarrhea
• Severe burns
• Protracted and excessive vomiting
• Excessive sweating
12. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
Due to cardiac pump failure related to loss of
myocardial contractility myocardium or
structural failure of the cardiac anatomy and
characterized by elevations of diastolic filling
pressures and volumes.
13. CAUSES
• Cardiogenic shock occurs whenever the heart
is unable to pump as much blood as the body
needs.
• The most common causes are serious heart
complications. Many of these occur during or
after a heart attack(myocardial infarction).
14. CAUSES
These complications include:
• A large section of heart muscle that no longer
moves well or does not move at all
• Breaking open (rupture) of the
heart muscle due to damage from the heart
attack
• Dangerous heart rhythms, such as ventricular
tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation,
or supraventricular tachycardia
15. CAUSES
• Pressure on the heart due to a build up of fluid
around it (pericardial tamponade)
• Tear or rupture of the muscles or tendons that
support the heart valves, especially the mitral
valve
16. CAUSES
• Tear or rupture of the wall (septum) between
the left and right ventricles (lower heart
chambers)
• Very slow heart rhythm (bradycardia) or
problem with the electrical system of the
heart (heart block)
17. CLINICAL
MANISFESTATION
• Chest pain or pressure
• Coma
• Decreased urination
• Fast breathing
• Fast pulse
• Heavy sweating, moist skin
• Light headedness
18. CLINICAL
MANISFESTATION
• Loss of alertness and ability to concentrate
• Restlessness, agitation, confusion
• Shortness of breath
• Skin that feels cool to the touch
• Pale skin color or blotchy skin
• Weak (thready) pulse
• Dysarrythmia
19. CIRCULATORY SHOCK
It is an inadequate blood flow throughout the
body. In the absence of mechanisms that
function to maintain blood pressure within a
normal range of values, blood pressure
decreases dramatically.
20. CIRCULATORY SHOCK
As a consequence, tissues can suffer from
damage as a result of too little delivery of
oxygen to cells. Severe circulatory shock can
damage vital body tissues to the extent that
death of the individual occurs.
This is divided into three types:
31. FACTORS INFLUENCING
SHOCK
• PAIN:- It increase severity of shock
• PHYSICAL CONDITION:-People who are
starved or exposed to extremes of cold or heat
go into shock easily.
• FATIGUE:- It increase severity of shock.
• DISEASES:-People having chronic disease
develop shock easily.
42. NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
• INCREASE ENERGY REQIREMENT AND
THERFORE CALORIE REQUIREMENT.
• PARENTRAL OR ENTERAL NUTRITIONAL
SUPPORT SHOULD BE INITIATED AS SOON
AS POSSIBLE.
50. DO NOT
• APPLY HOT WATER BOTTLE
• MOVE THE CASUALITY UNNECESSARILY
.THIS WILL INCREASE THE SHOCK.
• LET THE CASUALITY SMOKE
• GIVE CASUALITY BY MOUTH
53. HAEMORRHAGE
BLEEDING TECHNICALLY KNOWN AS
HAEMORHAGING;IS THE LOSS OF BLOOD
ESCAPING FROM THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM. BLEEDING CAN OCCUR
INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY…….
59. EFFECT OF HEMORRHAGE
• LOSS OF RBC CAUSE LACK OF OXYGEN.
• A DECREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME CAUSE A
DECREASSE IN BP.
• THE HEART PUMPING RATE INCREASES
TO COMPENSATE FOR BLOOD PRESSURE.
• THE FORCE OF THE HEART BEAT IS
REDUCED SINCE THERE IS BLOOD TO
PUMP.
61. EXTERNAL BLEEDING
EXTERNAL BLEEDING CAN BE OCCUR
EITHER THROUGH A NATURAL OPENING
SUCH AS THE MOUTH , NOSE , EAR ,
URETHRA, VAGINA, OR ANUS THROUGH A
BREAK IN THE SKIN.
62.
63. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• THIRST
• BLURRING OF VISION
• FAINTING
• GIDDINESS
• PULSE BECOME FASTER BUT WEAKER
• RESTLESSNESS
64. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• BREATHING BECOME SHALLOW
• UNCONCIOUSNESS MAY OCCUR
• FACE AND LIPS BECOME PALE SKIN FEELS
COOL AND CALMMY
65.
66. INTERAL BLEEDING
• HISTORY OF SUFFICIENT INJURY TO
CAUSE INTERNAL BLEEDING.
• WOUNDS THAT HAVE PNETRATED SKULL ;
CHEST; ABDOMEN.
• PAIN AND TENDERNESS AROUND THE
AFFFECTED AREA; SWELLING AND
TENSION MAY BE FELT.
67. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• BLOOD MAY APPEAR FROM ONE BODY
ORIFICES NOSE; EAR; MOUTH; RECTUM
etc.
• FRACTURE OF LONG BONE (ARM AND
THIGH)
• BLOOD OUTSIDE THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM IS VERY IRRITATING TO TISSUE.
70. GENERAL TREATMENT
• LIE THE VICTIM ; FLEX THE LEGIN SEMI-
FLEXED POSITION:-
I. MAINTAIN AIRWAY
II.CONTROL THE BLEEDING
• PREVENT LLOSSS OF BODY HEAT
• VICTIM SHOULD BE AT REST
72. MINOR EXTERNAL INJURY
• WASH YOUR HAND BEFORE DEALING WITH
WOUND(IF POSSIBLE)
• IF IT IS DIRTY LIGHTLY RINSE IT WITH
RUNNING WATER IF AVAILABLE
• SECURE WITH STERILE DRESSING(IF
POSSIBLE)
• ELEVATE THE INJURED PART
73. MAJOR EXTERNAL
INJURY
• DO NOT WASTE TIME HUNTING FOR A
DRESSSING
• APPLY PRESSURE BY A CLEAN CLOTH
• ELEVATE THE PART
• ARTERIAL BLEEDING CAN BE
CONTROLLED BY THUMB OR FINGER
PRESSURE
74. INTERNAL BLEEDING
• KEEP CASUALITY DOWN WITH HEAD LOW
• IF INJURY ALLOW RAISE THE LEG TO AID
THE RETURN OF BLOOD FLOW TO VITAL
ORGAN
• LOOSEN ANY CONSTRICTION CLOTHING
AROUND NECK; CHEST; AND WAIST.
• MINIMISE SHOCK
75. INTERNAL BLEEDING
• CHECK FOR
a) BREATHING
b) PULSE
c) LEVEL OF RESPONSIVENESS AT 10
MINUTES INTERVAL
• KEEP CASUALITY COVER