Aramid fibres and water-soluble polymers

1. Aramid Fibers
&
Water soluble polymers
Hasan Jamal
111679

2. 1:Introduction of Aramid fibers:

3.  Meta aramid was first produced by DuPont in 1961
under the trade name of Nomex. This has similarity with
textile fibre, having excellent heat resistance.
 It was used extensively in the production of protecting
clothes , air filtration ,insulation ,substitute as asbestos.
 Meta aramid was also produced in Netherland, Japan,
Korea, China and France.
 Stephene Kwolek working at DuPont introduced first
para-aramid called Kevlar in 1973.
 Another almost similar fiber name Akzo was introduced
in 1978.
History

4.  Aramid are heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used
in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic rated body armor
,bicycle tires, and an asbestos substitute.
 Molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds, that transfer mechanical
stress very efficiently, making it possible to use chains of relatively
low molecular weight.
 The following characteristic distinguish them from other polymers:
High strength
Good resistance to abrasion
Good resistance to organic solvents
Non-conductive
No melting point
Low flammability
Good fabric integrity at elevated temperatures
Introduction

5.  In chemistry, "poly" really just means "many," so
polyamide means "many amide.
 The production of aramid fibers known under their
trademark names Kevlar® and Nomex®. These two
aramids are similar in basic structure.
 Kevlar® is a para-aramid.
 Nomex® is a meta-aramid.
 An aramid is a polyamide, where 85% of the amide bonds
are attached to aromatic rings.
Introduction

6. Types of Aramid polymer:

7. 1.1:Kevlar®

8.  Poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide was a
chemical name of Kevlar®, when it was developed.
Kevlar®

9.  The diameter of the filaments is about 10 µm. Melting point: none (does not
melt). Decomposition temperature: 500-550 °C. Decomposition temperature in
air: 427-482 °C (800-900 °F).
Golden yellow aramid fiber (Kevlar).

10. Structure
 Polymer owes its strength from many inter-chain
bonds.
 These inter-molecular hydrogen bonds form between
the carbonyl groups and NH centers.
 Additional strength is due to from aromatic stacking
interactions between adjacent strands.

11. Simplified diagram of molecular
sheet of Kevlar:

12.  It has remarkable strength.
 Is is stronger than fiber glass and five times stronger
than steel.
 All the Kevlar fibers show high tensile strength
and modulus. Kevlar 49 and Kevlar 149 even much
higher modulus.
 Benzene aromatic ring is the key structure of
Kevlar’s.
Characteristics & Properties

13. Properties of Commercial Aramid
Fibers:
Fiber type Density,
(g/cm3)
%Elongation Modulus,
Gpa
Tenacity
Kevlar 29 1.43 3.6 70 20-23
Kevlar 49 1.45 2.8 135 20-26
Kevlar 119 1.44 4.4 55 N/a
Kevlar 129 1.45 3.3 99 N/a
Kevlar 149 1.47 1.5 143 18

14.  High Tensile Strength at Low Weight.
 Low Elongation to Break.
 High Modulus (Structural Rigidity).
 Low Electrical Conductivity.
 High Chemical Resistance.
 Low Thermal Shrinkage.
 High Toughness (Work-To-Break).
 Excellent Dimensional Stability.
 High Cut Resistance.
 Flame Resistant, Self-Extinguishing.
General features of Kevlar:

15.  Para-phenylenediamine (PPD)
 Terephthaloyl chloride(TCD)
 p-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA)
 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)
Synthesis of Kevlar:

16. Synthesis of Kevlar:
 TCD and PPD are reacted in solution by the
condensation reaction.
 HCL is the byproduct.
 MNP and CaCl2 are used as solvent.

17. Synthesis of Kevlar:

18. Synthesis of Kevlar:

20. Types of Kevalar:

21.  Hoses
 Belts
 Used as reinforcement
material.
 Aircraft parts
 Ship hulls
 Reinforce tires
Applications:

22. Reinforcement material:

23.  For Armor applications:
Applications:

24. Applications:

25. Bullet Hit

26.  Personal protection:
Applications:

27.  Sports:
Applications:

28.  Music:
Applications:

29. Applications:

30. Applications:

31. Applications:

32. Future of Kevlar:

33. 1.2:Nomex®

34.  Discovered: 1958, by P.W. Morgan (Du
Pont).
 Commercialised: 1967, in fibre form, by Du
Pont.
 Nomex fiber is a member of aramid family
fibers, it is similar in appearance to Nylon.
 It has good textile properties, good
dimension stability and excellent heat
resistance.
Introduction

35.  It is also synthetic aromatic polyamide polymer.
 It offers high level of electrical, chemical and
mechanical integrity.
 Good resistance to organic solvents, (because of
crystallinity).
 Rated for continuous use in electrical
applications (several thousand hours) at 200
deg.C.
 It is attacked and hydrolysed by strong acids and
bases.
Introduction

36. Nomex camo Green

37. FIBER-LINE Nomex®

38.  Heat and Flame Resistant.
 High Ultraviolet Resistance.
 High Chemical Resistance.
 Low Thermal Shrinkage.
 Formable for Molded Parts.
 Low Elongation to Break.
 Low Electrical Conductivity.
Nomex general properties:

39. Difference between Nomex and
Kelver:

40.  chemical name of Nomex is poly (m-
phenylenediamine isophthalamide.
 Nomex is a meta-aramid polymer.
 The chemical bonds are zig-zag in
configuration, resulting in a lower tensile
and modulus fiber compared to Kevlar®.
Structure and characteristics:

42.  Nomex® is flexible and higher in
elongation, making it an ideal textile yarn
for fabrics.
Structure and characteristics:

43. Synthesis of Nomex:

44.  Aromatic rings are
parallel but not coplanar.
 Both acid- and amine
derived rings are tilted
some 30 degrees from the
plane of the amide group.
 Networks of H-bonds link
molecules in both the a
and b directions
(perpendicular to the
chain axes).
Crystal and molecular structure

45.  Multi-climate protection ( Rain, Snow, Fire)
 Flame resistant up to 200 C.
 Fibers are practical and colorful.
 High mechanical strength and light weight honeycomb
sandwich composites structure, which are cost
effective.
 The flammability characteristic of woven fiber of
nomex do not change with laundering.
 It exhibits a higher resistance to beta and gamma
radiation, to x-rays, and to water or steam at high
temperature.
Reasons to choose Nomex

46.  There are three kinds of Nomex:
 It's either used by itself (as 100 percent
Nomex).
 It is blended with up to 60 % Kevlar.
 It is blended with with Kevlar and some
anti-static fibres ,it's known as Nomex III.
Types of Nomex:

47.  When exposed to extreme heat, Nomex®
undergoes a special reaction, changing its
properties to capture more energy in the fabric
and give the wearer valuable extra seconds of
protection from heat transfer.
Nomex heat resistant:

48. Nomex® as firefighters world-
wide.

49. Fiber Performance

50.  Nomex® is an inherently flame-resistant,
high-temperature resistant meta-aramid
fibre that doesn't melt and drip or support
combustion in the air. A key factor in the
protection provided by Nomex® is its
ability to carbonize and thicken when
exposed to intense heat.
flame-resistant,

51.  The chemical bonding
arrangement of Nomex®
makes it soft and it
behaves like a traditional
textile fabric.
 lightweight Nomex® is a
comfortable to wear on a
day-to-day basis.
Nomex® Comfort

52. Nomex Product names:

53.  Suits for Space.
 Firefighter
Protection
/Flame
Resistant
Clothing
Applications of Nomex:

54.  Reliable
Generator
Insulation
 Reliable
Motor
Insulation
Applications of Nomex:

55.  Nomex® 900
Series for
Liquid-
Immersed
Transformers
Applications of Nomex:

56. Applications of Nomex:
Nomex III is used in
airline seat covers. which
is a composite of 95%
Nomex and 5% Kevlar.
 Nomex as electrical
insulation.

57.  HYTEX® 500
NOMEX®
 Nomex® 410
(Nomex
Washers) with
excellent
thermal and
chemical
resistance
Applications of Nomex:

58.  Nomex® Brand Fiber
Provides Lightweight,
Heat and Flame-
Resistant Solutions
Applications of Nomex:

59.  NOMEX
Braided
Sleeving.
 Extreme Hi
Temperature
Sleeving.
Applications of Nomex:

60.  Honeycomb made with
aramid fiber paper
coated with heat resistant
phenolic resin.
 High Strength to Weight
Ratio.
 Corrosion Resistant.
 Flame Retardant.
 Good Thermal Insulation.
 Formable.
 Excellent dielectric
properties.
Nomex Honeycomb
Light weight Non-Metallic Composite Honeycomb

61. Nomex Honeycomb Market

62. World wide usage of synthetic
fibre:

63. 2:Water soluble polymers:

64.  Water-soluble polymer encompasses a wide range of
synthetic, semisynthetic, and natural materials.
 All are soluble in water.
 It perform various useful functions such as
thickening, gelling, flocculating, rheology modifying
and stabilizing.
 Food processing, water treatment, paper, enhanced oil and
natural gas recovery, mineral processing, detergents, textiles,
personal care products, pharmaceuticals, petroleum
production, and surface coatings.
2.1:Introduction

65. It is categorized into three groups:
 1)Synthetic:
which are produced by the polymerization of monomers
synthesized from petroleum or natural gas.
 2)Semisynthetic:
Manufactured by chemical derivatization of natural
organic materials, (generally polysaccharides ,cellulose).
 3) Natural:
It includes microbial, plant and animal derived
material.
2.2:Categories of Water soluble polymers :

66. Water soluble Polymers:
Synthetic Water Soluble Polymers Natural Water Soluble Polymers

67.  A PDI value below 1.1 makes the polymer
more homogenous so that it provides
reliable residence time in the body.
polydispersity index (PDI)

68.  Synthetic water-soluble polymers are substances that
dissolve, disperse or swell in water .
 It modifies the physical properties of aqueous systems in
the form of gellation, thickening and emulsification.
 Is has repeating units .
 It contain hydrophilic groups into the backbone.
 The hydrophilic groups may be nonionic, anionic,
cationic or amphoteric.
2.3:Synthetic Water Soluble
Polymers

69.  It has molecular weight ranging from 40,000 to
360,000.
 It is synthesized by polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone in
water .
 It is mainly used as a binder in tablet formulations.
 It is used as active substance is to improve its
dissolution.
2.3.1:Polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)

70.  synthesized by the polymerization of vinyl acetate to
polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) which is then hydrolysed to get
PVA.
 crytallizability and solubility depend on acetate group.
 It is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and bio adhesive in
nature.
 It is used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications .
2.3.2:Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

71.  It shows high degree of swelling in water,it
is rubbery and elastic nature.
 It is used as a stabilizer in emulsions.
 It is mainly used in topical
pharmaceutical.
2.3.2:Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

72.  It exists as a liquid at pH 5 and as a gel at pH 7.
 Hydrophobically modified PAA shows rheological
properties .
 It shows oral and mucosal contact applications.
 With high molecular weight it is used as delivery
systems , bioadhesive.
 It is also used as super adsorbent and water treatment.
2.3.3:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)

73. 2.4:Natural Water Soluble Polymers

74.  It consists of repeating pentasaccharide units consisting of two D-
glucopyranosyl units, two D-mannopyranosyl units and one D-
glucopyranosyluronic unit .
 Industrally is used control the rheology of water .
 It is a very effective thickener and stabilizer .
 Its solutions offer very good stability.
 It is least affected by changes in pH.
 Xanthan gum is widely used in
cosmetics and in toothpastes.
2.4.1:Xanthan Gum

75.  It is synthesised by fermentation of sucrose by Leuconostoc
mesenteroides.
 solubility of dextran is not affected by pH.
 It readily soluble in water.
 It is used to carry the macromolecular such as hydrogels.
 Its fractions are insoluble in alcohols like methanol, ethanol
and isopropanol.
2.4.2:Dextran

76.  It is derived from endosperm of the guar plant.
 Used as a binder, disintegrant in tablet formulations.
 It act as stabilizers, emulsifier, thickening, and
suspending agent in liquid formulations.
 Is is also used for drug delivery applications.
2.4.3:Guar Gum

77. 2.4.3:Guar Gum

78.  Water treatment .
 food processing.
 water treatment.
 Paper, enhanced oil and natural gas recovery, mineral
processing.
 detergents.
 textiles.
 personal care products.
 pharmaceuticals.
 petroleum production, and surface coatings.
Applications:

79. 2015 world consumption of water soluble polymer:

80. Water Soluble Polymers Market

81. Thank you