1. ~Heli Tem~MI LIBRO GRATIMATICA

2. TABLEOFCONTENTS
1. Imperfect
2. Preterite
3. Por and Para
4. Possessive adjectives and pronouns
5. Affirmative
6. Present Subjunctive
7. Verbs of Will & Influence
8. Commands
9. Subjunctive
10. Subjunctive expressions
11. Verbs of Emotion
12. Command Verbs
13. Doubt & Disbelief
14. Subjunctive with Conjunctions
15. Adjective Clause
16. Tú Commands
17.Nosotros Commands
18. Past Participles as Adjectives
19. Present Perfect
20. Future Tense
21.Conditional
22.Past Subjunctive

3. Background events in a story
Repeated actions
An age
The time/date
An interrupted activity
Mental or emotional states
Physical characteristics
Has no definite beginning or end
An action in progress
IMPERFECT
Triggers:
-Todos las dias
-Mientra
-Muchas veces
-Da vez en caundo
-Rava vez
-Siempra/nunca
-Cada diaIRREGULAR VERBS:
Ir: Ser: Ver:
Iba ibas era eras veia veias
Iba ibamos era eramos veia veiamos
Iban eran veian

4.  Has a definite beginning and
end
 Is a one time action
 Includes narration
 Is an Interrupting action
PRETERITE
Ir/ser:
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste Fuisteis
Fue Fueron
Snakey/Ir:
Lei Leimos
Leiste Leisteis
Leyo Leyeron
Dar:
Di Dimos
Diste Disteis
Dio Dieron
Examples:
• Mi hermana lavaba la ropa
cuando llega papa.
• Fui la esuela, hice tarea, y
regrese a casa.
• Ellos llegaron a las ocho
• Empezó a nevar a las ocho
de la mañana.

5.  When given an exact time, de
is used instead of por before
things like (la mañana, la
tarde and la noche)
- General location
- Duration of an action
- Object of search
- Exchange or substitution
- Unit or measure
 Destination
 Dead line or specific time in
the future
 Purpose or goal plus infinitive
 Purpose plus noun or verb
 The recipient of something
 Comparisons or opinions
 Employment
POR & PARA
Por aqui (around here)
Por ejemplo (that’s why, therefore)
Por eso (that’s why)
Por fin (finally)
Camine por el parque.
( I walked through the park)
Camine para el parque
(I walked towards the part

6. POSSESSIVEADJECTIVES
ANDPRONOUNS
To form a possessive noun you
must use the long form of the
possessive adjective and then add:
el, la, los or las
Based on the gender and number
of the noun. Attach the pronoun to
a reflexive when using a reflexive
in the infinitive form
Mi(s) Nuestro(a/as/os)
Tus(s) Vuestro(a/as/os)
Su(s) Su(s)
Mio(a) Nuestro(a)
Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)
Suyo(a) Suyo(a)
Mios(as) Nuestros(as)
Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as)
Suyos(as) Suyos(as)
Short
Long
Plural

7. DOP+IOP+”Se”
Drop the “s” add Di haz ven
pon sal se ten ven
To put in yo form;
change to opposite
vowel and add “s”
Ud./Uds Same as before
Affermative ud/uda
Put it in the yo form
and change it to the
opposite vowel

8. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
 Usually formed by following the
following three steps:
- Start with the yo form of the present
indicative
- Drop the –o endings
- Add….
- Ar verbs: -e, -es, -emos, -en
- Er/Ir: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -an
Only
difference
from Ud. And
Uds.
Commands is
the Tu form!

9. Aconsejar
to advise
Importar to
be imortant
to matter
Insister(en)-
to insist on
Mandar
to order
Prohibir
to
prohibit
Recommendar
Rogar to
beg/plead
Sugerir to
suggest
VERBS OF
WILL &
INFLUENCE

10. COMMANDS:
These are used to give
commands, advice or orders
How to form them:
1. Convert to “yo” form
2. Drop the –o
3. For the –ar ending verbs
add –e for (usted) or –en
for (ustedes)
4. For –er/ir ending verbs
add –a for (usted) or –an
for (ustedes)
IRREGULAR FORMAL
COMMANDS
Infinitive :
Dar
Estar
Ir
Saber
Ser
Usted:
Dé
Esté
Vaya
Sepa
Sea
Ustedes:
Den
Estén
Vayan
Sepan
Sean
IRREGULAR AND STEM CHANGES
Verbs with irregular “yo” forms will stay
the same.
Ex: conducir - conduzco - conduzca
Stem changing verbs will keep their
stem changes in the “yo” form
Ex: dormir – duermo - duerma
Negative commands:
Simply place “no” before the
verb
In affirmative commands,
reflexive and object pronouns
are attached to the end. When a
verb that has TWO OR MORE
syllables, add an accent mark to
the third syllable from the end

11. Sentir --- Sintamos
Dormir --- Duramanos
Pedir --- Pidamos
SUBJUNCTIVE:
Expresses the speakers
attitude toward events
or actions. This view
point is uncertain
1. Will and influence
2. Emotion
3. Doubt disbelief and denial
4. indefiniteness
NOSOTROS CHANGES:
The unstressed “e” changes to “I”
The unstressed “o” changes to “u”
Subjunctive follows the same
rules for –ar/-er/-ir endings in
command form!
Main clause triggers the use of
the subjunctive in the
subordinate clause. “que”
connects the clauses.
Example:
Es importante que vayas a la escuela

12. Es triste que
Es bueno
que
Es mejor
que
Es
importante
que
Es urgente
que
Es
necessario
que
Es malo
que
EXPRESIONES PARA EL
SUBJUNCTIVO

13. VERBS OF EMOTION
 When the main clause verb shows a feeling such as hope,
fear, joy, pity, or surprise, the subjunctive is required in the
subordinate clause
- Ex: Siento que tú puedes venir mañana.
 If the verb is followed after the feeling of emotion or
expression and there is no change in the subject, you use the
INFINITIVE FORM
- Ex: Temo- llegar tarde. The infinitie is used because there’s no
change in the subject.
 If there is a change in subject the following verb is to be
conjugated to the subjunctive form
- Ex: Temo que- Mis padre
 Ojalá que- Is almost always followed by the subjunctive. Its
optional to use “que”

14. Alegarse- to
be happy
Sorprender-
to surprise
Es extraño-
its strange
Molestar- to
bother
Tener
miedo- to
be afraid
Ojalá- I
hope/wish
COMMON VERBS & EXPRESSTION OF EMOTION
Esperar-
to hope
to wish
Temer-
to be
worried
Es
terrible-
its
horrible
Es triste-
its sad
Gustar-
to be
pleasing
Sentir-
to be
sorry

15. DOUBT DISBELIEF AND UNCERTAINTY:
Subjunctive is used
in the subordinate
clause with there is a
change in the
subject/expression
When implying
negation or
uncertainty
The affirmative
sentences is
followed by an
indicative. In
negative sentence
the expression is
followed by the
subjunctive
The indicative is
used in the
subordinate
clause when there
is no doubt or
uncertainty in the
main clause
No dudar– not to
doubt
No negar- not to deny
Estar- seguro
Es cierto- its certian
Dudar- to doubt
Negar- to deny
Es impropable-
improbable
No es cierto- not
certain

16. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH CONJUNCTIONS:
Conjunctions are words or
phrases that connect other
words or clauses in sentences.
They describe how, why, when
and where in action takes place
Prepositions that are followed
by verbs in the infinitive
Antes de- before
Para- so
Sin- without
A menos que-
unless
Para que- so
that
En caso de que-
provided that
Antes de que-
before
Con tal de que-
in case
Certain conjunctions
can be followed by
the subjunctive or
the indicative
depending on what is
going on.
Use the
subjunctive if the
main clause
expresses a
future action.
Use indicative if
the main clause
expresses a past
or habitual action

17. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:
Adjective clauses are
subordinate clauses that
kindof modify a noun or
pronoun in the main
clause of a sentence. It is
called the antecedent.
Used in an adjective
clause that refers to an
antecedent (person place
thing or idea) that does
not exist or who’s
existane is uncertain or
indefinite.
When the adjective
clause refers to a noun,
the indicative should be
used at all times
Subjunctive Indicative
Questions with
adjective clauses
Respond to question
Find out information Knows information
Uncertain Certain
Verbs with Adjective Clauses:
Necesitar
Encontrar
Querer
Conocer
Buscar
Haber

18. TU COMMANDS
 Used when you want to give advise or an order to someone
you would normally address.
IRREGULARS FOR AFFIRMATIVE
Decir --- di
Hacer --- haz
Ir --- ve
Poner --- pon
Salir --- sal
Ser --- se
Tener --- ten
Venir --- ven
Negative:
Put in “yo” form and change to opposite
vowel and add “s”
Affirmative:
Just drop the s!

19. T – TENER: tengamos
V – VENIR : vengamos
D – DAR : demos; decir: digamos
I – IR: vayamos
S – SER: seamos
H – HACER: hagamos
E – ESTAR: estemos
S – SABER: sepamos
NOSOTROS COMMANDS

20. PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
Abrir-
abierto
Decir-
dicho
Escribir-
esctrito
Poner-
puesto
Morir-
muesto
Romper-
roto
Ir- ido

21.  Used to talk about what someone has done
 The present tense of haber+ past participle
 -HE, -HAS, -HA, -HEMOS, -HAN
 Past participle does not change in from when it is part of the
present perfect tense
PRESENT PERFECT

22.  This is used to talk about what someone has done or what had
occurred before another past action, event or state.
 Often used with the word “ya” (meaning already)
 Can not be place between haber and the past participle
 Imperfect Tense-
 Habia - hecho
 Habir - occurrido
PAST PERFECT

23. FUTURETENSE
Decir Dir
Hacer Har
Salir Saldr
Poner Pondr
Tener Tendr
Venir Vendr
Poder Podr
Saber Sabr
Maybe, could
be, probably
Ar,Er,Ir
E
As
Emos
Eis
An

24. CONDITIONAL
INFINITIVE + ENDING
Remember that
all ending
are the same for er, ir and ar
Expresses would could and
should.
Form just like future tense
ia iamos
ias iais
ia an

25. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE:
Also called the “imperfect subjunctive”
Used mainly in multiple clauses sentence which express states
And conditions- will, influence, emotions, commands, indefinites, non existence
The nosotros/nosotras form part subjunctive always has a written accent
Drop the –ron
ending from third
person plural
preterite form of
verb
-ra
-ras
-ra
-ramos
-ran
* Ending are the
same for all verbs
IMPERFECT
SUBJUNCTIVE