The Journeys of Afghan Immigrants and the Relationship among Immigrants

Immigration
Policy Studies
Ufuk Bingöl (ed.)
Immigration Policy Studies
Ufuk Bingöl (ed.)
Ufuk
Bingöl
(ed.)
The migration movement, which has taken place since the beginning of the
story of mankind, increasingly continues voluntarily or compulsorily for
various reasons such as social challenges, technological revolutions and wars.
Due to migration, many new questions emerge depending on these issues.
Researchers from many different disciplines are looking for answers to these
questions arising from migration movements. This book covers deep research-
es from different perspectives and disciplines upon migration by successful
and expert researchers in their field. In this book, different and rigorous
analyses of all areas influenced by migration are carried out and various di-
mensions of immigration studies are shown.
The Author
Ufuk Bingöl is assistant professor at Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Turkey.
His main interests are qualitative data analysis on policy debates on social
networks, economics and social sciences.
ISBN 978-3-631-80193-2
Immigration
Policy
Studies

Ufuk Bingöl (ed.)
Immigration Policy Studies
Theoretical and Empirical Migration Researches

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DOI 10.3726/b16328
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Preface and Acknowledgments
The migration movement, which has taken place since the beginning of the
story of mankind, increasingly continues voluntarily or compulsorily for var-
ious reasons such as social challenges, technological revolutions, wars etc. Due to
migration, many new questions emerge depending on these issues. Researchers
from many different disciplines are looking for answers to these questions arising
from migration movements. While the answers to some technical questions are
easily revealed by today’s modern technology, it is seen that beyond answering
the questions asked about the social, political and economic consequences of
migration, it transforms social sciences as well.1
In addition, the studies on
migration provide researchers with a multidisciplinary research experience in
the social sciences and on the other hand, they constitute the most important
information pool for the determination of migration policies of states and inter-
national organizations.
This book covers deep researches from different perspectives & disciplines
upon migration by successful and expert researchers in their field. In this book,
different and rigorous analyses of all areas influenced by migration were made
in order to be one of the new reliable source about the immigration studies with
various dimensions.
This book consists of five sections. In the first section, there are five chapters
about legal, political and international relations researches related to the con-
cept of migration policies and migration theory. In first chapter, A compar-
ison was made between Europe and Turkey’s Migration Policies in terms of the
welfare state theory towards Syrian refugees by Asst. Prof. İnci Aksu Kargın.
Both parties’ policies were evaluated in terms of security, economic and socio-
cultural aspects and important recommendations were made. In second chapter
of first section, legal and administrative legislation of Turkey in context of Local
Governments and Urban Refugees will be examined within the framework of
migration management, deficiencies related to the areas of responsibility of
municipalities is revealed and valuable suggestions are developed by Asst. Prof.
Hicran Hamza Çelikyay. In third chapter of first section, Dr. Mehtap Yücel Bodur
argued the rights of workers under temporary protection especially in terms of
1 Zapata-Barrero, R. & Yalaz, E. (2018). Qualitative Research in European Migration
Studies. (R. Zapata-Barrero & E. Yalaz, Eds.). IMISCOE & Springer Open. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-76861-8.

6
Syrians in Turkey with the legal perspective according to regulations; tempo-
rary Protection Regulation, Circular on the Marriage and the Registration of
Children of Refugees and Temporary Protection Beneficiaries, Circular of the
Union of Notaries on the Documents and Identification Cards issued on the
basis of LFIP, Circular of the Union of Bar Associations on the Legal Aid Service
ProvidedtoSyriansunderTemporaryProtection,CircularonHealthBenefitsfor
Temporary Protection Beneficiaries, AFAD Circular on Healthcare and Other
Services for Syrians, Circular of the DGMM on Principles and Procedures for
Foreigners under Temporary Protection Regulation 2016/8375 on Work Permit
of Foreigners under Temporary Protection. Asst. Prof. Emre Çıtak resumed
the security issues related to migrants with the new security concepts. Çıtak
discussed in fourth chapter of first section that security reasons causing migra-
tion, internationalization process of migration, international problems caused
by migration, the place of migrants in the security agenda and how measures
taken against the problems caused by international migration may be effective
in the future and whether a new approach to the migration-security relation-
ship is required will be argued. In last chapter; how transboundary immigration
and asylum affects state security with its social, economic stability and public
order dimensions has been discussed within the framework of the new security
paradigm by Assoc. Prof. Zeynep Yücel and factors that strengthen the com-
plex interdependence between security and transboundary movements will be
mentioned.
Second section of this book is directly related to the economic background of
the concepts of migration. As first chapter of second section, Asst. Prof. Yavuz
Kağan Yasım scrutinized working conditions of irregular migrants coming to
Turkey while he examined their position in the labor market especially in terms
of informal economy. In second chapter, Asst. Prof. Atakan Durmaz evaluates
the debates on the effects of brain drain – economy interaction of migration
within the framework of the field work on skilled Turks living in the diaspora. In
this context, after a definition of Beneficial Brain Drain, Brain Gain Model, Brain
Circulation and Scientific Diaspora concepts, Durmaz shares and concludes the
empirical results about the fieldwork conducted within the scope of the research,
investment and financial return tendency, and information transfer tendency. In
chapter three, Assoc. Prof. M. Kenan Terzioğlu, Merve Öztürk and Prof. Ayhan
Gençler examine the relationships among migration, productivity and employ-
ment with an econometric research by conducting a panel cointegration analysis
using data from selected member countries of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) between 2000 and 2015 to understand
the impact of migration on employment and productivity.

Preface and Acknowledgments 7
Third section of this book aims to show researches related to health issues of
migration movements. In first chapter of this section, adaptation process is eval-
uated with theories, pros and cons affecting adaptation is discussed by Assoc.
Prof. Çiğdem Yüksel, Asst. Prof. Didem Ayhan and Dr. Neşe Mercan. According
to their study it has been seen that the migrants experience many negative
experiences, especially loss of health and it is determined that the negative psy-
chological factors affecting the adaptation should be addressed in migration-
health researches urgently. In parallel with the results of the first chapter authors,
in the second chapter the theoretical examination of the relationship between
migration and health was conducted by Dr. Melike Çallı Kaplan. In this context,
the future of EU immigrant health policies is discussed by examining the immi-
grant health policies of the European Union countries individually.
In fourth section of this book contains urban, educational & cultural
researches on migration with three chapters. In first chapter, Asst. Prof. Eylem
Beyazıt analyzes how the Syrian asylum seekers, living outside the camps in
Hatay City which very close to Turkey-Syria border, are using the urban space,
to examine the distribution and integration of the Syrians in space and to iden-
tify the socio-economic relations that arise in the field. As a conclusion of her
research, Syrians had clustered at a certain place for survival and for their safety,
but when they began to feel safer in recent years, they began to spread all over the
city for approaching their workplace or for improving their quality of life. Beyazıt
suggests some mediating instruments for collisions between locals and Syrians,
after starting of spreading. In second chapter of this section, Asst. Prof. Banu
Yaman Ortaş examines the relationship between multicultural perspectives of
teacher candidates and their attitudes towards asylum seekers. Research on the
relationship between the multicultural perspectives of teacher candidates and
the perspectives of asylum seekers families and their children have also been
a guide for this research. According to her research, it would be useful to pre-
pare joint reports and carry out joint projects within different universities and
to enrich them with the support of the Ministry of National Education. In ad-
dition, cooperation should be made with other countries where asylum seekers
are located and it is important to evaluate effective practice examples in Turkey.
It is thought that it would be fruitful if teachers with refugee students in their
classes share their experiences, feelings, and their opinions on classroom man-
agement with teacher candidates. Asst. Prof. Hayrettin Şahin and Asst. Prof.
Kemal Çiftyıldız examines irregular migrants who emigrated from Afghanistan
to Turkey through newspaper articles, social media news, television news, and
internet news and watched documentaries on Afghan migrants and numerous
individual interviews with social and cultural interaction. They have observed

8
the locations where Afghan immigrants ate, took shelter, and bought clothing
on the way from Ağrı to Erzurum which is a clear path of irregular Afghan
migrants. Their research has found that the Afghan migrants have very limited
relationships with the locals. This situation prevents the sides from developing
good relations with each other in mutual understanding. Moreover, it constitutes
a barrier for possible mutual trade relations in the event that immigrants are
offered employment opportunities.
In the last section of this book there are five regional research chapters
related to migration. In the first chapter, Assoc. Prof. Erhan Örselli and Veysel
Babahanoğlu carried out a quantitative field study in order to determine the
attitudes of citizens on migration policies. The scope of this research is the popu-
lation living within the borders of Konya Province as the tenth province of Turkey
with the largest population of Syrian migrants. Therefore, findings in Konya
gave important clues about Turkish citizens’ perspective on Syrian migrants. In
second chapter, Asst. Prof. Neslihan Arslan discussed the attitudes of citizens
living in the Bandırma district of Balıkesir which is at Marmara Region towards
migrants. According to her research, the residents of Bandırma have negative
attitudes towards migrants and she’s suggesting to implement some new policies
for altering people’s attitudes. In third chapter, Dr. Eren Alper Yılmaz analyzes
Syrians’ processes of integration and societal acceptance within the framework
of migration and integration theories continues his research with examining
Syrian perception of Turkey and Turks in Aydın Province which is western city of
Turkey for determining the areas where they experienced problems, and to raise
awareness within the local community and policy-makers. In fourth chapter
of fifth section, Prof. Kerem Karabulut (Ph.D.), Assoc. Prof. Ali Kemal Çelik
(Ph.D.), Asst. Prof. Dilek Özdemir (Ph.D.) and Lect. Kübra Karakuş examine
potential determinants of Turkish households’ internal migration intention in
Turkey. The well-established questionnaire was administered to 401 households
living in south-eastern Anatolia of Turkey, namely, Muş province, where the
internal migration is a serious issue against the economic development of the
corresponding province by using standard ordered logit and probit models.
According to empirical results, several independent variables of their research
including birthplace, educational level, occupational status, various general
levels of satisfaction and type of social security were found to have a statistically
significant impact on households’ internal migration intention in Muş province
and this may contribute to both decision- and policy-makers on solving internal
migration issue especially in south-eastern Turkey. In Last chapter of this sec-
tion and this book, Asst. Prof. Cemile Şahin discussed the effect of geopolitical
factors on migration and settlement in terms of Sakarya province a northwest

Preface and Acknowledgments 9
city which is an important transition and strategic point in every period of his-
tory, and the some of the geopolitical features of the region such as the favorable
climate conditions, fertile lands, forests, important water resources, transpor-
tation facilities has affected the settlement in every period and can be consid-
ered one of the most important reasons for the continuous migration the region
receives and examines the geopolitical elements that have been effective in the
transformation of the Sakarya region into a migrant city.
It is also important to note that all chapters of this book underwent a serious
both cross and external double-blind review process. We would like to thank all
the authors and researchers who are experts in their field for their devotion and
diligence and hope to help our readers. We would also like to thank our external
reviewers for their expertize and contribution to our book. At the end of our
saying, we also offer our endless gratitude to the families and children who are
the source of motivation for us and our authors with their patience and support
during the conduct of these valuable works.
Our respect.
Editor Asst. Prof. Ufuk BİNGÖL

Contents
List of Contributors ................................................................................................ 15
Section 1 Policy & Conceptual Researches on Migration
İnci Aksu Kargın
What is Required of a Welfare State?: A Comparison of the Migration
Policies Employed in Both Turkey and Europe with Regard to Syrian
Refugees ................................................................................................................... 19
Hicran Hamza Çelikyay
Migration Management and Municipalities in the Context of Urban
Refugees: Legal and Administrative Approach .................................................. 39
Mehtap Yücel Bodur
The Right to Work of Workers under Temporary Protection Status in
Turkey ...................................................................................................................... 53
Emre Çıtak
International Migration and Immigrants: An Evaluation in the Context
of the New Security Concept ................................................................................ 67
Zeynep Yücel
The Effects of Transboundary Movements on Security and Stability ............. 81
Section 2 Economic Researches on Migration
Yavuz Kağan Yasım
Refugees in the Turkish Labor Market: Legal and Economic Analysis ........... 99
Atakan Durmaz
The Economic Reflections on the Homeland of the Reverse Brain
Drain Tendency in Turkish Scientific Diaspora ................................................. 115
M. Kenan Terzioğlu, Merve Öztürk and Ayhan Gençler
Migration: Employment, Productivity and Openness ...................................... 133

Contents
12
Section 3 Health Researches on Migration
Neşe Mercan, Didem Ayhan and Çiğdem Yüksel
Migration and Adaptation .................................................................................... 151
Melike Çallı Kaplan
Immigrants and Health ......................................................................................... 163
Section 4 Urban, Educational & Cultural Researches on Migration
Eylem Beyazıt
Migration and Urban Space: The Distribution of Syrian Asylum
Seekers in the Space ............................................................................................... 183
Banu Yaman Ortaş
“Who is Who According to Whom?”: An Analysis of the Relationship
Between Teachers Candidates’ Attitudes Towards Refugees and Their
Understandings of Multiculturalism from Different Perspectives .................. 203
Hayrettin Şahin and Kemal Çiftyildiz
The Journeys of Afghan Immigrants and the Relationship among
Immigrants .............................................................................................................. 225
Section 5 Regional Researches on Migration
Erhan Örselli and Veysel Babahanoğlu
Turkish Migration Policies in the Context of Syrian Refugees through
from the Turkish Citizens’ Perspective: The Case of Konya ............................. 239
Neslihan Arslan
Measuring Attitudes Towards Migrants: The Case of Bandirma ..................... 259
Eren Alper Yılmaz
A Study on the Integration Process of Syrians Who Emigrated to Aydın
Province after 2011 ................................................................................................. 273
Kerem Karabulut, Ali Kemal Çelik, Dilek Özdemir and Kübra Karakuş
Factors Affecting Households’ Internal Migration Intention in Muş
Province, Turkey: An Ordered Discrete Choice Modeling Approach ............ 289

Contents 13
Cemile Şahin
The Effect of Geopolitical Factors on Migration and Settlement
Geography: The Case of Sakarya .......................................................................... 317
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... 331
List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 333

List of Contributors
Asst. Prof. İnci Aksu Kargın
Uşak University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Hicran Hamza Çelikyay
Düzce University, Turkey
Dr. Mehtap Yücel Bodur
Hacı Bayram Veli University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Emre Çıtak
Hitit University, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Zeynep Yücel
Bandırma Onyedi Eylül
University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Yavuz Kağan Yasım
Hitit University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Atakan Durmaz
Samsun University, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Kenan Terzioğlu
Trakya University, Turkey
Merve Öztürk
Prof. Ayhan Gençler
Assoc. Prof. Çiğdem Yüksel
Health Sciences University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Didem Ayhan
University, Turkey
Asst Prof. Neşe Mercan
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali
University, Turkey
Dr. Melike Çallı Kaplan
İstanbul, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Eylem Beyazıt
Hatay Mustafa Kemal
University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Banu Yaman Ortaş
Asst. Prof. Hayrettin Şahin
Sinop University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Kemal Çiftyıldız
University, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Erhan Örselli
Necmettin Erbakan
University, Turkey
Lect. Veysel Babahanoğlu
Düzce University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Neslihan Arslan
University, Turkey
Dr. Eren Alper Yılmaz
Aydın Adnan Menderes
University, Turkey

List of Contributors
16
Prof. Kerem Karabulut
Atatürk University, Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Ali Kemal Çelik
Ardahan University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Dilek Özdemir
Atatürk University, Turkey
Lect. Kübra Karakuş
Muş Alparslan University, Turkey
Asst. Prof. Cemile Şahin
University, Turkey

Hayrettin Şahin and Kemal Çiftyildiz
The Journeys of Afghan Immigrants and the
Relationship among Immigrants
1 Introduction
In the traditional lifestyle, migrations are experienced every now and then both
due to famine and security. However, in today’s modern lifestyle, migration takes
up a greater place in our lives. People may migrate due to social, political, reli-
gious, and racial reasons. The phenomenon of migration has also become very
important since modern period has been able to produce tools for continuous
displacement of people.
The advanced levels of weaponry and organization in contemporary life has
also greatly increased the volume of the fights between enemies. This volume
causes millions of people to migrate. The country of the Afghan migrants
addressed in this study has been through various occupations and invasions and
as a result of these, many people have settled in Iran. There are waves of migra-
tion from Iran to Turkey as well.
The process, which started with the socialist government inviting Russian
military forces into Afghanistan to ensure stability, has marked one of the impor-
tant breaking points of Afghanistan’s streaks of misfortune. Having started in
1979, this process is still a downward spiral.
Being historically, geographically, and socially familiar with the notion of
migration, Turkey has undertaken major burdens and responsibilities (Kara
and Kokrut, 2010). While Turkey looks for solutions to the problems of its
own citizens, it also hosts the nations that seek refuge in Turkey. During the
rule of both the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey, many people
have migrated to Turkey from Poland, Arabia, Yemen, Crimea, the Caucasus,
Macedonia, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo, Bulgaria,
Greece, Azerbaijan, Bukhara, Sweden, Germany, Hungary, Pakistan, India,
Spain, Portugal, Romania, and Russia (Çelik, 2007). There are also significant
numbers of Jewish people and Christians with majority being Muslim.
The people migrated from the countries listed above have mostly migrated in
groups. People who emigrated individually have not been included in the list.
Most of the migrants are Syrian (more than 3.5 million), Iranian (close to 1 mil-
lion), Iraqi (more than half a million), Greek (close to half a million), Yugoslav

Şahin and Çiftyildiz
226
(close to half a million), and Afghan (close to a quarter of a million) (GİGM,
http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/kitlesel-akinlar_409_558_559).
Turkey has received migration due to the changes brought about by the tran-
sition from the traditional structure to the modern structure on the one hand,
and from destabilized countries on the other.
Turkey’s continuous exposure to migration has an important impact on the
regulation of migration laws as well. The process, started with the Resettlement
LawNo.2510dated1934,continueswiththeLawonForeignersandInternational
Protection (no. 6458), which came into force in 2013. Many laws concerning
migrants have been enacted during the course of this period.
There are various branches that deal with different aspects of the migrants’
journey in Turkey. The General Commandership of Gendarmerie and the
Turkish Land Forces Command deal with the Afghan migrants’ arrival in
Turkey, the Police Forces deal with their identification information for security
measures, issue them their foreign identification numbers, and send them to the
repatriation centers under the Directorate General of Migration Management.
The Ministry of National Education takes care of their educational needs, the
Ministry of Family and Social Policies deal with the clothing, food, and shelter
needs of the minors among the migrants, the Ministry of Health deals with the
physiological needs of those over the age of 18, and the Ministry of Labor and
Social Security deals with their employment and social security details.
The scope of this study is limited to the irregular migrants who emigrated
from Afghanistan to Turkey. Due to the lack of migration articles on irregular
migrants from Afghanistan, we have looked into newspaper articles, social
media news, television news, and internet news and watched documentaries on
Afghan migrants. On top of that, we made frequent visits to the intercity bus ter-
minal in Ağrı province, where the migrants stay, and have participated in activi-
ties of distributing food and beverages to the migrants. We have determined the
locations where Afghan immigrants ate, took shelter, and bought clothing on
the way from Ağrı to Erzurum; and we have gathered information about these
locations. In addition, we have met with civil society organizations that are aware
of this problem and are carrying out various activities to solve it. The informa-
tion obtained as a result of two years of observation has been transformed into
an article.
2 Methodology
The research used the interpretive interactionism as its methodological basis.
Interpretation was made in the natural environment through observation and

The Migration and the Relationships 227
interview techniques. Interpretive interactionism is a method where the social
scientist interprets the phenomenon based on the meaning attributed by the
person who performs the behavior.
The data were collected between January 2016 and November 2018. We used
participant observation and interview techniques for our data collection, which
are part of the interpretive interactionism methodology. Interviews with 23
participants were either semi-structured based on the information previously
gathered from observation and review of the area about the situation or were
unstructured. Data collected through participation were usually recorded after
the meetings. Giving people a sense of continuous monitoring was considered
harmful in terms of the research process. The data collected from individuals as
a result of conversation and observation was written down in a field notebook by
the researcher when he was alone. People’s statements and their behavior patterns
emerging through observation can show differences. In order to minimize these
differences, the consistency between people’s statements and behaviors was also
emphasized. Observation and interview records were narrated in the research as
a whole. While the observation was mostly directed towards the migrants, the
interviews were conducted with the bus station employees, public officials, and
members of foundations. Participant’s Characteristics are shown on Tab. 13.1.
3
Migration from Afghanistan to Turkey
Those who migrate from Afghanistan to Turkey can often be examined in the
irregular migration category. In order to better understand the situation, we
first need to clarify the issue of irregular migration. Irregular migration refers to
foreigners entering into, staying in, or leaving the country illegally, or entering
the country legally and not leaving within the legal period (GİGM: 2017:20).
As a result of their increasing number in the north of the Caspian Sea and the
increasing difficulty of living conditions, the Aryan inhabitants started migrating
to the region now comprising of Afghanistan, Iran, and India to expand their
lands in BC 1800, which went on for about 1000 years (Yegin, 2015: 12).
The Shah was overthrown in 1973. While it was thought that the situation
would become better once the Shah was overthrown, it only worsened. Having
increased its organization and propaganda in Afghanistan in 1960s, Russia
started realizing its goals. With the socialist government that came to power in
1979, Russia was called for military intervention. The Russian occupation lasted
for 9 years between the years 1979–89. In this process, 5.5 million people were
forced to migrate as refugees. The greatest rates of migration were experienced
in Pakistan and Iran. At the time, approximately 40 thousand migrants came

228
to Turkey. These migrants were placed in Van, Hatay, Adana, and Kayseri. On
the other hand, many immigrants came to Istanbul during this period. The
reason that Afghans live extensively in Zeytinburnu district of İstanbul is due
to the migration wave at the time. 51.8 % of those living in this district are born
abroad and 48.2 % of those living in this district are born within the country.
Zeytinburnu district has a population structure formed of migrants of Turkish
descent from Western Thrace (mainly), Bulgaria, East Turkestan and Afghanistan
(Charles, 1969).
Tab. 13.1: Characteristics of Participants. Source: Table created by the Authors
Participant
Number
Gender Age Marital
Status
Description
G1 Male 35 Married Public Servant (Law Enforcement,
Erzurum)
G2 Male 50 Married Foundation Manager (Erzurum)
G3 Male 29 Single Bus Station Employee (Ağrı)
G4 Male 32 Single Imam (Khorasan)
G5 Male 32 Single Public Servant (Ağrı Provincial
Migration Administration)
G6 Male 21 Single Pashtun
G8 Female 24 Single Pashtun
G9 Male 22 Single Urdu
G10 Female 20 Single Urdu
G12 Male 21 Single Tajik
G15 Male 38 Married Urdu
G17 Female 22 Single Pashtun
G21 Male 27 Married Urdu
G22 Female 35 Married Urdu

We can divide Afghan immigrants into several groups according to their
reasons for migration (Dimitriadi, 2013: 13). The first of these groups is political
migrants whose security is at risk because of their political beliefs. The second
group consists of people forced to migrate from certain areas such as Ghazni,
Qandahar and Hazarajat for security concerns. The third group is the group
that migrates for economic reasons, i.e. to get better business opportunities, and
whose goal is to set foot in European territory.
This last group sees the notion of migration as a tool to improve their living
conditions,togetbetterjobopportunities,andtoraisetheirsociallivingstandards.
The age of the people in this group ranges between 12 and 30, mostly young
and single people, and mostly from Hazara and Pashtun ethnic backgrounds.
The main purpose of this group is to set foot on European lands (Bathie, 2009).
While the Pashto migrants and those from Qandahar and Lahore aim to go to
London, migrants with Tajik origin aim for Germany. The Hazara prefer Sweden
and Austria. In 2009, almost all migrants aimed to go to the U.K. After Britain
tightened its immigration policies, Afghan immigrants turned towards coun-
tries such as Sweden, Norway, and Finland. With these countries following the
example of Britain and changing their immigration policies as well, the migrants
then turned towards Germany and Switzerland (Dimitriadi, 2013: 14).
Turkey has always been an attractive country for Afghan migrants. Especially
after 2007, as a result of the living conditions in Iran and Pakistan getting harder
and Europe’s harsh attitude towards immigrants, Afghan immigrants have
turned towards Turkey.
According to the Directorate General of Migration Management records,
175,752 persons were apprehended in 2017 due to irregular migration. As
of 19 April 2018, 75,284 people are facing this situation. It can be said that
occupations and insecurity in the neighboring countries have increased these
figures.
According to the table above, an increasing number of irregular migrants
come to Turkey. The number of Afghans has risen considerably and are the
Tab. 13.2: Number of Afghan Refugees by Years. Source: Ministry of Interior
Directorate General of Migration Management, 2019, http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/
duzensiz-goc_363_378_4710_icerik
2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
10.142* 100.841 45.259 31.360 35.921 12.248
* Until 27 February 2019

second biggest group of migrants after Syrian immigrants. Considering the
number of Afghan immigrants in Iran, this number is likely to increase steadily.
The number of Pakistani migrants arriving with Afghans is also at a signifi-
cant level. We believe that separate research on this phenomenon should prove
beneficial.
According to UNHCR statistics, the number of Afghan refugees worldwide is
around two and a half million. At the end of March 2018, the number of Afghan
asylum seekers and refugees in Turkey was 169.919. In January, February, and
March of 2018, it was recorded that there were approximately twenty thousand
people who migrated to Turkey irregularly through the provinces of Van, Iğdır
and Ağrı. On the other hand, it is predicted that approximately one and a half
million Afghans in Iran are waiting to emigrate to Turkey (BBC, 2018).
Some of the Afghan immigrants are staying in the repatriation center in
Aşkale district of Erzurum province that has a 1400 people capacity. However,
for most, this is not possible. These people have to spend their nights in mosques,
bus terminals, indoor sports halls, abandoned buildings and on the streets.
Erzurum Kalkınma Vakfı (Erzurum Development Foundation) and the relevant
state institutions take care of the Afghans. However, the foundation and the state
institutions have very limited resources since they could not foresee this situa-
tion, and hence were not prepared for it.
4
The Migration Journey from Doğubeyazıt to Aşkale
Many of the migrants in Turkey are the ones that have already emigrated to Iran
from Afghanistan. Thus, they want to come to Turkey through Iran. There are
a few among them who want to use Turkey as a transit country (G1, G2, G3,
G4, G5).
It is a known fact that Turkey is a transit country in migrant smuggling and
that it is a target country in human trafficking (Demir and Erdal, 2012). Whether
it is considered as a transition or as a target country, the majority of Afghan
migrants remain within the borders of Turkey.
Migrants who travel by car or by foot within Iran come to the Iran-Turkey
border and walk the rest of the way from the border to Aşkale. The migrants
who gather in Aşkale get registered there and get the permission for the places
they can go to, and then those who have the money for a bus ticket buy tickets
from the companies and go to the places they are permitted to go (G5, G12, G13,
G15, G16).
They enter the country through the border illegally. At the border, the migrant
smugglers deceive them and take their money and leave them be halfway, going

back to bring the other migrants in. The human smuggling in this region has
been going on for years. The experience of these smugglers leads them to do
any sorts of smuggling work and develop this as a sector. While in some periods
they do petrol smuggling, in others they smuggle animals, and in yet others they
smuggle humans. They find jobs that will give them jobs all the time. Certainly,
there are many reasons to why the human smuggling activities are very high in
this region in this period; but one of the most important factors is the smugglers
convincing the migrants that there is a wall being built on the border. Since the
migrants are afraid of this said wall being built, they rush to migrate into Turkey
as soon as possible (G5, G6, G7, G8, G9, G10, G11, G12, G13, G14, G15, G16,
G17, G18, G19, G20, G21, G22, G23).
During the periods of normal migration, the migrants’ needs of shelter,
clothing, and food are provided by the Migration Management departments in
the cities and the Directorate of Family and Social Policies (G2 and G5).
There are repatriation centers in various parts of Turkey. Most of these were
built in a time when migration was not as intensive as it is now. The capacity
of the center for repatriation in the east of Turkey is around 1400 persons. The
decision to make new ones was published in the official gazette. However, it has
not come into force yet. Thus, there are not enough places for the migrants to
stay (G2 and G5).
Since no accommodation could be provided for most of them, they mostly get
a health check and then are released. They are allowed to travel by bus to places
other than Ankara and İstanbul. However, they especially want to go to İstanbul.
The most preferred city after İstanbul is Ankara (G2, G5, G6, G7,G8, G9, G10,
G11, G12, G13, G14, G15, G16, G17, G18, G19, G20, G21, G22, G23).
Those who are 18 or below are sent to the Ministry of Family and Social
Policies while those who are over 18 years of age are sent to the repatriation
centers. Those who are 18 or below are enrolled in schools depending on their
schooling history (G5)
Migrants usually go on foot from the Turkish-Iranian border to Aşkale.
During migration, if they are near villages at night, they spend the night in the
village mosques or in confined or semi-confined places they manage to find. It
is also known that those who are hungry ask for food by going door to door.
People who have money continue on their way by stopping to buy food products
such as bread or cheese in the cities. Those who do not have food have to settle
on what is given to them by the people in the villages, or settle on what the
non-governmental organizations or other institutions give them in the cities.
Sometimes people in the cities cook food for the migrants as well. While the
places of shelter are mostly mosques in villages, in the cities they are replaced by

232
couch stations and indoor sports halls (G1, G2, G3, G4, G6, G7, G8, G9, G10,
G11, G12, G13, G14, G15, G16, G17, G18, G19, G20, G21, G22, G23).
The journey from the border to the Erzurum takes about a week. It is stated
that Pasinler municipality helps immigrants with food and clothing. In Erzurum,
ER-VAK President Erdal Güzel is known to take care of the migrants in all
aspects. However, it is observed that both the municipality and the other aid
from NGOs and individuals have been inadequate. The walk from the border to
Aşkale in very cold climate conditions is one of the greatest problems they face.
Conscientious citizens can of course offer them a ride; but since this is consid-
ered migrant smuggling, the penalties for that are severe (G2, G3, G4, G5, G6,
G7, G8, G9, G10, G11, G12, G13, G14, G15, G16, G17, G18, G19, G20, G21,
G22, G23).
Some of the migrants freeze to death or are killed on the way by the wolves.
These are covered in news as well (Accessed: April 2018, https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=nxD9JkgvjnA).
5 Network Relationships
According to Wilpert, the network theory and the immigrant network function
as follows: leading migrants establish an infrastructure or a network that
connects the origin society and the host society. The leading migrants experi-
ence the difficulties of migration as they are the first to arrive in the destination
country, but once they establish this network, they make sure the newcomers
have no problems. When the people in the leading group have settled in the host
country, start to get used to the environment, and see the opportunities, they
provide significant assistance to the new arrivals (Yalçın, 2004).
Strong social networks are the networks formed by households, groups of
relatives, and local communities, while weak social networks are the networks
formed by friends of friends. These networks are very important in getting ac-
cess to business opportunities. Migrants can transfer their local capital inter-
nationally by using cooperation networks. The number of social and symbolic
bonds between the homeland and the destination country for the migrants begin
to increase in time. These links enable the construction of migrant networks
(Faist, 2002).
Given the effects of the network on the social adaptation of migrants, it is
observed that there are both positive and negative aspects. Incoming immigrants
are constantly in contact with their relatives and loved ones in Afghanistan as
well as the refugees in Iran. They can talk about the help and security provided
for them in the host country immediately to their origin country through mobile

phones. This leads to a perpetual increase of migration. While this network helps
the migrants, it creates a constant flow of migrants to the destination country.
6 Conclusions
Migration is one of the most important problems of the modern age. The reason
why migration is so important can be attributed to the fact that transition from
a traditional structure to a modern one is painful. The Afghan people are also
transitioning from a traditional structure to a modern one, and they are deeply
destabilized by the interventions that come while they are trying to keeping up
with the new structure.
Anything done to help the marginalized sections who oppose legitimate gov-
ernance fuels the conflict. The fact that the superpowers support different mar-
ginal groups that agree with them causes deep chaos in the regions. Living under
a feudal structure, the people of Afghanistan continue to kill each other and
hinder the stability of their own country due to the atmosphere of conflict and
confusion and the provision of arms. A solution on international grounds needs
to be found to end this situation.
Instability, poverty and unemployment lead people to migration. This journey
continues as long as there is hope. If the migrants who come to the country can
be educated in the country and be educated with a philosophical background so
as to look out for their own countries, this would contribute both to the people
themselves and to the destination country since it would be less affected by the
destructive effects of the waves of migration.
The study found that social-political relationships between the groups are very
limited both in terms of marriage and daily relationships. In parallel to Ökten’s
(2012) research which concluded that the relationships of the heads of the
households with the people of the district were limited, this study has found that
the Afghan migrants have very limited relationships with the locals. This situa-
tion prevents the sides from developing good relations with each other in mutual
understanding. Moreover, it constitutes a barrier for possible mutual trade rela-
tions in the event that immigrants are offered employment opportunities.
Most immigrants are young single men. The reasons that encourage young
single men to migrate the most are their will to live a modern life and their eco-
nomic concerns. It is very rare that the elderly are part of migration. However,
there are also young and middle-aged married couples. The ratio of women is
very low. It can be argued that both the difficult conditions of migration and
the possibility of harassment and rape prevent women from joining the migra-
tion movement. Almost all of the women who join the migration movements

234
emigrate with their relatives. These relatives are mostly the husband and parents
of the woman.
Most of them do not have the migration capital. They usually have little
amounts such as just enough money to get to where they can go. There are
problems with food, shelter, clothing, and transportation. Because of their lack
of capital and their unauthorized entry, they have great difficulties in meeting
their basic physiological needs.
The excessive number of migrants leaves the Migration Management helpless.
They can meet their needs of food, shelter, and clothing in villages close to the
migration path, and in construction sites and couch stations in the cities.
Migrants want to go to Ankara and Istanbul the most. Some also want to go to
foreign countries. The possibility of employment options for migrant workers in
developed countries ensures that migrants keep their hopes up.
Immigrants use network relations very intensively. During and after migra-
tion, network relations make it much easier for them to survive and hold on.
The proliferation of mobile phones also has an important place in creating and
maintaining network relations. Because information flow is constant with the
phone. Determining the places to stay and eat and finding out about the ways
of transportation during the migration process can be done more effectively
through the mobile phone. Network relations are used again after the migration
in finding a job, accommodation, and food.
The construction of autarchic tent cities on the borders followed by reg-
ular cities can be beneficial for both the migrants and the host society. Migrant
human resources should be put to use in these cities. People who get very little
help from outside should be prepared for life here. Only the raw material of
their tents should be brought externally, but the production should be done by
themselves; the raw material of their meals should be given externally, but they
should make their own meals. They should be provided with the means to pro-
duce and consume the products that will meet their physiological needs first,
such as shoes, bags, clothing etc. in the first place. This will enable the persons
to both gain qualifications and live without depending on anyone else. People
should be able to stay for at most five to ten years, and at the end of this period,
low-cost loans should be provided for them so that they can perform their occu-
pation, which they have gained skills for, in their own country and the necessary
agreements with the source country should be signed so these people can work
in a stable environment.
People should be encouraged, their enthusiasm should be kindled, and their
entrepreneurial aspects should be emphasized. Since most migrants do not
have a philosophical background, they accept slavery and run away from their

freedom. The constant disparaging of traditional and religious life undermines
their moral codes and directs them outside the society that they belong. These
people should be told that they are valuable, and they should be given the reas-
surance to be able to produce things out of elements of production.
The production channel should be taught how to organize. The most obvious
feature of modern societies is that they are well organized in production. This
can be easily realized with the right combination of qualified labor and qualified
employers. Raising such people is possible in autarchic cities. An example of this
situation can be military service. In the first months of the military, people get
the necessary training after the initial recruitment process; and in the second
phase people are classified according to their qualifications and are employed in
accordance with these qualities. The most reasonable way seems to be taking in
migrants, recruiting them and then sending them away, like the military draft.
Meeting centers in only one or a small number of provinces in each region are
far from responding to the current needs. A suitable approach would be opening
repatriation centers in various cities near the border to soothe the problems
migrants face during their long journey.
Making the fight against human trafficking more effective and thus preventing
it should reduce the number of people entering the country illegally.
References
Journals
Çelik, F. (2007), “Türkiye’de İç Göçler: 1980–2000”, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Dergisi, Sayı: 22, s. 87–109.
Demir, O. Ö. and Erdal, H. (2012), “Yasa Dışı Göç İle İlgiliKavramların Doğru
Anlaşılmaması Sorunu ve Yazılı Basında Çıkan Haberler Üzerine Bir
İnceleme”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 12 (1), s: 29–54.
Kara, P.-Korkut, R. (2010) Türkiye “de Göç, İltica ve Mülteciler” Türk İdare
Dergisi, Sayı: 467, ss, 153–162.
Ökten, Şevket (2012), “Zorunlu Göç Zor(un)lu Kabul: Ceylanpınar Afgan
Göçmenleri Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma’’, Harran Üniversitesi İlahiyat
Fakültesi Dergisi, Yıl: 17, Sayı 28, s.171–186.
Books
Bathaie, A. (2009), Angeliki Dimitriadi, Migration from Afghanistan to third
countries and Greece Deliverable Background Report: Migration System 3
(Afghanistan)

236
Dimitriadi, A., (2013), Migration from Afghanistan to third countries and
Greece Deliverable Background Report: Migration System 3 (Afghanistan)
Faist, T. (2002), The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and
Transnational Social Spaces, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Hart, C. W. M. (1969), Zeytinburnu Gecekondu Bölgesi, İstanbul Ticaret Odası
(ITO) yayınları, İstanbul, 1969.
Yalçın, C. (2004), Göç Sosyolojisi, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara
Institutional Reports
Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2017) “2016 Türkiye Göç Raporu” Ankara
Yegin, A. (2015) “Afganistan siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu” SETA.
Internet Resources
BBC, 2018, http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-43668567
(27.05.2018).
Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (GİGM), http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/kitlesel-
akinlar_409_558_559 (01.06.2018).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAyQBHqgnwk (18.04.2018).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxD9JkgvjnA (18.04.2018).

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Un vers ty Stud es. Ser es XXVIII, H story of Art, 0721-3557 ; Vol. 138
Os p Senkovsky's The fantast c journeys of Baron Brambeus /
Yazar: Senkovskīĭ, Os p Ivanov ch, 1800-1858
xv , 232 p. : ll. ; 23 cm.
M ddlebury stud es n Russ an language and l terature vol. 5
Macrodynam cs : ncome d str but on, effect ve demand and cycl cal growth /
Yazar: Flaschel, Peter, 1943-
397 p. ; 21 cm.
Dynam sche W rtschaftstheor e Bd. 15
Ernest Trova : Study Fall ng Man, 1963-1987 : e ne Monograph e /
Yazar: He tmüller, Cor nna, 1955-
404 p. : ll. (some col.) ; 21 cm.
Europä sche Hochschulschr ften. Re he XXVIII, Kunstgesch chte, 0721-3557 ; Bd. 156 = Publ cat ons
un vers ta res européennes. Sér e XXVIII, H sto re de l'art ; vol. 156 = European un vers ty stud es. Ser es
XXVIII, H story of art ; vol. 156
Das Pr nz p des Gegensatzes : Be trag zu e nem nterd sz pl nären,
phänomenolog schen Vergle ch fundamentaler Strukturgesetze n Natur und Kultur /...
Yazar: Bend g, Volker
x v, 309 p. : ll. (some col.) ; 23 cm.
The s ege of Mazagão : a per lous moment n the defence of Chr stendom aga nst Islam /
Yazar: Martyn, John R. C.
256 p. : maps ; 24 cm.
Amer can un vers ty stud es. Ser es IX, H story vol. 144
Three plays by Moreto and the r adaptat on n France /
Yazar: R ssel, H lda, 1956-
164 p. ; 24 cm.
Ibér ca ; vol. 11

Jama ca and the Un ted States Car bbean Bas n In t at ve : showp ece or fa lure? /
Yazar: Hewan, Cl nton G., 1936-
x , 153 p. ; 24 cm.
Amer can un vers ty stud es. Ser es X, Pol t cal sc ence v. 44
Re chskr stallnacht : Ursachen und Verlauf des ant sem t schen Pogroms vom November
1938 /
Yazar: Obst, D eter, 1955-
371 p. ; 21 cm.
Europä sche Hochschulschr ften. Re he III, Gesch chte und hre H lsw ssenschaften, 0531-7320 ; Bd. 487
Hab tuelle und s tuat ve Rezept onswe sen be m Mus khören : e ne
e nstellungstheoret sche Untersuchung /
Yazar: Lehmann, Andreas C., 1964-
Frankfurt am Ma n : Peter Lang, 1994.
331 p. ; 21 cm.
Schr ften zur Mus kpsycholog e und Mus kästhet k Bd. 6
Ov d, Augustus und der Kult der Vestal nnen : e ne rel g onspol t sche These zur
Verbannung Ov ds /
Yazar: Korten, Chr st ne
173 p. ; 21 cm.
Stud en zur klass schen Ph lolog e Bd. 72
Elektron sche Datenverarbe tung m Bankenwesen Ecuadors /
Yazar: Salazar-Volkmann, Chr st an
Frankfurt am Ma n ; Berl n : Peter Lang, 1994.
207 p. ; 24 cm.
Bochumer Schr ften zur Entw cklungsforschung und Entw cklungspol t k Bd. 33
Das türk sche Volksl ed als sprachl ches Kunstwerk /
Yazar: Öztürk, Al Osman
Bern ; Berl n : Peter Lang, 1994.
272 p. ; 22 cm.
Stud en zur Volksl edforschung Bd. 15
Proletar sch-revolut onäres Theater n Düsseldorf, 1930-1933 : d e Bühne als pol t sches
Med um /
Yazar: Seelbach, Susanne, 1963-

490 p. : ll. ; 23 cm.
Europä sche Hochschulschr ften. Re he XXX, Theater-, F lm- und Fernsehw ssenschaften Bd. 55
Etudes de récept on = Recept on stud es /
188 p. ; 23 cm.
Actes du XIe Congrès de l'Assoc at on nternat onale de l ttérature comparée (Par s, 20-24 août 1985) ; v. 8
Das Wagn s der Moderne : Festschr ft für Mar anne Kest ng /
Yazar: Klussmann, Paul Gerhard
387 p. : ll. ; 23 cm.
Journeys toward the or g nal m nd : the long poems of Gary Snyder /
Yazar: Schuler, Robert Jordan
p. cm.
Stud es n modern poetry vol. 2
Recht und Ökonom e der kr t s erenden vergle chenden Werbung /
Yazar: Menke, Burkhart, 1962-
Frankfurt am Ma n : Peter Lang, [1994]
x, 283 p. ; 21 cm.
Europä sche Hochschulschr ften. Re he II : Rechtsw ssenschaft ; Bd 1518 = Publ cat ons un vers ta res
européennes. Ser e II, Dro t ; vol. 1518 = European un vers ty stud es. Ser es II, Law ; vol.1518
D e Obersch chten Bolognas und hre Rolle während der Ausb ldung der Kommune (12.
und 13. Jahrhundert) /
Yazar: Wandruszka, N kola , 1958-
455 p. : ll., folded map ; 22 cm.
Europä sche Hochschulschr ften. Re he III, Gesch chte und hre H lfsw ssenschaften Bd. 566
Dav d von Augsburg : h stor sche, theolog sche und ph losoph sche Schw er gke ten zu
Beg nn des Franz skanerordens n Deutschland /
Yazar: Rüegg, Claud a, 1952-
165 p. : ll. ; 23 cm.
Deutsche L teratur von den Anfängen b s 1700 Bd. 4
E ne babylon sche Auslegung der Ester-Gesch chte : der M drasch n Meg lla 10b-17a.
Yazar: Börner-Kle n, Dagmar, 1960-
292 p. ; 21 cm.
Judentum und Umwelt Bd. 30

Israel zw schen Verhe ssung und Gebot : l terarkr t sche Untersuchungen zu
Deuteronom um 5-11 /
Yazar: Achenbach, Re nhard.
x, 442 p. ; 23 cm.
Europä sche Hochschulschr ften. Re he XXIII, Theolog e Bd. 422
D e slav schen Sprachen n Gegenwart und Gesch chte : Sprachstrukturen und
Verwandtschaft /
Yazar: Panzer, Baldur
v , 437 p. : maps ; 23 cm.
He delberger Publ kat onen zur Slav st k. A, L ngu st sche Re he Bd. 3
Jews and gent les : ant -Sem t sm and Jew sh ass m lat on n German l terary l fe n the
early 19th century /
Yazar: Jakobow cz, Rachel
164 p. ; 23 cm.
Austral an and New Zealand stud es n German language and l terature v. 12
The book of tales by A.B.C. /
Yazar: Sánchez de Verc al, Clemente, 1370?-1426?
296 p. ; 24 cm.
Ibér ca ; v. 3
Festschr ft Günther Wagner /
xv , 251 p. ; 23 cm.
Internat onal theolog cal stud es : Contr but ons of Bapt st scholars ; 1
A new syntax of the verb n New Testament Greek : an aspectual approach /
Yazar: McKay, K. L. (Kenneth Lesl e), 1922-
x v, 203 p. ; 23 cm.
Stud es n B bl cal Greek vol. 5
D enstbotenze tungen : d e D enstbotenfrage und Erzählungen für D enstmädchen n
deutschen D enstbotenze tungen zw schen 1898 und 1932 /
Yazar: Goebel, Ruth.
Frankfurt am Ma n : New York : Peter Lang, 1994.
248 p. ; 21 cm.
Europä sche Hochschulschr ften. Re he XIX, Volkskunde, Ethnolog e. Abt. A, Volkskunde. Bd. 43

YAYINEViNiN PRINCETON UNIVERSTY
TARAFINDAN KATOLOGLANDIGINA DAIR
TARAMA SONUCU
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1. Analyse lexicale des verbes français exprimant la cause : à partir
de l'exemple de déterminer et de produire / Katarzyna Gabrysiak.
Gabrysiak, Katarzyna
Frankfurt : Peter Lang Edition, Imprint der Peter Lang GmbH, [2015]
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ReCAP » PC2271 .G33 2015
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2. Aplicaciones de la metodología Tándem en la formación
universitaria / Tejedor-Cabrera José María, Martos Ramos José
Javier, Trapassi Leonarda (eds.).
Berlin : Peter Lang, [2018].
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Firestone Library
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3. Arabische Sprache im Kontext Festschrift zu Ehren von Eckehard
Schulz / Beate Backe, Thoralf Hanstein, Kristina Stock (Hrsg.).
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5. At the origins of classical opera : Carlo Goldoni and the dramma
giocoso per musica / Pervinca Rista.
Rista, Pervinca
Bern : Peter Lang, [2018].
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Firestone Library
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6. Border stories : narratives of peace, conflict and communication in
the 20th and 21st centuries / Beate Greisel and 3 others (eds.).
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7. Cesare Battisti, da Kraus in poi : la sua immagine nei paesi di
lingua tedesca secondo Bartsch, Dallago, Gatterer, Grote, Hamann,
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Lai, Yi-peng
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10. Die Erweiterungen der G7 : Macht, Wohlstand und Ideen als
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Schüller, Klaas
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11. Études diachroniques du français et perspectives sociétales /
Peter Blumenthal / Denis Vigier (éds.)
Berlin : Peter Lang, 2018.
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ReCAP » PC2075 .E87 2018
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12. Geschichte der mecklenburgischen Regionalsprache seit dem
Zweiten Weltkrieg Varietätenkontakt zwischen Alteingesessenen und
immigrierten Vertriebenen / Klaas-Hinrich Ehlers
Ehlers, Klaas-Hinrich 1959-
Berlin : Peter Lang, 2018-
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13. Das geteilte Urteil : die Literaturkritik und Christa Wolf / Vera
Annette Klein.
Klein, Vera Annette
Berlin : Peter Lang, [2018]
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14. Giorgio Bassani, scrittore europeo / Thea Rimini (a cura di).
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Nickel, Almut Constanze
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16. Inventar zur brandenburgischen Militärgeschichte 1806-1815 :
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napoleonische Fremdherrschaft und Befreiungskriege / bearbeitet
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17. Jedwabne und die Folgen : eine semantische Analyse der
Debatte über Juden in der polnischen Presse, 2001-2008 / Stefan
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Gehrke, Stefan
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18. Joachim Haupt (1900-1989) : vom Aufstieg eines NS-
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19. Juli Zehs Roman Spieltrieb : intertextuelles Spiel als Ausdruck
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20. L'adjectif en francais et sa definition lexicographique Paolo
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Frassi, Paolo
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