2. Personality
• Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)
o Emphasizes sexuality and unconscious motives as root
of personality
o Neurotic symptoms caused by psychological traumas
• Emotions resulting from trauma expressed indirectly
via weak/vague behaviors that are meaningful
3. Personality
• Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)
o Free association often impaired by unconscious
resistance
o Repressed thoughts/memories/impulses trigger anxiety
when brought forth and are therefore continually
pushed into unconscious
4. Personality
• Three basic subsystems of personality – “The psyche”
- Id
• Most primitive portion of personality; reservoir of
sexual and aggressive energy; “pleasure principle”
- Superego
• Conscious parental voice; represents internalized
rules of parents/society (often conflicts with Id)
- Ego
• Attempts to balance Id and Superego via “reality
principle”
7. Personality
• Defense mechanisms (Freud)
o Regression
o Projection
o Displacement
o Denial
o Sublimation
o Passive aggression
8.
9. Personality
• Jung
o Unconscious contains more than repressed thoughts
and feelings (“collective unconscious”)
o Ego - Conscious component at center of individuality
o Persona - Social roles that influence behavior
o “Shadow” - Parts of self repressed by persona
o Anima/animus – Unconscious masculine/feminine traits
10.
11. Personality
• Humanistic Perspective (Rogers)
o Central feature of personality is the self-concept
• If self-concept is +, we tend to act/perceive world as +
• If self-concept is –, we fall short of “ideal” self and feel
dissatisfied and unhappy
o People are basically good and self-actualizing
• Criticisms?
12. Personality
• Personality traits vs. states
o Trait = enduring/stable aspects of personality
o States = temporary/situationally induced
13. Personality
• Trait Perspectives of Personality
o Eysenck’s 3-factor model
• Extraversion – sociable, assertive, sensation-seeking
• Neuroticism – tendencies toward anxiety or fear
• Psychoticism – impulsivity, aggressive, antisocial
• Personality assessment
o Observation (interviews)
o Personality inventories/surveys (MMPI)
o Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT)
14. Personality
• Trait Perspectives of Personality (con’t)
o “Big 5 Model” includes Eysenck's traits of
extroversion and neuroticism
but expanded psychoticism
o O.C.E.A.N.
o Open to experiences
o Conscientiousness
o Extroversion
o Agreeableness
o Neuroticism
15. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Clinical Scales of the MMPI
Scale Abbreviation What it purports to measure
Hypochondriasis Hs Concern with bodily functions
Depression D Pessimism, hopelessness
Hysteria Hy Exaggeration of symptoms
Psychopathy Pd Disregard for social standards
Masculinity Mf Gender role-based interests
Paranoia Pa Suspiciousness, delusions of persecution
Psychasthenia Pt Guilt feelings, tendency to worry
Schizophrenia Sc Bizarre thoughts, withdrawn
Hypomania Ma Overactive, excited, impulsive
Introversion Si Shyness, inhibition
16. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Term Description
I Introverted Withdrawn from social interaction
E Extraverted Seeks social interaction
S Sensate Perception-oriented to external cues
N Intuitive Perception-oriented to internal cues
T Thinking Judge according to logic/reason
F Feeling Judge according to emotion
J Judging Decisive, rigid
P Perceptive Flexible but indecisive
17. ENFJ (Extroverted feeling with intuiting): Easy speakers, idealize their friends, make good parents, but have a
tendency to allow themselves to be used. They make good therapists, teachers, executives, and salespeople.
ENFP (Extroverted intuiting with feeling): These people love novelty and surprises, are big on emotions and
expression. They also tend to feel self-conscious. They are good at sales, advertising, politics, and acting.
ENTJ (Extroverted thinking with intuiting): In charge at home, expect a lot from spouses/kids, like organization and
structure and tend to make good executives and administrators.
ENTP (Extroverted intuiting with thinking): Lively, not humdrum. A little dangerous, especially economically.
Good at analysis and make good entrepreneurs. They do tend to play “one-up-manship”.
ESFJ (Extroverted feeling with sensing): Like harmony, have strong ‘shoulds’ and ‘should-nots’. May be
dependent, first on parents and later on spouses, wear their hearts on their sleeves and excel in service occupations
involving personal contact.
ESFP (Extroverted sensing with feeling): Very generous and impulsive, have a low tolerance for anxiety. They
make good performers, like public relations, and they love the phone. Tend to avoid scholarly pursuits, especially
science.
ESTJ (Extroverted thinking with sensing): Responsible mates and parents and are loyal to the workplace. They are
realistic, down-to-earth, orderly, and love tradition.
ESTP (Extroverted sensing with thinking): Action-oriented, often sophisticated, sometimes ruthless ("James
Bond“). As mates, they are exciting and charming, but have trouble with commitment. They make good promoters
and entrepreneurs.
18. ISTJ (Introverted sensing with thinking): These are dependable pillars of strength. They often try to reform their
mates and other people. They make good bank examiners, auditors, accountants, tax examiners, supervisors in
libraries and hospitals, business, and phys. ed. teachers, etc.
ISTP (Introverted thinking with sensing): These people are action-oriented and fearless, and crave excitement. They
are impulsive and dangerous to stop. They often like tools, instruments, and weapons, and often become technical
experts. They are not interested in communications and are often incorrectly diagnosed as dyslexic or hyperactive.
They tend to do badly in school.
INFJ (Introverted intuiting with feeling): Serious students and workers who want to contribute, are private and
easily hurt. They make good spouses, but tend to be physically reserved. They make good therapists, ministers, and
practitioners.
INFP (Introverted feeling with intuiting): Idealistic, self-sacrificing, and somewhat cool or reserved. They are very
family and home oriented, but don't relax well. Work in psychology, architecture, and religion, but rarely in
business.
INTJ (Introverted intuiting with thinking): The most independent of all types, love logic and ideas, and are drawn to
scientific research.
INTP (Introverted thinking with intuiting): Faithful, preoccupied, and forgetful, these are the bookworms. They are
good at logic and math and make good philosophers and theoretical scientists, but not writers or salespeople.
ISFJ (Introverted sensing with feeling): These people are service and work oriented. They may suffer from fatigue
and tend to be attracted to troublemakers. They are good nurses, teachers, secretaries, general practitioners,
librarians, middle managers, and housekeepers.
ISFP (Introverted feeling with sensing): They are shy and retiring, are not talkative, but like sensuous action. They
like painting, drawing, sculpting, composing, dancing -- the arts generally -- and they like nature. They are not big
on commitment.
19. Personality
o Social-Cognitive Perspective
• Reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
o Personality constructed via interactions of:
1) Socio-environmental factors (modeling/conditioning)
2) Internal cognitive factors (self-regulation; meta-cognition)
3) Behavior (nature/frequency/intensity of action)