The document summarizes a master's thesis defense presentation on internal curing in cementitious systems using saturated lightweight aggregate (LWA). The presentation covers: 1) how LWA can reduce autogenous shrinkage by supplying internal water for hydration; 2) monitoring the timing and distance of water movement from LWA into cement paste using X-ray analysis; and 3) measuring the effects of LWA on unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and unsealed conditions.

1. School of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
Internal Curing in Cementitious
Systems Made Using Saturated
Lightweight Aggregate
Master‟s Defense
Ryan Henkensiefken
November 17th, 2008
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 1 of 46

2. Introduction
• Lower w/c to reduce
drying shrinkage
• Low w/c increased
autogenous shrinkage
• RILEM report 41 on
internal curing provides
laboratory concepts
• Need to move to field
Neville (1995)
applications
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 2 of 46

3. Objectives
• Define properties of LWA that make it an effective
internal curing agent
• Monitor water movement from LWA to cement
paste
• Examine the fluid absorption characteristics of
mortars
• Measure the unrestrained and restrained
shrinkage in sealed and unsealed conditions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 3 of 46

4. Outline
• Chemical and autogenous shrinkage
• Water demand
– Internal void creation and drying fronts
• Water supply
– LWA properties, water movement and water distribution
• Powers model
– Influence of „internal‟ water on hydration
• Fluid absorption
• Role of the pore size on shrinkage
• Shrinkage measurements
– Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and
unsealed conditions
• Conclusions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 4 of 46

5. Chemical Shrinkage
• Chemical Shrinkage
– Total volume reduction due to hydration
– Hydration product volume is smaller than cement and
water volume
Chemical
Cement
shrinkage
1 Vol
1.8
Vol
1 Vol
Hydration
Water products
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 5 of 46

6. Autogenous Shrinkage
• Autogenous Shrinkage
– External volume change in sealed conditions
0
-50
ASTM C157
-100
)
-150
Strain (
-200
-250
-300
Sealed
-350 w/c = 0.30 Mortar
-400
0 7 14 21 28
Age of Specimen (d)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 6 of 46

7. Chemical and Autogenous Shrinkage
BeforeSet
After Set Vapor-Filled
Chemical Voids
Shrinkage
=
>
Autogenous
Autogenous
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
=
Autogenous
Internal Shrinkage
Autogenous
Voids
Shrinkage
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 7 of 46

8. Outline
• Chemical and autogenous shrinkage
• Water demand
– Internal void creation and drying fronts
• Water supply
– LWA properties, water movement and water distribution
• Powers model
– Influence of „internal‟ water on hydration
• Fluid absorption
• Role of the pore size on shrinkage
• Shrinkage measurements
– Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and
unsealed conditions
• Conclusions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 8 of 46

9. Water Demand
0.05
Shrinkage Volume (ml/g cement)
Chemical Shrinkage
Autogenous Shrinkage
0.04
From Vicat
Final Set
Cf CS αmax
0.03
Cf = Cement Content
0.02 Created CS = Chemical Shrinkage
Void αmax = Degree of Hydration
0.01 Space Bentz, et. al, (1999)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Age of Specimen (d)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 9 of 46

10. Sealed vs. Unsealed Conditions
• Sealed conditions
– Internal voids created due to chemical shrinkage
• Unsealed conditions
– Internal voids plus moisture front created due to drying
Radlinska, et al., (2008)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 10 of 46

11. Outline
• Chemical and autogenous shrinkage
• Water demand
– Internal void creation and drying fronts
• Water supply
– LWA properties, water movement and water distribution
• Powers model
– Influence of „internal‟ water on hydration
• Fluid absorption
• Role of the pore size on shrinkage
• Shrinkage measurements
– Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and
unsealed conditions
• Conclusions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 11 of 46

12. Water Supply
0.05
• Use LWA to supply additional water
Chemical Shrinkage 300
Shrinkage Volume (ml/gcem)
Autogenous Shrinkage
• Largest pores will empty first
0.04
200
0.40
100
100 LWA-H LWA-K
Percent Volume (mL/g)
0.03 0.3590 LWA-H
ϕLWA
LWA-K
Strain ( )
MLWA × S
CRCA 8 h Paste
Cumulativeof Absorbed
80
Water Remaing (%)
0 0.30 24 h Paste
70 7 d Paste
0.02
-100 MLWA = Mass of LWA0.2560
S 0.2050= Degree of Saturation
0.1540
-200
0.01
25.3%k ϕLWA30 Absorption Capacity
=
25.3%h 0.10
-300 20
19.4%CRCA Bentz, et. al, (1999)
0.0510
0
-400 0 1 2 3 0.00 4
0 5 6 7
1 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 10000 100000
10 100 1000 94 96 98 100
0 24 Age of Specimen (Days) Diameter (nm)(%)
48 Pore 72
Relative Humidity 96
Age of Specimen (h)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 12 of 46

13. Supply vs. Demand
Must Supply a sufficient volume of
LWA (water) to satisfy demand in
sealed conditions
Demand Cf CS max
Demand Supply 1
Supply M LWA S LWA
Cf CS max
M LWA
S LWA
Bentz, et. al, (1999)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 13 of 46

14. Monitoring Water Movement using X-ray
• Monitor density change
– Volume of water changes, X-Ray Beam
Source
density changes
• Composite theory model FOD
• Timing of water release Sample
FDD
• Water Travel Distance ODD
– Proper sample orientation Useful
Beam
Detector
I Measured I 0 exp LWA VLWA Paste VPaste W VW V VV t
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 14 of 46

15. Timing of water release
• LWA prism cast next to cement paste
• Fixed position and macro-water movement
25 mm
LWA Paste
Mounting Aluminum Tape
Screw Hole
2.5 mm 5 mm
25 mm
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 15 of 46

16. Timing of water release
• Water remains in the pores of LWA until
after set
0 0.05
0.000
Shrinkage Volume (ml/g cement)
from Initial Counts at 3.5 h
0.04
Void Volume (mL/gcem)
-0.005
-1000 Initial
Difference in Counts
0.03
Set 0.02
0.01
-0.010
-2000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.015
Water is lost Age of Specimen (d)
-3000
from LWA -0.020
-4000
-0.025
X-Ray Measurements
-5000 -0.030
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Age of Specimen (h)
Counts@i,LWA – Counts@3.5,LWA
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 16 of 46

17. Water Distribution
• Need paste within
close proximity to
LWA
• Fine aggregate
protects more paste
than coarse
aggregate
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 17 of 46

18. Monitoring Water Movement using X-ray
• Monitor density change
– Volume of water changes, X-Ray Beam
Source
density changes
• Composite theory model FOD
• Timing of water release Sample
FDD
• Water Travel Distance ODD
– Proper sample orientation Useful
Beam
Detector
I Measured I 0 exp LWA VLWA Paste VPaste W VW V VV t
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 18 of 46

19. Sample Orientation
• Sample was Paste Paste
Interface Interface
rotated to correct LWA LWA
orientation 0.0 mm 0.5 mm 0.0 mm 0.5 mm
• Reduce the size
of the „interface‟ Detector
• Reduce
40000 Paste Paste
Paste Interface LWA
35000
Interface Interface
Uncertainty 30000
Counts (sec)
25000 LWA LWA
0.0 mm 0.5 mm 0.0 mm 0.5 mm
20000
15000
Angle of Orientation
10000 0.0 Degrees
-2.5 Degrees
-5.0 Degrees
X-ray Source
5000
-10.0 Degrees
0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0Cement Paste 2.6
2.2 2.4 2.8 3.0
Position LWA
(mm)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 19 of 46

20. Water Travel Distance
• Water is able to move approximately 1.8 mm in
first 75 hours
80
– h
Counts@i.Paste 7.25Counts@4.0,Paste
8.00 h
70
Difference in Counts from
9.00 h
12.00 h
60
Initial Counts (4.0 h)
24.00 h
75.00 h
50
40 Water is gained in
LWA
30 the paste
20
10
0
-10
-20
-2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0
Distance from Interface (mm)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 20 of 46

21. Outline
• Chemical and autogenous shrinkage
• Water demand
– Internal void creation and drying fronts
• Water supply
– LWA properties, water movement and water distribution
• Powers model
– Influence of „internal‟ water on hydration
• Fluid absorption
• Role of the pore size on shrinkage
• Shrinkage measurements
– Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and
unsealed conditions
• Conclusions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 21 of 46

22. Mixture Proportions
• Constant w/c of 0.30
• Constant volume fraction of fine aggregate
of 55% 100
Volume Percent of Material
23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% Cement
80
22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22%
Water
60
12% NWA
40 55% 51% 48% 44% 41% 37% 30% 26% 22%
43.0%h
20 LWA
25.3%k/h 29.3%k 33.0%k
3.8%k
7.3%k 11.0%k 14.3%k 18.3%k
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent Lightweight Aggregate of Total Mixture (%)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 22 of 46

23. Powers Model
Sealed 11.0
w/c of 0.30 of 0.30 % LWA
w/c with 25.3
1.00
80
Chemical Shrinkage Water
LWA Water Chemical Shrinkage
LWA
Degree ofof Hydration (%)
1 1
0.73 0.95 Maximum theoretical degree
Degree Hydration (%)
of hydration (w/c = 0.30)
0.90.9
70 Capillary Water
Capillary Water
0.80.8
0.90 Gel Water
Volume Ratio
Volume Ratio
Gel Water
Gel Water
0.70.7
60
0.85
0.60.6
0.77 0.50.5
Gel Solid Solid
Gel
Gel Solid
50
0.80
0.40.4
0.30.3
0.75 25.3%k
0.240
0.2 Cement
Cement
Cement 11.0%k
0.10.1
0.70 0.0%
030 0
0 5 10 15 20 0.73 25 30 35
0.83 0 0 25 0.2 75 0.4 LWA-K 0.8
0 Percent 0.6 0.6 175
0.83
0.77 200 225
0.2 50 0.4 100 125 150 (%)
0.8 1 1
Age of Specimen (d)
Degree ofof Hydration
Degree Hydration
Jensen and Hansen, 2001
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 23 of 46

24. Outline
• Chemical and autogenous shrinkage
• Water demand
– Internal void creation and drying fronts
• Water supply
– LWA properties, water movement and water distribution
• Powers model
– Influence of „internal‟ water on hydration
• Fluid absorption
• Role of the pore size on shrinkage
• Shrinkage measurements
– Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and
unsealed conditions
• Conclusions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 24 of 46

25. Water Absorption
(10-3 gram of water / cm3 of paste)
30
55/0.35 - 28 d
55/0.30 - 28 d
(10-3 gram of water /cm3 of paste)
45
(10-3 gram of water /8 cm3of paste)
25 55/0.25 - 28 d 45
(10 gram of water / cm3 of paste)
45
11.0%k - 28 d
-3 gram of water / cm3 of paste)
40 45
Absorbed water at 8 days
40
Absorbed water at 8 days
Absorbed water
40
Absorbed water at 8 days
25.3%k - 28 d
20 35 40
Absorbed water at days
35
35
30 35
30
30
15 25 30
25 Mortar 25
20 25
20
20 10
15 20
15
15 Plain - 28 d 5
11.0%k - 28 d 10 15
10 5
10 5 25.3%k - 28 d 5
5 10
5
5 Paste w/c = 0.30 - 28 d 1
-3
0 5
0 2
0 0
(10
0.10
0.10 0.12
0.12 0.14
0.14 0.16
0.16 0.18
0.18 0
0
0.20 0 0.30 20 0.35 40 0.40 60
10
0.25 30 50 70 80 90 100 110 120
0
Total porosity
Total porosity
water - cement ratio Time (min 1/2 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
) excluding gel porosity
excluding gel porosity
Total porosity
excluding gel porosity
Average of 3 Samples
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 25 of 46

26. ITZ Depercolation
(10-3 gram of waterwater of paste)
250.10
(10-3 gram of water / cm3 of paste)
25
25
0.09 Percolated NWA ITZ Paste
(Total Volume Basis)
Volume Fraction 200.08
20
20
Absorbed water
Absorbed / cm3
0.07
3
150.06
15
15
0.05
100.04
10
10
0.03
50.02
Cement Paste5 5
0.01
Normal Weight Aggregate
-3
0.00
0 0
Lightweight Aggregate 10 15 20 25
0 0 5 30 35
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
0 1 Volume Percent of5
2 3 4 6 6 7 7 8 8
6 7 8
ITZ Time (d) Lightweight Aggregate
Time (d)
Time (d)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 26 of 46

27. Outline
• Chemical and autogenous shrinkage
• Water demand
– Internal void creation and drying fronts
• Water supply
– LWA properties, water movement and water distribution
• Powers model
– Influence of „internal‟ water on hydration
• Fluid absorption
• Role of the pore size on shrinkage
• Shrinkage measurements
– Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and
unsealed conditions
• Conclusions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 27 of 46

28. Measuring Pore Size
100
98 2 Vm
r
Relative Humidity (%)
96 ln RH RT
94
Demand Cf CS MAX
92 M LWA
Supply S LWA
90
88
86
25.3%k
84 14.3%k
7.3%k
82 0.0%
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Age of Specimen (d)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 28 of 46

29. Role of Pore Size on Shrinkage
0.30 Kelvin Radius
0.30
FromAffected Pore Region RH
Pore Size From From RH Measurements % Reduction of
Pore Solution Unaffected Pores
Mixture Distribution
0.25 Measurements Water from 7.3%k
(corrected) Shrinkage Predicted
Pore Volume (ml/gcem)
0.25
Pore Volume (ml/gcem)
0.0% 7.0 5.3 Water from 14.3%k
7.0 0%
Water from 25.3%k
(.016 ml/gcem)
7.3%k
0.20 9.6 6.5 8.4
(.032 ml/gcem) 27%
0.20
14.3%k 11.0 7.4 (.053 ml/gcem)
9.7 36%
25.3%k
0.15
19.0 10.8 16.5 63%
0.15
Empty Pores
0.10
0.10 S 2 1 1
2 p Vm r
3 K p Ks S 2 1 1
0.05
r
0.05 p
ln RH RT 3 r Kp Ks
0.00
0.00 S 2 1 1
1 1 p
10 3 r100 K p 1000
K10s
10000 100000 1000000
100
Pore Radius (nm)
Pore Radius (nm)
Bentz, 1998
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 29 of 46

30. Outline
• Chemical and autogenous shrinkage
• Water demand
– Internal void creation and drying fronts
• Water supply
– LWA properties, water movement and water distribution
• Powers model
– Influence of „internal‟ water on hydration
• Fluid absorption
• Role of the pore size on shrinkage
• Shrinkage measurements
– Unrestrained and restrained shrinkage in sealed and
unsealed conditions
• Conclusions
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 30 of 46

31. Unrestrained Shrinkage Procedure
• Measured using corrugated tube protocol for
first 24 hrs
• Measured using ASTM C157 after 24 hrs
Sant, et al., (2006)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 31 of 46

32. Unrestrained Shrinkage in Sealed
Conditions
400
Demand Cf CS
7 M LWA MAX
300 Mixtures do not Supply S LWA
shrink
6
200 Age of Specimen (d)
5 Supply > Demand
)
100
Sealed
Strain (
4 33.0%k
0 29.3%k
3 25.3%k
-100
Demand > Supply 18.3%k
14.3%k
-200 2
11.0%k
7.3%k
-300 1 0.0%
-400 0
0 0 7 5 10 15 20 25
14 30 35 21 28
Percent LWA-K (%) (d)
Age of Specimen
Time to onset of shrinkage
Average of 3 Samples
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 32 of 46

33. Water Demand
0.05
Shrinkage Volume (ml/g cement)
0.05 Chemical Shrinkage 22
7 Autogenous Shrinkage
Void Volume (ml/g cement)
Voids Created 20
Mixtures do not
0.04 18
From Vicat
0.04 shrink
Percent LWA-K (%)
Final Set
6
16
Age of Specimen (d)
14.3%k
14
0.035
0.03
11.0%k 12
4 10
0.02 7.3%k
0.02 Created Time to water depletion
Time to onset of 8
shrinkage
3 Void 6
0.01 3.8%k Space 4
0.01
2 2
0 0
0
10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2Age of Specimen (d)
3 4 5 6 7
0 Age of Specimen (d)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Percent LWA-K (%)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 33 of 46

34. Unrestrained Shrinkage in Unsealed
Conditions
0
400
-100
200 Cf CS
Demand MAX
-200 M LWA
Supply S LWA
0
Strain (( ))
-300
Strain
-400
-200
Unsealed
-500 25.3%k
33.0%k
-400 11.0%k
29.3%k
0.0%
-600 7.3%k
25.3%k Demand > Supply
11.0%k
0.0%
18.3%k
7.3%k Unsealed
14.3%k
0.0%
-600 0.0%
-700 11.0%k Sealed
0.0%
7.3%k
0.0%
-800
-800
0
0 7 14
14 21
21 2828
Age of Specimen (d)
Age of Specimen (d)
Average of 3 Samples
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 34 of 46

35. Effects of Drying
500
7 day free shrinkage (sealed)
400 7 day free shrinkage (unsealed)
300
200
)
100
Strain (
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Percent Lightweight Aggregate (%)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 35 of 46

36. Restrained Shrinkage Procedure
• Measure the cracking potential
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 36 of 46

37. Restrained Shrinkage in Sealed
Conditions
10
Demand C f CS MAX
M LWA
30 Supply S LWA
0 Time of cracking (sealed) Mixtures did
not crack
-10 25
Age of Specimen (d)
)
-20 20
Strain (
Sealed
-30 25.3%k
15
0.0%
3.8%k
14.3%k
11.0%k
-40 0.0%
11.0%k
7.3%k
10 7.3%k
3.8%k
-50 3.8%k
0.0%
0.0%
5
-60
0 2 4
0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 5 Age of15 20 25 (d)
10 Specimen 30 35
Percent LWA-K (%)
Typical Response of 3 Samples
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 37 of 46

38. Restrained Shrinkage in Unsealed
Conditions
10
0 30
Time of cracking (unsealed) Mixtures did
(sealed)
Time of cracking (unsealed) not crack
-10
25
Age of Specimen (d)
)
Demand Cf CS MAX
-20 M LWA
Strain (
Supply S
20 LWA
Unsealed
-30 33.0%k
25.3%k
15 0.0%
29.3%k
14.3%k
-40 25.3%k
11.0%k
14.3%k
7.3%k
10 11.0%k
0.0%
-50
7.3%k
0.0%
-60 5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 Age of Specimen (d)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Percent LWA-K (%)
Typical Response of 3 Samples
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 38 of 46

39. Spatial Considerations
800
10
Sealed
43%h
0 25.3%k
600 0.0%
-10 Same Volume of Water,
Same Volume of Water,
400 Different Spacing
Different Spacing
Strain ( )
-20
Strain
200
-30 LWA-H LWA-K
0
-40
Unsealed
-200 43%h
-50
25.3%k
0.0%
-400
-60
00 2 7 4 14 6 21 8 28
10
Age of Specimen (d)
Age of Specimen (d)
Typical ResponseSamples
Average of 3 of 3 Samples
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 39 of 46

40. Volume of Water Considerations
800
10
Sealed LWA-H LWA-K
25.3%k
0 25.3%h
600 0.0%
-10
400
Strain ( )
-20
Same Volume of Aggregate,
Strain
200
Different Volume of Water
-30 Same Volume of Aggregate,
0 Different Volume of Water Unsealed
-40 25.3%k
25.3%h
-200 0.0%
-50
-400
-60
00 2 7 4 14 6 21 8 28
10
Age of Specimen (d)
Age of Specimen (d)
Typical Response Samples
Average of 3 of 3 Samples
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 40 of 46

41. Conclusions
• Define properties of LWA that make it an effective
internal curing agent
– High absorption and needs to desorb (give up) water
– Pores larger than pores of cement paste
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 41 of 46

42. Conclusions
• Monitor water movement from LWA to
cement paste
– Water does not leave until after set
– Water can travel up to 1.8 mm in first 75 hours
80
0 0.000 70
Difference in Counts from
from Initial Counts at 3.5 h
60
Initial Counts (4.0 h)
Void Volume (mL/gcem)
-1000 -0.005
Difference in Counts
50
-0.010 40
LWA
-2000
30
-0.015
-3000 20
-0.020 10
-4000 0
-0.025
-10
-5000 -0.030 -20
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 -2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0
Age of Specimen (h) Distance from Interface (mm)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 42 of 46

43. Conclusions
• Examine the fluid absorption characteristics
– Reduce water absorption due to continued
hydration or depercolate of NWA ITZ
– Mixtures with LWA perform like mixtures with
lower w/c
(10 gram of water / cm3 of paste)
45
(10 gram of water / cm3 of paste)
45
40
Absorbed water at 8 days
40
Absorbed water at 8 days
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
-3 5
5
-3
0
0 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 Total porosity
water - cement ratio excluding gel porosity
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 43 of 46

44. Conclusions
• Measure the unrestrained and restrained
shrinkage in sealed and unsealed conditions
– Supply sufficient water to satisfy demand from
chemical shrinkage and drying
– Reduce shrinkage cracking with sufficient supply of
water
500
7 day free shrinkage (sealed)
400 7 day free shrinkage (unsealed) 30
Time of cracking (sealed) Mixtures did
300 Time of cracking (unsealed) not crack
25
Age of Specimen (d)
200
)
100 20
Strain (
0
15
-100
-200 10
-300
5
-400
-500 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Percent Lightweight Aggregate (%) Percent LWA-K (%)
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 44 of 46

45. Acknowledgements
Professor Professor Dr. Tommy
Jason Weiss John Haddock Nantung
Dale Mark Janet
Bentz Baker Lovell
Gaurav John Jack
Sant Roberts Spaulding
Scott Bill Dan Katie Peter Gary
Kobs Wilson Matson Funk Briatka Filbert
Erin Arnd Brooks Kevin Kevin Mohammad
Cutler Eberhardt Bucher Coates Gerst Pour-Ghaz
Aleksandra Kambiz Mike Mukul Chadi El Javier
Radlinska Raoufi Norfleet Dehadrai Mohtar Castro
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 45 of 46

46. Questions
Internal Curing in Cementitious
Systems Made Using Saturated
Lightweight Aggregate
Master‟s Defense
Ryan Henkensiefken
November 17th, 2008
Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 46 of 46

47. References
• Bentz, D.P., Garboczi, E.J. and D.A. Quenard (1998). “Modelling drying
shrinkage in reconstructed porous materials: application to porous
Vycor glass,” Modelling Simulation Material Science Engineering 6:
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Internal Curing November 17, 2008 Slide 47 of 46