A look at camels - نظرة إلى الإبل

‫ا#بل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬
:‫تقديم‬
‫الحداد‬ ‫حسن‬ .‫د‬
‫الكويت‬ ‫جامعة‬ - ‫الجينات‬ ‫علم‬ ‫أستاذ‬
‫التراثية‬ ‫ا>حمد‬ ‫صباح‬ ‫الشيخ‬ ‫قرية‬ ‫مدخل‬ ‫ساحة‬ :‫ا5كان‬
٢٠١٩/١/٤ ‫الجمعه‬ ‫يوم‬ :‫التاريخ‬
ً‫ا‬‫عصر‬ ٣:٠٠ ‫الساعه‬ :‫الوقت‬
‫يسعدنا‬ ‫حضوركم‬
‫بعنوان‬ ‫القرية‬ ‫زوار‬ ‫مع‬ ‫لقاء‬

‫ا#بل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫الكويت‬ ‫جامعة‬ - ‫الجينات‬ ‫علم‬ ‫أستاذ‬
‫الشعبي‬ ‫للموروث‬ ‫الكويت‬ ‫دولة‬ ‫مهرجان‬
(٢٠١٨/١٩)
@jamalid_reportJamalid ReportJamalidreport
Jamalid Report Laboratory
Kuwait University, College of Science
Khaldiya Campus, 1Kh Lab No. 150
jamalidreport@gmail.com
900 camel
900 22635

‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎﻛم‬

‫حسن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

SamplEase
jamalidreport@gmail.com hagenetics.org
bader.alhajeri@gmail.com
hhalhaddad@gmail.com
@jamalid_reportJamalid Report@jamalidreport
‫العلوم‬ ‫كلية‬
‫البيولوجية‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫قسم‬
(‫الجينات‬ ‫)علم‬ ‫دكتوراه‬
‫ماجستير‬ ‫و‬ ‫بكالوريوس‬
(‫دقيقه‬ ‫)بيولوجيا‬

‫بل؟‬Y‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬ ‫اذا‬Z

‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺗﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻵﯾﺔ‬ ‫رأﯾﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﻔﮭﻢ‬
‫أﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫اﻵﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫إﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺘﺎب‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫اللغوي‬ ‫وتراثنا‬ ‫بل‬Y‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

‫اﻟﻌرﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗراﺛﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻐﻠﻐل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫إن‬

‫وأقاربها‬ ‫بل‬Y‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

‫ومنتجاتها‬ ‫بل‬Y‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

‫وقدراتها‬ ‫بل‬Y‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

terinaria 6 (4): 417-423, 2011
2-6197
Publications, 2011
ding Author: Adel M. Badawy, Department of Surgery,Radiology and Anaesthesiology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Benha Univeisity, Qalubia, Egypt.
Tel: +202-42132555, Mob: +2011-8859378, E-mail: adelbadawybadawy@yahoo.com.
417
Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the
Fore Foot in One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedrus)
Adel M. Badawy
Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Moshtohor), Benha University, Qalubia, Egypt
act: The purposes of this study was to describe and identify , the complex anatomical structures of digits
oot pad of the fore limb in one-humped camel by using the computed tomography scan (CT scan) and
anatomy, which would be used in diagnosis of foot and footpad disorders. The study was performed
ree pairs of camel's fore feet. Transverse and sagital CT images were obtained by using Hitachi-CXR
ti-Slice CT Scanner. The different anatomical structures of the digits and footpad were identified in the
n sections, the fixed slices and the dissected specimens. The CT images were compared with the
ponding sections at the same levels and selected for their identity and photographed. The analogous
mical structures were identified on the transverse and sagital slices and labeled with the corresponding
ures on the CT images. Results revealed that, the frontal tip of each digit was covered by a characteristic
nail. The distal and middle phalanges were horizontally situated, while the proximal phalanx obliquely
oned. Their planter surfaces were separated from the ground by foot pad. Three digital cushions enclosed
ommon capsule were found underneath each digit. On CT images, the inner structures of the foot and foot
were appeared with various gray scales. It was concluded that, camel has unique feet morphological
arities. CT was efficient imaging modality that provides a cross-sectional image with superior soft tissue
entiation and no superimposition of the overlying structures, which can be used for better diagnosis of
nd foot pad abnormalities.
words: Camel CT scan Cross-section Digits Footpad
INTRODUCTION value to evaluation of soft tissue, although
ls are a fascinating and little studied animals. ligaments [8-10]. Alongside, ultrasonography provides
a unique among artiodactyls in their regular a small view and each structure has to be separately
nt of pacing gait and having a unique foot imaged and a cross sectional examination through the
gy assumed to be an adaptation for this mode of entire digit is not possible. On the other hand, soft
n [1-3]. The uniquely designed wide spread feet tissue is difficult to be evaluated by ultrasonography
m to walk on shifting sand in the desert and in the digit [11]. CT, through its high spatial resolution
ky terrain whereas the footpad is used to grip and moderate differentiation of tissue contrast is a
and steep inclines. Their feet are secondarily fastened exceptionally useful technique for visualizing
e, with a splayed -toed foot, loss of hooves, general anatomy [12].
f a broad foot pad and loss of the interdigital The use of CT in large animal medicine is currently
allowing the divergence of the third and limited by logistical problems of acquiring CT images;
its [3-5]. Imaging techniques play a major meanwhile a few CT studies on horse's foot have been
e modern biomedical research [6,7]. Current done [13]. Computed tomography (CT) is anatomic cross-
imaging techniques such as radiography and sectional imaging that uses x-rays and x-ray attenuation
raphy provide limited information for to create the images [14, 15]. The CT gantry houses a row
of the camel foot. Radiography has limited of x-rays detectors across from an x-ray generator.
ultrasonography provides visualization of tendons and
Global Veterinaria, 6 (4): 417-423, 2011
(A) (B)
Fig. 1: (A) Dorsoplanter CT image and (B) Dorsal view of dissected foot. 1, metacarpal bone ;2, divided metacarpal bone;
3, fetlock joint; 4, proximal sesamoid bones; 5, proximal phalanx; 6, pastern joint; 7, middle phalanx; 8, distal
phalanx; 9, sole; 10,nail or pes; 11, interdigital notch; 12, interdigital septum; a, tendon of muscle extensor
digitorum lateralis; b and c , medial and lateral tendons of muscle extensor communis; d, true common extensor
tendon ; e, proper extensor tendon of the third digit ; f, proper extensor tendon of the fourth digit.
(A) (B)
Fig. 2: (A) Sagital CT image and (B) cross section at the level of the middle of the nail. 1, distal exterimity of the
metacarpal bone ;2, proximal phalanx; 3, middle phalanx ;4, distal phalanx; 5, proximal sesamoid bone; 6, deep
digital flexure tendon; 7, fibrocartilagenous enlargement of the deep digital flexure tendon; 8, middle scutum;
9,yellow bed; 10, digital cushion; 11, common capsule of the digital cushions; 12 epidermal layer of the sole; 13
sole pad; 14, distal scutum;,N, nail.
(A) (B)
419
lanx;9,sole;10,nailorpes;11,interdigitalnotch;12,interdigitalseptum;a,tendonofmuscleextensor
torumlateralis;bandc,medialandlateraltendonsofmuscleextensorcommunis;d,truecommonextensor
on;e,properextensortendonofthethirddigit;f,properextensortendonofthefourthdigit.
(A)(B)
SagitalCTimageand(B)crosssectionatthelevelofthemiddleofthenail.1,distalexterimityofthe
acarpalbone;2,proximalphalanx;3,middlephalanx;4,distalphalanx;5,proximalsesamoidbone;6,deep
talflexuretendon;7,fibrocartilagenousenlargementofthedeepdigitalflexuretendon;8,middlescutum;
llowbed;10,digitalcushion;11,commoncapsuleofthedigitalcushions;12epidermallayerofthesole;13
pad;14,distalscutum;,N,nail.
(A)(B)
TransverseCTimageand(B)crosssectionatthelevelofthesolepad,showingsomewhatroundsoleand
rdigitalnotch.
‫الشحم‬ ‫خف‬
‫خدة‬Z‫ا‬ ‫خف‬
ّe‫الل‬ ‫الخف‬
‫الرمال‬ ‫على‬ ‫شي‬Z‫ا‬ ‫خف‬

Body Temperature of the Camel and Its Relation
to Water Economy
KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSEN,l BODIL SCHMIDT-NIELSEN,l p2S. A. JARNUM3
AND T. R. HOUPT4
From the Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A. and Centre de Reclzerches
Sahariennes, B&i A bbds, Algeria
ABSTRACT
SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, KNUT, BODIL SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, S. A. JARNUM AND
T. R. HOUPT. (Duke U., Durham, N. C. and Centre de Recherches Sahari-
ennes, Beni Abbes, Algeria.) Body temperature of the camel and its relation to
water economy. Am. J. Physiol. 188(r): 103-112. Io57.-The rectal tem-
perature of normal healthy camels at rest may vary from about 34OC to
more than 4oOC. Diurnal variations in the winter are usually in the order of
2OC. In summer the diurnal variations in the camel deprived of drinking
water may exceed 6°C but in animals with free access to water the varia-
tions are similar to those found in the winter. The variations in temperature
are of great significance in water conservation in two ways. a) The increase in
body temperature means that heat is stored in the body instead of being
dissipated by evaporation of water. At night the excess heat can be given
off without expenditure of water. b) The high body temperature means that
heat gain from the hot environment is reduced because the temperature
gradient is reduced. The effect of the increased body temperature on heat
gain from the environment has been calculated from data on water expendi-
ture. These calculations show that under the given conditions the variations
in body temperature effect a considerable economy of water expenditure.
The evaporative heat regulation in the camel seems to rest exclusively on
evaporation from the skin surface (sweating), and there is no apparent in-
crease in respiratory rate or panting connected with heat regulation. The
evaporation from isolated skin areas increases linearly with increased heat
load. The critical temperature at which the increase sets in is around 35OC.
The fur of the camel is an efficient barrier against heat gain from the en-
vironment. Water expenditure is increased in camels that have been shorn.
N A PREVIOUS PAPER (I) we described the
unusualtolerance of the camel to water
considerable economy with water could be
achieved by changesin body temperature (2,
BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER ECONOMY IN THE CAMEL *OS
FIG. 2. Variations in rectal temperature in 2 camels and I donkey for a 3-wk. period. Diurnal fluctuation in
rectal temperatures as well as the increase in these fluctuations during water deprivation are discussed in text.
Air temperature corresponds closely to standard meteorological observations. Dotted line refers to black bulb
temperature.
magnitude as observed by Sergent and
Lheritier (IO). During this period (January)
the air temperature varied between approxi-
mately 0°C and I~OC. Under theseconditions
of low air temperature andrelatively lowradia-
tion the heat gain from the environment
probably wasnegligible.
In his paper Sergent observed that excep-
tionally low rectal temperatures in the camel
were always associatedwith rain. He found
that temperatures between 34°C and 35OC
were not unusual after rainy nights. We ex-
pected a similar reactions in our experimental
camels. However, on three occasionswhen
What we see from this chart is that the
donkey and the camel,in spiteof beingat rest,
have rhythmical diurnal excursions in the
temperature curve many times as great as
thoseof man. The curves are alsomore irregu-
lar, and the minima and maxima are rather
variable by human standards.
The most conspicuousfeature of the curves,
however, is that the temperature fluctuations
aremuch greater in the animalswhenthey are
deprived of drinking water. To showin detail
the effect of water intake on the temperature
curve a portion of the complete graph is pre-
sentedin figure 3. For both camelsthis section
‫الحرارة‬ ‫تخزين‬
‫حرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫أعلى‬
‫حرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫أقل‬
‫اء‬Z‫ا‬ ‫حفظ‬

Water Balance of the Camel
BODIL SCHMIDT-NIELSEN,LF~ KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSEN,I T. R. HOUPT3 AND
S. A. JARNUM”
From the Department of Zoology, Duke Vrt;versity, Dwham, North Carolina, ad Cetdre de Rechemhes Sahariennes,
Beni Abbes, Algeria
ABSTRACT
Camels (Cuwzeltis dmmedarius) were exposed to prolonged periods of
water deprivation during winter, spring and summer in the Sahara desert.
Determinations were made of: weight changes, water and food intake, urine
flow and concentrations, plasma concentrations, etc. It was found that
the camel can tolerate a loss of water corresponding to 300/a of its body
weight even when exposed to the severe desert heat. Other mammals de-
hydrated in a hot environment may die from circulatory failure already
when the water loss involves 12 y0 of the body weight. Unlike many other
mammals the camel does not lose its appetite when deprived of water but
continues to eat normally until the desiccation becomes very severe. It has
a low urine output (0.5-r l/day when kept on a diet of dates and hay), a low
water content in the feces, and, when dehydrated in the summer, a very
low evaporative water loss.When offered water the camel drinks in IO
minutes enough water for compIete rehydration. The Iongest period that
we kept a camel on dry food without drinking water in the hot summer was
17 days. This camel was not working and it had its protective fur which
decreased the heat gain from the environment. It is concluded that the
ability of the camel to withstand prolonged dehydration is due to: a) toler-
ance to an extremely high degree of desiccation of the body and b) low over-
all water expenditure. Particularly effective as a water conserving mecha-
nism is the low evaporative water loss during dehydration in the summer.
THE CAMEL has a legendary reputation
for ability to tolerate water deprivation
for prolongedperiodsof time. It is sur-
prising therefore that scientific literature about
its physiology is quite inadequate. The litera-
ture on the camel mainly consists of travel
reports and veterinary handbooks. Informa-
tion pertinent to the water balance of the
camelhas beenreviewed recently (I).
For a large animal like the camel the prob-
lems of survival in a desert environment are
quite different from those of, for example, a
small rodent which has an underground bur-
row. A large animal cannot escapethe heat of
the day, and it will consequentlyhave to spend
Received for publication August 8, 1955
l Dept. of Zoology, Duke Univ., Durham, N. C.
2 Established Investigator of the American Heart
Association.
3 Dept. of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medi-
cine, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
4 Bispebjerg Hospital, Dept. A. Copenhagen, Den-
mark.
water for evaporative cooling in order to
maintain constant body temperaturewhenever
the environment is so warm that the heat
transfer between body and environment re-
sults in a net heat gain in the body. The small
rodents can and must escapethe heat because
evaporative cooling is too expensivean under-
taking for them (2). Accordingly, smallrodents
do not spendwater for heat regulation, and it
is possible for certain of them to maintain
water balance even when the water intake is
restricted to the preformed water in dry seeds
and the water formed by the oxidation of the
food in the body. This is accomplishedby an
extreme degree of water economy (3). How-
ever, the large animal that sweats or pants
can never become independent of intake of
free water, becausethe amount of water neces-
sary for heat regulation is large comparedwith
the other needs.
The adaptation of the camel to its hot en-
vironment does not, therefore, involve inde-
ded from www.physiology.org/journal/ajplegacy by ${individualUser.givenNames} ${individualUser.surname} (163.015.154.053) on August 6, 2018.
Copyright © 1956 American Physiological Society. All rights reserved.
OF THE CAMEL 193
TABLE 4. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE WATER LOSS
DURING WATER DEPRIVATION AND THE AMOUNT
OF WATER INGESTED AT THE TERMINATION OF THE
DEHYDRATION PERIOD
T-
-
DrinkingWeight Loss
kg i%if. *
Camel A
=7*3 7*8
36.5 16.2
34*o 14.5
64.0 22.0
(124)” 37*4
72.5 26.5
Camel Q
Days
With-
out
Water
ggf l3%e
ing - De-
hydr.
12/14 223
I/27 226
4119 234
5129 29=
6/22 332
7/4 274
6/I 2!474
6/22 452
7/4 447
kg To of de-
hydr. b.wt.
16.3 7*9
40.0 21.1
44*o 22.0
56.0 24.9
61.7 29.7
66.5 33J
9
=7
=7
II
17
7
7 23.0
8 22.6
7 27.2
Rortkey B
103 28.1
103 29*4
104 31.8
in
to
e,
y
re
n
12/d I
I2/2I
12123
I2/27
I/2
d7
3/2I
3/27
619
6/17
11.8 14.2
IO.2 12.2
4*4 50
9*2 r1.3
9.7 11.9
9.0 11.6
154 19.1
=7*4 22.6
20,2 27.2
(23d (31*5H
20.3 27.8
(26.9H (36*8H
96-S 4
94*8 5
93.7 2
93-4 4
89.6 4
91.0 4
96.7 3
96*5 6
107 4
104 4
13.5 I4
11.3 11.9
4-7 5-0
12.4 13.3
8.5 9*5
9.0 9*9
15.7 16.2
“9.5 20.2
32*5 3044
31.1 29.9ey
of
ht
ne
ng
he
* This weight loss includes the loss of considerable
edema produced by excessive administration of NaCl,
t Figures in parentheses represent total amount of
water consumed in the course of several hours. On
‫تأثر‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الوزن‬ ‫من‬ ٪٣٠ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ماء‬ ‫فقدان‬
‫فقود‬Z‫ا‬ ‫الوزن‬ ‫وتعويض‬ ‫بسرعه‬ ‫اء‬Z‫ا‬ ‫شرب‬

‫وأعصاب‬ ‫ت‬u‫عض‬ ‫يحوي‬ ‫أنف‬
‫ختياري‬Y‫ا‬ ‫والفتح‬ ‫للغلق‬ ‫قابل‬

‫وأعمارها‬ ‫بل‬Y‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

‫سنان‬z‫ا‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫ثم‬ ً|‫أو‬ ‫السلوك‬ ‫على‬ ً‫ا‬‫بناء‬ ‫بل‬Y‫ا‬ ‫أعمار‬ ‫تسمية‬

‫زاين‬Z‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

‫متفق‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫نتاج‬Y‫ا‬ ‫لجودة‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫هي‬ ‫زاين‬Z‫ا‬ ‫مسابقات‬
e‫رب‬Z‫ا‬ ‫من‬ ‫عليها‬

‫الحيوانات‬ ‫مزاين‬ ‫عن‬ ً‫ا‬‫كثير‬ ‫تختلف‬ | ‫بل‬z‫ا‬ ‫مزاين‬ ‫مسابقات‬
‫خرى‬z‫ا‬

‫زاين‬Z‫ا‬ ‫إبل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫نظرة‬

Shaele
Majaheem
Waddah
Shageh
Homor
Sofor
black
Mezayen
breeds
Crow-black
Majaheem
Black
Majaheem
Light
Majaheem
Smoky-brown
Sofor
Syrupy
Sofor
Light
Sofor
Brown
Shaele
Milky
Shaele
Light
Shaele
Red
Homor
Blackened
Homor
Twilight
Homor
Wheat
Shageh
Light
Shageh
Rosy
Waddah
Blond
Waddah
White
Waddah
‫اﻟﻣزاﯾن‬ ‫إﺑل‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺳم‬
،‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺗﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫او‬
‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﺳﯾم‬ ‫وھذا‬
‫اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫اﻟظﺎھرﯾﺔ‬

(‫)ﺣداد،ﺣراب‬ ‫اﻟرأس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻋﻣودﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﮫ‬ (‫)اﻟﻣﺟﺎھﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﺳوداء‬ ‫اﻷﺑل‬ ‫أذن‬
(‫)ﺧرع‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠف‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ (‫)اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠوﻧﮫ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أذن‬

a. b. c.
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎھﯾم‬ ‫ذﯾل‬
‫ودﻗﯾق‬ ‫طوﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑت‬
‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫ذﯾل‬
‫وﺳﻣﯾك‬ ‫ﻗﺻﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑت‬

‫زاين‬Z‫ا‬ ‫إبل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫دقيقة‬ ‫نظرة‬

ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻣﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﮭوة‬ ‫ﻟون‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫وأﻗرب‬ ،‫اﻟﺳواد‬ ‫دون‬ ‫داﻛن‬ ‫ﻟوﻧﮭﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﻌده‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إﻋدادھﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﮭوة‬ ‫ﻟون‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﻟوﻧﮭﺎ‬ .ً‫ﻼ‬‫طوﯾ‬

‫ﻟون‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﮭوة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻟوان‬ ‫اﻟﻌرب‬ ‫وﺻف‬ ‫أﺧذﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬
.‫اﻻﺣﺗراق‬ ‫دون‬ ‫إﻧﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﮭوة‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾص‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔر‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌل‬ ‫ﻓروع‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﺑر‬ ‫ﻟون‬ ‫ﺗوﺻﯾف‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻠﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺷروب‬

‫وﻗت‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻔﻘﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣر‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﻔر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﺎض‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣرة‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺗزج‬ ،‫اﻟﻐروب‬
‫أﺳﻔﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎض‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣرة‬ ‫ﺗﻛون‬ ٍ‫ﻧﺣو‬

"‫اﻟﮭرﯾس‬ " ‫ﯾﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﮭﺎرة‬ ‫ﺟدﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﻌﮫ‬ ٍ‫ﺑطﺑق‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻘﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫ﻟون‬ ‫ﯾذﻛرﻧﻲ‬

‫وھذا‬ ‫اﻷﺑﯾض‬ ‫اﻟوﺑر‬ ‫ﺑﻠون‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻣﯾز‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫إﺑل‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬
.‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﯾﺋ‬ ‫ر‬َ‫ﻔ‬ْ‫اﻟﻣﺻ‬ ‫اﻟدﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻠﯾب‬ ‫ﻟون‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻗرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎض‬

‫بل‬Y‫ا‬ ‫أبحاث‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

‫واﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ (DNA) ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧك‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎد‬
‫اﻟذﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﮭواﺗف‬ (App) ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬
10266 | Ecology and Evolution. 2018;8:10266–10271.www.ecolevol.org
1 | INTRODUCTION
All research requires data. Data are often collected unmethodically
and unsystematically. It is often the case that only after the com-
pletion of the field season, is this data organized and transcribed to
a format that can be more readily archived, analyzed, and shared
(i.e., a spreadsheet). This two-step process of data collection is time-
intensive (reducing the time spent collecting samples) and reduces
data quality (via omissions, transcription errors, etc.).
The usability of any dataset is directly related to its organiza-
tion and formatting and the scientific value of the dataset increases
as it is used by different research groups. Collaboration and data
sharing across research groups are hindered by the use of disparate
data collection and organization schemes—thus, a unified system-
atic data collection approach could increase collaboration and data
sharing. While many researchers developed software to address and
serve various scientific objectives (see lists in http://brunalab.org/
apps/), none of these applications provide a simple solution to the
collection of biological specimen data. The closest application to
serve this purpose is EpiCollect (Aanensen, Huntley, Feil, al-Own, &
Spratt, 2009). However, the complex application design and multiple
features, although valued, may limit its wide-scale adoption and im-
plementation across fields.
In designing SamplEase, we adopted the recommendations of
Borer et al. concerning data formats, storage, and sharing potential
as well as technical issues with naming files and categories of data
(Borer, Seabloom, Jones, & Schildhauer, 2009). SamplEase is available
in both Android and iOS platforms, designed to expedite collection,
management, and sharing of biological specimen data in the field.
2 | SAMPLEASE WORKFLOW
The general idea behind developing SamplEase is to (1) rapidly and
conveniently collect and store biological specimen data along with
photographs for each biological sample, (2) export the data in a
Received: 16 March 2018 | Revised: 4 August 2018 | Accepted: 7 August 2018
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4503
O R I G I N A L R E S E A R C H
SamplEase: a simple application for collection and organization
of biological specimen data in the field
Hasan Alhaddad | Bader H. Alhajeri
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2018 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait
University, Safat, Kuwait
Correspondence
Hasan Alhaddad, Department of Biological
Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat 13060,
Kuwait
Email: hhalhaddad@gmail.com
Abstract
Careful collection and organization of biological specimens and their associated data
are at the core of field research (e.g., ecology, genetics). Fieldwork data are often col-
lected by handwriting or unsystematically via an electronic device (e.g., laptop), a
process that is time-intensive, disorganized, and may lead to transcription errors, as
data are copied to a more permanent repository. SamplEase is an iOS and Android
application that is designed to ease the process of collecting biological specimen data
in the field (data associated with biological samples, such as location, age, and sex). In
addition to biological specimen data, SamplEase allows for the assignment of photo-
graphs to each collected sample, which provides visual records of each specimen in
its environment. SamplEase outputs biological specimen data in a tabular format, fa-
cilitating subsequent analyses and dissemination. Despite the simplicity of SamplEase,
no similar data management application is readily available for researchers.
K E Y W O R D S
animal sampling, biological specimen data, data management, fieldwork, images
SamplEase and Cdrom archive:
Windows to study the dromedary Camelus dromedarius
(Artiodactyla: Camelidae) and related camelids
Hasan Alhaddad and Bader H. Alhajeri
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
SamplEase
1. Search
2. Download
3. Register
4. Link to Dropbox
5. Collect data
6. Upload data
7. View data
Acknowledgment: Jaafar Hussian assisted in designing SamplEase.
Sample ID Date Nickname Sex Age Sire Dam Breed
Bio
Sample
Other 1 Other 2 Other 3 GIS Country Region Notes
Breeder
Name
Breeder
Phone
Breeder
Email
Photo 1st
Photos
Total
S-Other 1 S-Other 2 S-Other 3 Collector Name
Collector
Phone
Collector Email Collector Affiliation
201701151200_1 201701151200 Hasan Male 4 y ? ? Wadh Saliva 29.32491182 - 47.97026849 Kuwait Khaldiya KU 6199998888 h@gmail.com 201701151200KU_1_1 3 Hasan Alhaddad 123456789 jamalidreport@gmail.com Kuwait University
201701151200_2 201701151200 Bader Male 5 y ? ? Sufur Hair 29.32491182 - 47.97026849 Kuwait Khaldiya KU 6199998888 h@gmail.com 201701151200KU_2_1 5 Hasan Alhaddad 123456789 jamalidreport@gmail.com Kuwait University
Figure 1: How to use SamplEase, an iOS sampling application.
Cdrom archive
1. Register SamplEase
•  SamplEase registration ensures
that each sample links to the
collector’s contact information
(Table 1).
•  Registration information records
the contribution of each
investigator working within a team.
2. Link to Dropbox
•  SamplEase needs to be linked to
a Dropbox account, where
sampling data and associated
images can be deposited.
•  If need be, SamplEase can be
unlinked from one Dropbox
account and linked to another.
3. Session information
•  A session is defined as a sampling
trip, often to a specific breeder, in
a specific location.
•  All samples collected at a single
locality share the same session
information.
4. Sample information
•  Unique information for each
sample can be easily entered and
saved.
•  Samples can be continually
added until the sampling session
is complete. The session ends
when sampling is done.
5. SamplEase output
• For each session, data is stored as a zip file, which contains a table of SamplEase data
(Table 1), along with the associated images.
• Data can be uploaded to the linked Dropbox account (when connected to the internet), in
a folder with the label: App/SamplEase.
• When not connected to the internet, the session data will be stored on the device
temporarily, so that it can be uploaded to the linked Dropbox account when internet is
restored.
• Images are automatically assigned a unique name, based on the sample ID.
Why use SamplEase?
1. Search
2. Download
3. Register
4. Link to Dropbox
5. Collect data
6. Upload data
7. View data
Introduction
• Collection, organization, and dissemination of biological data, in the form of specimens
and associated information is essential for long and short-term research projects. Manual
data collection (i.e. by hand) is time-intensive, hard to share, and is more susceptible to
loss.
• SamplEase is an application designed to ease the process of biological specimen
sampling, particularly in a fieldwork setting. The application allows systematic assignment
of basic data to each collected specimen.
• SamplEase can be utilized by ecologists, geneticists, plant and animal breeders, and
researchers from other fields.
• It is easy to use.
• Paperless data collection.
• Data can be inputted in any language.
• Data output is organized in a table.
• Data is automatically backed up in Dropbox.
• Data is uploaded as a zip file to save space.
• Each collected sample is automatically
assigned an ID, a date and time, and GIS
coordinates.
• Unlimited number of photos for each
sample.
• Assignment of sample IDs is based on the
sampling date & time (yyyy-mm-dd-hh-
mm_#).
• Rapid collection of phenotypic, behavioral,
and environmental data.
• Images are named according to the sample
ID.
• The name of the output file corresponds to
the date & time of the sampling session.
• File names are arranged in chronological
order (yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm_name).
Table 1: An example of a table outputted from SamplEase.
• Cdrom archive is a bank of Camelus dromedarious biological specimens, used to
explore its molecular and morphological variation.
• To investigate the morphological variation and the genetic causes behind such variation,
a large number of camels need to be screened molecularly.
• Cdrom archive links the detailed morphological data obtained from SamplEase with the
collected DNA samples (Tail hair), in order to verify molecular variants associated with a
particular phenotype.
• Blood, buccal swabs (saliva), and tail hair follicles are possible biological specimen sources that
can be collected from camels in order to extract DNA for the Cdrom archive.
• Blood samples offer sufficient quantities of high quality DNA but poses problems related to sample
storage and collection (many breeders are resistant to providing blood samples).
• Saliva samples are relatively easier collect and store compared to blood samples. However, the
quality and quantity of DNA varies across samples, and may be contaminated with feeding material.
• Hair samples are the easiest to collect and store and camel breeders do not mind providing
such samples. We found that hair can provide sufficient good quality DNA for molecular
analyses.

Al Sohi
Al-Shahab (white + black tint)
Al-Shiabeen (light color)
Asail (pure)
Awadi (gentle)
Azaouad (black)
Benadir (white)
Brela
Cajeh (red)
Dkhan (smokey white)
Grain (tawny)
Homor (red)
Khader (green)
Kimta(h)
Labied (white)
Lahmami (color)
Lakhdar (green)Lasfar (yellow)Lazrag (blue)Maghateer (light)
Majaheem (black)
Ramli (sandy)
Shaele (brown)
Shageh (wheat)
Sofor (somkey yellow)
Waddah (white)
Zargeh (blue)
JabaliRiverine
Saharan
SahelSaheli
Sahelian
Sahraoui
Fellahi
M
aya
M
ehara
A(i)rAdrar des Iforas
Aftout
AjjerAl M
ahaliyat
Alsertaw
eya
Altebestee
Arak
Awarik
Azaouak
Azawak
Baladia
Batinah
Bikaneri
Butana
Campbellpuri
Chami
Danakil
DeraIsmailKhan
Deshi
Dhatti
Dhofar
Fleuve
Gandiol
Guban
HoratAlMadenia
Jaisalmeri
Jalore
Jebel
Judi
Kachchi
Kala
Kala-Chitta
Kanem
Kharai
Kharani
Khawar
Kohi
Kubule
Larri
M
ajorero
M
akraniM
alvi
Mewari
Mewati
MudughMultanOgadenPishinRakaRodbariSakarchagin
SakraiShekhawati
Shemelia
Sifdaar
Sindhi
Sirohi
Sowari
Tibesi
Tibesti
Turkana
Yerbent
Afar
Ait Khabbach
Al-Shorarat
Anafi
Arvana
Bagri
Bandari
Berabish
Bim
al
Bishari
Borena
Brahvi
Chaam
bi
Dhibian
Dolbahanta
GabbraGaddiGarre
GhulmaniGoraneHelai
JebliKabbashiKalkooi
Kenani
Lahwee
Maalia
Maganeen
Mahamid
Mareecha
Rashaidi
Reguibi
Rendille
ShanbaliTajakantTarguiUrfillaOuladSidiCheikh
Camel
Groups
(138)
Ecotype
Function
Phenotype
(27)
Geographic Region
(63)
Tribe's Name
(38)
‫وﻣﻣﯾزات‬ ‫ﺧﺻوﺻﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟدراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣزاﯾن‬ ‫أﺑل‬
‫وإﻛﺗﺷﺎف‬ ‫اﻟوراﺛﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬

Shaele
Majaheem
Waddah
Shageh
Homor
Sofor
black
Mezayen
breeds
Crow-black
Majaheem
Black
Majaheem
Light
Majaheem
Smoky-brown
Sofor
Syrupy
Sofor
Light
Sofor
Brown
Shaele
Milky
Shaele
Light
Shaele
Red
Homor
Blackened
Homor
Twilight
Homor
Wheat
Shageh
Light
Shageh
Rosy
Waddah
Blond
Waddah
White
Waddah
‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫وﻋرض‬ ‫ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ‬
‫ﯾراھﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣزاﯾن‬ ‫إﺑل‬
‫ﻟدراﺳﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺣﺎﺑﮭﺎ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﺟﯾﻧﯾ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﻛﻠﯾ‬

‫اﻟﺻﻔر‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻟﻠون‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
(‫)اﻟدﺑﺎﺳﻲ‬

Curly (47)
Straight (66)
Unknown (50)
a.
b.
Unknown (163)
‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻟطول‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟوﺑر‬ ‫وﻗﺻر‬
‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟوﺑر‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻋم‬
(‫)ﻣﻠﺳﺎء،ھﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻠﻔل‬
(‫)ﻣﻌﻛرﺷﮫ،ﻣﺣﻠق‬

‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬

1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
Mejaheem
1
2
3
4
56
7
8 9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
Maghatir
Omaniat
ShaeleSofor
‫وﻣﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﻛل‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣزاﯾن‬ ‫إﺑل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻧﺎم‬

3
2
9
5
6
1
4
8
7
10
11
12
Hijin
(n = 69)
Mezayen
(n = 322)
Beauty and the beast: A comparison of torso
shapes of beauty-contest camels vs. racing camels
Alhajeriand Bader H.,AlhaddadHasan,AlaqeelyRanda
Introduction
• Dromedary camels (Camelus dromadarius) permeate Arab culture.
• Perhaps the two most well-known camel types are those used for
beauty-contests (Mezayen) and the ones used for racing (Hijin).
• Torso morphology is one of the most important features that
characterize these two camel types. Perhaps the most distinctive
torso feature relate to the humps, which tend to be posteriorly-
positioned in camels bred for beauty-contests, and anteriorly-
positioned in racing camels.
• In this study, we assess the exact discrepancy in overall torso
shape between Mezayen and Hijin using geometric
morphometric analysis—a technique that uses two-dimensional
landmarks digitized on images of lateral views of camels collected
from various social media accounts.
@jamalid_report jamalidreport@gmail.com@jamalidreport
Objectives
1. Determine if there are significant differences in the geometric shape of the torso of camels bred for beauty-contests
(Mezayen) vs. those that are bred for racing (Hijin).
2. Assuming that there are significant differences in torso shape, determine the exact locations, and extent of the differences in
the shape among Mezayen and Hijin camels.
Materials and Methods
• Camel images (n = 391) were acquired from public social media accounts (Figure 1). Only
photographs in which the torso was positioned parallel to the photographic plane were used
(Figure 2).
• Twelve torso landmarks were digitized in a standardized manner using ImageJ software
(Figure 2).
• Landmark coordinates were subjected to generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) to obtain
size-independent shape variables (procrustes coordinates), that were used to compare
camel torso shapes.
• A principal components analysis was conducted on the procrustes coordinates, in order to
summarize the shape variation—the first three principal components were retained for
subsequent analysis, as recommended by the broken-stick criterion.
• A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted on the retained principal
components in order to test if the difference in torso shape among the camel types is
significant.
• In order to quantify the magnitude and the direction of the differences in torso shape among
the two camel types, (1) the mean shape of each type was determined (Figure 3), and (2)
the differences in the positions of each landmark in the corresponding type was visualized
using a vector plot (Figure 4).
Figure 2: Positions of the 12, two-
dimensional landmarks used in this
study. Circles represent positions on a
Cartesian coordinate system.
Conclusions
• The geometry of torso shape of Mezayen and Hijin types were significantly different—the two most variable landmarks were associated with
the posterior of the hump (landmark 2), which is more posteriorly positioned in the Mezayen, and the apex of the hump (landmark 3), which is
more dorsally positioned in the Mezayen (Figure 4).
• The flatter and the more anteriorly positioned humps of Hijin could be selected for in breeders for racing, since jockeys tend to mount camels
from the posterior side of the humps.
• Landmarks associated with the hindlimb (1, 11, and 12) also seem to be variable in the two breeds, with all of them being shifted anteriorly in
the Mezayen relative to the Hijin—the more posteriorly placed hindlimb in Hijin could be another functionally useful trait selected for racing.
Acknowledgments: We thank the following social media accounts for making their camel images publically available (images used in this study): ime1111, hjn_uae, alotaibi_654, smsrbywshr, djekv493hf,
rashed1209, ahmedreshidi, aljhaam, 3lag_al7lal, camel.kw, theking2050, al_nahab, alsultan38, nsas669, zmool_alarab, o.77_, osaamah23, _a_qatar_9033, shr2222, swaihaan.
Figure 3: Positions of landmark coordinates of all the Mezayen (n = 322) and the Hijin (n = 69)
specimens used in this study. Grey circles represent the each specimen after being aligned
using GPA, and the blue numbered circles represent the average location of each of the 12
landmarks based on the whole sample, in each of the two camel types. The numbers match the
numbers in Figure 2. MANOVA indicates that the torso shapes of Mezayen and Hijin are
significantly different (F=8.58, P<0.0001).
Figure 1: Sample
description.
Are there significant differences in torso
shape between camel types? How are Mezayen and Hijin torsos
different?
Figure 4: A vector plot that shows the magnitude and the direction of
torso shape differences between the Mezayen and the Hijin types. This
vector plot shows the corresponding coordinates of the reference mean
Hijin shape being displaced towards the target mean Mezayen shape.
The numbers match the numbers in Figure 2. For illustrative purposes,
vector displacements have been magnified four times.
−0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
−0.4−0.20.00.20.4
x
y
Mezayen 3
7
45
8
6 2
1
9 10
11 12
−0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4
−0.4−0.20.00.20.4
x
y
Hijn 3
7
45
8
6 2
1
9 10
11 12
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
x
y
3
7
4
5
8
6
2
1
9
10
11
12
es of
sexes
mong
near
mpling
st
@jamalid_report jamalidreport@gmail.com
Conclusion
•  Male and female camels are significantly different in limb ratios,
confirming our prediction of sexual dimorphism in limb morphology.
•  The limb ratios most important in distinguishing among the sexes were
associated with the following structures: (6, 8) forearm, (5) forelimb, (7)
front cannon bone, (14) stifle and hock, and (18) hindlimb. (Figures 1-4).
length
22
24
Mid forearm
width/
front cannon
bone length
(8/7)
Length between the stifle and hock/
hindlimb length (14/18)
Forearm length/
forelimb length (6/5)
5
6
7
8
14
18
Figure 4: The three ratios with the largest absolute values of the
discriminant function coefficient (based on the DFA of the 11 limb
ratios), indicating that they contributed to the sole discriminant
function the most. The colors match those in Table 1.
Figure 3: Percentage of correct/
incorrect sex classifications
based on the linear discriminant
function of the 11 limb ratios
using data cross-validated via
jackknife resampling.
Figure 2: Bubble plot showing the separation of males and females in the 3D morphospace
represented by the three limb ratios that contributed to the sole discriminant function the most
(see Table 1; Figure 4).
Forearm length/forelimb length (6/5)
Midforearmwidth/frontcannonbonelength(8/7
6/5 -18.3
7/5 9.0
8/7 29.7
21/20 -6.8
20/18 -10.0
17/19 12.9
1/2 0.8
3/4 0.4
18/26 9.5
14/18 16.8
22/18 -0.3
mel breeders on their social media accounts, including: ime1111, hjn_uae, alotaibi_654, smsrbywshr, djekv493hf,
ahab, alsultan38, nsas669, zmool_alarab, o.77_, osaamah23, _a_qatar_9033, shr2222, swaihaan).
he 11
26)
Female
Male
↓ value for the length between the
stifle and hock/hindlimb length (14/18)
Overall correct
assignments = 73%.
%correct/incorrect
classifications
correctmales
correctfemales
incorrect
males+females
Are area ratios useful in distinguishing among camel types?
A preliminary study indicates that they are
Huda AlAskar, Hasan Alhaddad, and Bader H. Alhajeri
Introduction
• Arabian camels (Camelus dromadarius) are greatly variable in external
morphology.
• Different types (which consist of different breeds) are bred for different
purposes, which includes those used for racing and others used for milk
and meat production.
• Traditionally, camel types and breeds are distinguished based on discrete
features, including coat color and binary/categorical morphological
characteristics.
• Recently, some studies have attempted to examine the morphometric
structure of various camel breeds based on both linear distances and
geometric landmarks, with varying degrees of success.
• In this study, we propose a novel method of distinguishing among camel
types and breeds, based on photographs of the lateral view of camels—
area ratios, which examine the relative contribution of the area of different
body regions (head, neck, torso, limbs) to the overall area of the lateral
plane of the camels.
Objectives
1. Examine the utility of area ratios in distinguishing among camels.
2. Determine at what level (type vs. breed) are area ratios useful at
discovering morphometric structure in camels.
3. Discern the discriminating ability of different area ratios (best vs.
worst).
4. Determine which camel breeds show the most distinct area ratios.
Head ratio Neck ratio Torso ratio Limbs ratio
Figure 1: Summary of the camel types/breeds sampled in this
study and their subdivisions. ‘Mezayen’ camel types are those
most commonly used for milk and meat production as well as in
‘beauty’ contests. ‘Other types’ represent a large sample of camel
types/breeds including Omani, Sudani, Kenani, and Onafi.
Are there differences in area ratios between Mezayen and other
camel types?
Figure 2: Subdivisions of different camel body areas
used in calculating area ratios. Colors in the figure
are the same as the colors used in the results below
(boxplots, etc).
●
●
●
●
0.040.050.060.070.080.090.10
●
●
●
●
0.140.160.180.200.220.24
●
0.450.500.55
●
.250.300.350.40
F=4.74 P= 0.0300 F= 0.06 P= 0.8080 F= 9.32 P= 0.0024 F= 14.72 P= 0.0001
Mejaheem
Sufer
Shael
ShaghWadh
Other types
n=141
n=101
n=44
n=23
n=21n=72 Figure 4: Differences in area ratios among Mejaheem and Maghateer (Mezayen subtypes). See Figure 3.
Are area ratios useful in distinguishing among camel types?
A preliminary study indicates that they are
Huda AlAskar, Hasan Alhaddad, and Bader H. Alhajeri
Introduction
• Arabian camels (Camelus dromadarius) are greatly variable in external
morphology.
• Different types (which consist of different breeds) are bred for different
purposes, which includes those used for racing and others used for milk
and meat production.
• Traditionally, camel types and breeds are distinguished based on discrete
features, including coat color and binary/categorical morphological
characteristics.
• Recently, some studies have attempted to examine the morphometric
structure of various camel breeds based on both linear distances and
geometric landmarks, with varying degrees of success.
• In this study, we propose a novel method of distinguishing among camel
types and breeds, based on photographs of the lateral view of camels—
area ratios, which examine the relative contribution of the area of different
body regions (head, neck, torso, limbs) to the overall area of the lateral
plane of the camels.
Are there differences in area ratios between Maghateer breeds?
• Camel images (n = 402) were acquired from publically available social media
accounts—images come from various camel types and breeds (Figure 1).
• Only photographs in which the lateral views of the camels were positioned parallel to
the photographic plane were chosen (Figure 2).
• Photographs were excluded if the following ‘natural’ standing posture was not
displayed—neck up, the snout parallel to the ground, and the limbs parallel to each
other and perpendicular to both the torso and the ground (Figure 2).
• Area (in pixels) of the head, neck, torso, and limbs were estimated from the
photographs using ImageJ.
• Because there were no scale bars in the retrieved photographs, absolute size could
not be compared, and only relative sizes of each body region were compared by
calculating unit-less area ratios (shape variables).
• Different area ratios were calculated by dividing the area of each region (head,
neck, torso, limbs) by the total area (head + neck + torso + limbs)—these area
ratios were then used as shape variables to compare among camels.
• Differences in area ratios among camel types (Mezayen vs. other types), Mezayen
subtypes (Mejaheem vs. Maghateer), and Maghateer breeds (Sufer, Shael, Shagh,
vs. Wadh) were determined using analyses of variance (ANOVA). Results were
visualized using boxplots.
• The significance of the pairwise differences in the area ratios of camel breeds were
determined via a post-hoc Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) test.
Objectives
1. Examine the utility of area ratios in distinguishing among camels.
2. Determine at what level (type vs. breed) are area ratios useful at
discovering morphometric structure in camels.
3. Discern the discriminating ability of different area ratios (best vs.
worst).
4. Determine which camel breeds show the most distinct area ratios.
Head ratio Neck ratio Torso ratio Limbs ratio
Figure 3: Differences in area ratios among Mezayen and a group containing a sample of other camel types (‘Other types’).
Inner boxplot lines are median values, box margins are 25th and the 75th percentiles, whiskers are 5th and 95th
percentiles, and points beyond the whiskers are outliers. ANOVA results are also indicated.
Figure 1: Summary of the camel types/breeds sampled in this
study and their subdivisions. ‘Mezayen’ camel types are those
most commonly used for milk and meat production as well as in
‘beauty’ contests. ‘Other types’ represent a large sample of camel
types/breeds including Omani, Sudani, Kenani, and Onafi.
Figure 5: Differences in area ratios among Maghateer breeds. See Figure 3.
Are there differences in area ratios between Mezayen and other
camel types?
Within Mezayen types, are there differences in area ratios between
Mejaheem and Maghateer (subtypes)?
Acknowledgments: This project uses images posted in social media accounts of the following users: hjn_uae, shr2222, u02mda.7, aljhaam, mzayn5, osaamah23, abl_aljezra, saif22220, 3bdallah_1918,
rashed1209, alsarem_777, saif050200, mjahim10, abu_faisal.3, ime1111, shr_2222, o.77_, b.mzain, alotaibi_654, smsrbywshr, djekv493hf, ahmedreshidi, nawader_almgahim, sagr_511_, 3lag_al7lal,
camel.kw, 1faisalroqi, theking2050, fheed6666, Ahmedreshidi, al_nahab, 5aled_189, alsultan38, nsas669, zmool_alarab swaihaan, al_hjamh_911, otubu.511.
Conclusions
• Based on our results, area ratios seem to be useful in distinguishing
among camels—at both the broad level (types and subtypes) and the
narrow level (breeds) (Figures 3-5).
• Our results indicate that head ratio is the most distinguishing feature
across all levels (types, subtypes, and breeds). (Figures 3-5).
• We find that both torso ratio and neck ratio is the least distinguishing
features among camels—torso ratio only seems to distinguish the
relatively large-bodied Mezayen camels from other camel types; while
neck ratio differentiates only the two Maghateer breeds (long-necked
Shagh vs. short-necked Wadh). (Figures 3-5).
• At the narrowest level, the most disparate Maghateer breeds in area
ratios are the Shagh and the Wadh—the prior having relatively larger
heads and necks, and shorter limbs than the latter. (Figure 5).
Figure 2: Subdivisions of different camel body areas
used in calculating area ratios. Colors in the figure
are the same as the colors used in the results below
(boxplots, etc).
●
●
●
●
●
●
0.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.10
Mezayen Other types
●
●
●
●
0.120.140.160.180.200.220.24
Mezayen Other types
●
0.400.450.500.55
Mezayen Other types
●
0.250.300.350.40
Mezayen Other types
F=4.74 P= 0.0300 F= 0.06 P= 0.8080 F= 9.32 P= 0.0024 F= 14.72 P= 0.0001
F=4.75 P= 0.0311 F= 0.11 P= 0.7400 F= 0.00 P= 0.9770 F= 0.17 P= 0.6780
●
0.040.050.060.070.08
Mejaheem Maghateer
0.120.140.160.180.200.22
Mejaheem Maghateer
●
0.450.500.55
Mejaheem Maghateer
0.240.260.280.300.320.340.36
Mejaheem Maghateer
F=5.85 P= 0.0008 F= 3.13 P= 0.0276 F= 0.87 P= 0.4580 F= 3.74 P= 0.0124
●
●
0.040.050.060.070.080.090.10
Sufer Shael Shagh Wadh
●
0.120.140.160.180.200.220.24
●
●
0.400.450.500.55
●
0.250.300.350.40
Mejaheem
Sufer
Shael
ShaghWadh
Other types
n=141
n=101
n=44
n=23
n=21n=72
Mezayen Other types> Mezayen Other types>
Mezayen Other types<
Maghateer Mejaheem>
Wadh Shagh P=0.0086>
Shagh Wadh P=0.0151>
Shagh
Shael P=0.0169
Wadh P=0.0057
Sufer P=0.0003
>
Phenotypic integration in limb and torso morphology
of camels
Zainab Dashti, Tasneem Maraqa, Hasan Alhaddad, and Bader H. Alhajeri
Introduction
• Phenotypic integration refers to the correlated evolution of functionally-
associated traits—a pattern that is common in nature, and could arise as a
consequence of increased genetic relationships (linkage) among traits.
• Phenotypic integration could be a result of adaptation or constraint.
• Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) are morphologically variable in
such features as size, shape, and coloration. Various breeds are defined by
a seemingly associated set of traits, such as color and size (which might
arise as a consequence of phenotypic integration).
• In this study, we examine the covariation pattern of limb and torso
morphology in camels, based on 19 linear ratios extracted from images.
• These two body regions are important in characterizing camel types, and
could have been targets of phenotypic integration in the evolutionary history
of camels.
• Ninety-two camel images (from various breeds) were collected from social
media accounts.
• Twenty-five linear measurements were taken from the limbs and the torso
(in pixels) from the images using ImageJ (Figure 1).
• Due to the fact that images lacked scale bars, the absolute magnitude of
these measurements could not be determined or directly compared.
• The association between limb and torso morphology was assessed based
on unitless shape variables—11 ratios of limb measurements, and 8 ratios
of torso measurements.
• A two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) analysis was conducted to test
the degree of association between the limb and torso ratios—the
significance of the correlations between the two blocks of vectors (limb and
torso data matrices) was empirically assessed via a permutation test with
10,000 randomizations.
• A canonical correlations analysis (CCA) was then used to find linear
combinations of the limb ratios which correlate maximally with linear
combinations of the torso ratios—this could be used to identify potential
morphological modules (phenotypically integrated ratios).
• Results of the CCA were visualized using a helioplots, which display the
coefficients of the limb and the torso ratios for the pairs of canonical variates
that showed a significant correlation.
@jamalid_report jamalidreport@gmail.com@jamalidreport
Figure 1. Linear measurements extracted
from camel photographs (used for calculating
the 19 linear ratios). Limbs: 1. knee width, 2.
fore-fetlock width, 3. forefoot width, 4. fore-
foot length, 5. forelimb length, 6. forearm
length, 7. front cannon bone length, 8. mid
forearm width, 9. hock to ground length, 10.
thigh width, 11. hind limb length, 12. thigh
length, 13. hind cannon bone length, 14.
mid-hind leg width, 15. height above hip, 16.
length between stifle and hock.
Torso: 17. body length, 18. height at
hump, 19. height at withers, 20. lower
body length, 21. lumber area height, 22.
hump length, 23. hump height, 24. torso
height with hump, 25. torso height
without hump.
Objectives
1.  Determine the degree of association between limb and torso
morphology in camels.
2.  Identify potential morphological modules in camels (targets of
phenotypic integration).
Figure 3. Helioplots that display the coefficients of the limb and the torso ratios for the three pairs of canonical
variates (CV1-3) that showed a significant correlation (F=2.15–1.38, all p<0.0462). Larger (positive) values are
indicated by the radial bars that are pointing outward from the base of the inner circle and the smaller
(negative) values are pointing inward. CV1 showed a strong correlation between the following limb and torso
ratios: an increased mid forearm width/front cannon bone (0.74), an increased thigh width/thigh length (0.62),
an increased mid hind leg width/hind cannon bone (0.55) vs. increased hump height/body length (0.53), and a
decreased lumber area height/body length (-0.56). The correlations between the limb and torso ratios in CV2-3
are shown, with the numbers of the ratios matching the numbers of the linear measurements in Figure 1.
Figure 2. Two-block partial least squares plot
showing the relationship between the partial
least squares scores for limb vs. torso ratios. A
best-fit line is shown. The summary of the two-
block partial least squares analysis (r-PLS
scores and P values based on the permutation
test) is also shown.
Acknowledgments: This project uses images posted on social media accounts of the following users: ime1111, hjn_uae, alotaibi_654, smsrbywshr, djekv493hf, rashed1209, ahmedreshidi, aljhaam,
3lag_al7lal, camel.kw, theking2050, al_nahab, alsultan38, nsas669, zmool_alarab, o.77_, osaamah23, _a_qatar_9033, shr2222, swaihaan.
Conclusion
•  Based on the 2B-PLS analysis, our set of limb and torso ratios were
not significantly correlated (Figure 2).
•  This may not necessarily indicate that limb and torso morphology is
not related in camels, as our set of ratios could include both
correlated and uncorrelated limb and torso ratios.
•  The CCA found a significant association between three linear
combinations of the limb and torso ratio datasets (CV1-3) (Figure 3).
These combinations could point towards potential morphological
modules in camels.
•  The maximally correlated linear combination of limb and torso ratios
(CV1) were associated with the ratios indicated in Figure 3 (CV1:in
bold).
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−3.5 −3.0 −2.5 −2.0 −1.5
1.61.82.02.22.42.6
PLS Plot
PLS1 Block 1
PLS1Block2
r-PLS: 0.16
P-Value: 0.30
Torsoratios
Limb ratios
Is there a significant relationship between limb and torso
morphology in camels?
What are the linear combinations of the limb and torso ratios
that are maximally correlated?
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 25
1
3
4
5
6
7
9
8
2
9
10
15
12
13
14
16
11
Canonical Variate 1
Forearmlength/
forelimblength
Hind cannon bone
length/ hind limb length
Thigh width/
thigh length
Hocktogroundlength/
hindlimblength
Heightathump/
bodylength
Lumber area height/
body length
Hump length/body length
CV1
Torso
Limbs
Canonical Variate 3
6/5
13/11
10/12
1/4
9/11
21/17
22/17
CV3
Torso
Limbs
Canonical Variate 2
6/5
13/11
10/12
1/4
9/11
21/17
22/17
CV2
Torso
Limbs
Phenotypic integration in limb and torso morphology
of camels
Zainab Dashti, Tasneem Maraqa, Hasan Alhaddad, and Bader H. Alhajeri
Introduction
• Phenotypic integration refers to the correlated evolution of functionally-
associated traits—a pattern that is common in nature, and could arise as a
consequence of increased genetic relationships (linkage) among traits.
• Phenotypic integration could be a result of adaptation or constraint.
• Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius) are morphologically variable in
such features as size, shape, and coloration. Various breeds are defined by
a seemingly associated set of traits, such as color and size (which might
arise as a consequence of phenotypic integration).
• In this study, we examine the covariation pattern of limb and torso
morphology in camels, based on 19 linear ratios extracted from images.
• These two body regions are important in characterizing camel types, and
could have been targets of phenotypic integration in the evolutionary history
of camels.
Figure 1. Linear measurements extracted
from camel photographs (used for calculating
the 19 linear ratios). Limbs: 1. knee width, 2.
fore-fetlock width, 3. forefoot width, 4. fore-
foot length, 5. forelimb length, 6. forearm
length, 7. front cannon bone length, 8. mid
forearm width, 9. hock to ground length, 10.
thigh width, 11. hind limb length, 12. thigh
length, 13. hind cannon bone length, 14.
mid-hind leg width, 15. height above hip, 16.
length between stifle and hock.
Torso: 17. body length, 18. height at
hump, 19. height at withers, 20. lower
body length, 21. lumber area height, 22.
hump length, 23. hump height, 24. torso
height with hump, 25. torso height
without hump.
Objectives PLS Plot
Is there a significant relationship between limb and torso
morphology in camels?
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 25
1
3
4
5
6
7
9
8
2
9
10
15
12
13
14
16
11

‫أﻧﺟﺢ‬ ِ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋ‬ ُ‫ح‬‫اﻟﻧﺟﺎ‬
@jamalid_reportJamalid ReportJamalidreport
jamalidreport@gmail.com
900 camel
900 22635
‫الهاجري‬ ‫بدر‬ .‫د‬
‫العبدالغفور‬ ‫سهى‬ .‫أ‬
‫العسكر‬ ‫هدى‬
‫عماد‬ ‫تسنيم‬
‫العقيلي‬ ‫رندا‬
‫الشمري‬ ‫رشيد‬
‫العنزي‬ ‫فهد‬

‫اﻟﺷﻛر‬ ‫ﺟزﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎر‬
‫ﺷرار‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺿﯾف‬ ‫ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫اﻟﻘرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣدﯾر‬
‫اﻟﺷﻼﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﯾف‬ .‫أ‬
‫واﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻣﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺳن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻛم‬

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