1. Submitted
by:zunaira arShad

3.  Skinner essentailly a
behaviourist ,that,s why
he present behaviourst
approach theory in 1913.

4.  Learning:
A relatively permanent
change in behavior or knowledge
due to experience.

5.  It’s the observation of behaviour,it is only a
way to study the behaviour of a
person……………….

6.  Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning

7.  Is the type of behaviourist
learning in which association are
established between automatic
emotional or psychological
response and stimuli.

8.  Is a method of learning that occures through
rewards and punishments for behaviours
through operant conditioning an association
is made b/w behaviour and and a
consequence for that behaviour.

9. The major theorists for
the development of
operant conditioning are:
 Edward Thorndike
 John Watson
 B.F. Skinner

10.  Neutral operants: responses from the environment
that neither increase nor decrease the probability
of a behavior being repeated.
 Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that
increase the probability of a behavior being
repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or
negative.

11. Punishers: Response from the environment that
decrease the likelihood of a behavior being
repeated. Punishment weakens behavior

12.  Positive reinforcement
 negative reinforcement

13. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
 A reward is  Something
given for the undesireable as
desireable taken away as a
change concequences of
desireable
behaviour

14.  Clearly specify the action or performance
the student is to learn to do.
 Break down the task into small achievable
steps, going from simple to complex.
 Let the student perform each step,
reinforcing correct actions.
 Adjust so that the student is always
successful until finally the goal is
reached.
 Transfer to intermittent reinforcement to
maintain the student's performance

15.  Markle, S. (1969). Good Frames and Bad (2nd
ed.). New York: Wiley.
 Skinner, B.F. (1950). Are theories of learning
necessary? Psychological Review, 57(4), 193-
216.
 Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human
Behavior. New York: Macmillan.

16.  Fodor, JA; Bever, TG; & Garrett, MF. (1975)
The Psychology of Language: An Introduction
to Psycholinguistics and Generative
Grammar. New York: McGraw-Hill.
 Lana, Robert E. The cognitive approach to
language and thought. Journal of Mind &
Behavior. Vol 23(1-2) Win-Spr 2002, 51-67.
Inst of Mind & Behavior, US