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China's Great Firewall China has a population of over 1.4 billion people, and more than 700 million of its citizens are Internet users. Given those statistics, it is perhaps not surprising that China is the world's leader in e-commerce, with 40 percent of global sales volumedouble that of the United States. China is also the home of 4 of the world's top 12 Internet companies ranked by market capitalization: e-commerce giant Alibaba, social-media and gaming company Tencent, search specialist Baidu, and smartphone maker Xiaomi. China has accomplished all this while implementing a system of Internet censorship and surveillance measures, dubbed the Golden Shield Project and the Great Firewall, which are some of the strictest in the world. China's attempt to control access and limit content available to its citizens began shortly after the Internet's introduction in China. The country's Golden Shield Project and the Great Firewall are part of immense, multifaceted Internet surveillance and content control system that is augmented by workers who delete and add posts to spin any debate in favor of the government's stance. The goal of the Chinese government is to block all content it deems undesirable, particularly news stories that are unfavorable to China or its leaders, as well as references to infamous events, such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre. While the Golden Shield Project is focused on domestic sites, the Great Firewall stands at the international gateways, keeping out unwanted foreign sites using a sophisticated and multitiered system. According to Simon Denyer, the Washington Post's bureau chief in China, "The Great Firewall is an attempt to bridge one of the country's most fundamental contradictionsto have an economy intricately connected to the outside world but a political culture closed off from such 'Western values' as free speech and democracy." Chinese Internet users have their own censored versions of popular services, including Baidu (instead of Google), Weibo (instead of Twitter), WeChat (instead of Facebook), and Youku (instead of YouTube). In addition, the Great Firewall blocks roughly 25 percent of all Internet sites, including the Chinese and English news websites of the Reuters news agency, Bloomberg LP, the Guardian, and the New York Times so that they are inaccessible in China. Some Chinese Internet users are able to gain access to restricted content through the use of virtual private networks (VPNs), which help users elude the restrictions of the Great Firewall by changing the IP address on their computer, laptop, or mobile device into one of many offered by the VPN provider. So, while a user may be accessing the Internet from a city within China, the VPN makes it look like the user is in Japan or some other country where Internet access is unrestricted. In addition, once users activate their VPN, they are connected to one of its servers via a dedicated, encrypted link, ensuring all of the data flowing back and fo.

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