Anatomy and physiology

1. Chapter 3
THE AWESOME CELL!

2. Cell Diversity
 Cells vary in shape,
size and internal
organization.
 All cells have a
specific job to do and
look and function the
best for that job.

3. White blood
cells
Stem cells

4. Nerve Cells
Heart cells

5. Skin cells
Plant cells

7. Review Vocabulary
 Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and a nucleus.
 Prokaryotic cells contain very few organelles and
no nucleus.
 Bacteria are prokaryotic while plants, animals and
fungi are eukaryotic.
 Homeostasis (steady environment) must be
maintained in all cells.

12. Flu virus

13. T4 Bacteriophage

14. HIV

15. A Generalized View of the
Cell
 A cell is composed of three main sections.
 The plasma membrane forms the cell’s outer
surface.
 It regulates the flow of materials into and out of
the cell to maintain homeostasis.

16. A Generalized View of the
Cell
 The cytoplasm is all the fluid between the
plasma membrane and the nucleus.
 The cytoplasm is fluid and contains
organelles or mini organs.
 The nucleus is the largest organelle and
contains all the genetic material for the cell.

17. The Plasma Membrane
 The plasma membrane is a flexible yet
sturdy barrier that consists mostly of
phospholipids.
 The membrane also contains proteins.
 The plasma membrane is made of a lipid bi-
layer with the hydrophilic heads and
hydrophobic tails that face the inside.

19. DRAW
THIS!

20. The Plasma Membrane
 The plasma membrane is selectively
permeable or semi-permeable which allows
some substances to cross and denies
others.
 Many substances require transport proteins
to move through the membrane.

21. Cell Transport
 Materials dissolved in body fluids include
gases, nutrients, ions and other substances
required to maintain life.
 Any material dissolved in a fluid is called a
solute while the fluid is called the solvent.
 Water is the solvent in many cases.

22. Cell Transport
 The amount of solute dissolved in a solution
is called the concentration..
 A concentration gradient is the difference in
concentration between two different areas.
 A concentration gradient is like a hill where
particles can move “up” or “down” the
gradient.

23. Cell Transport
 Passive transport does NOT require energy
(ATP) because it moves “down” the gradient.
 Active transport requires energy because it
moves “up” the gradient.

24. Passive Transport
 Diffusion is the movement of particles from
one place to another because of the
particle’s kinetic energy.
 They always move from high concentration
to low concentration until equilibrium is
reached.
 The can happen in liquids or gases.

27. Vocabulary Cards
Diffusion
Passive transport

28. Facilitated Diffusion
 This process is used for molecules that can’t
move quickly through the cell membrane.
 Carrier proteins help move the molecules.

29. Facilitated Diffusion
 The molecules still move down the
concentration gradient so no energy is
required.
 Transport of glucose is facilitated diffusion.

31. Diffusion through Ion
Channels
 Ions such as sodium, potassium and
calcium need a channel protein because
they cannot pass through the membrane on
their own.
 Each type of channel is specific to an ion.

32. Diffusion Through Ion
Channels
 Some channels are always open and some
have gates that open and close depending
on the need for the ion.

34. Osmosis
 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the
cell membrane.
 Only water is moved in osmosis.
 The direction of osmosis depends on the
concentration of molecules outside and
inside of the cell.

36. Hypotonic
 If the concentration of molecules outside
the cell is lower than the concentration
inside the cell’s cytoplasm, then the
solution is called hypotonic.
 Water will move into the cell to create
equilibrium.

37. Hypertonic
 When the solution outside the cell has more
molecules than inside the cell, the solution is
hypertonic.
 Water will move out of the cell to create
equilibrium.

38. Isotonic
 Both the solution and the inside of the cell
are equal.
 Water will move both ways randomly to
maintain equilibrium.

40. Vocabulary CardsHypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Osmosis
Diffusion through ion channels
Facilitated diffusion

41. Active Transport
 This type of transport goes up or against the
concentration gradient.
 Since that is working uphill, energy is
required.
 This includes: sodium-potassium pump,
endocytosis, and exocytosis

42. Sodium-Potassium Pump
 This involves a carrier protein.
 To function normally, animal cells must have a high
concentration of sodium outside their cells and a
high concentration of potassium inside their cells.
 The sodium-potassium pump works to maintain
these differences.

43. Sodium-Potassium Pump
 As sodium comes into the carrier protein
and moves outside the cell, potassium
comes into the protein and moves inside.
 They switch places.

45. Endocytosis
 Some substances such as food particles are too
large to move through the cell membrane.
 In endocytosis, the cell encloses external materials
in a pouch made from the cell membrane and
moves them into the cell.
 The pouch is called a vesicle.

46. Endocytosis
 There are two types of endocytosis: pinocytosis
involves transport of fluid and phagocytosis
involves transport of solids or whole cells.
 Many animals use phagocytosis to ingest bacteria
or viruses that invade the body.

48. Exocytosis
 Exocytosis is the reverse.
 In exocytosis, molecules or cells are
transported to the outside of the cell from
the inside.
 Vesicles are used.

49. Exocytosis
 Cells used exocytosis to release large molecules
like proteins into the body from the cell.
 Usually the ER and the golgi are involved in this
process.

51. Vocabulary Cards
Active transport
Sodium-potassium pump
endocytosis
exocytosis

52. Cytoplasm
 This lies between the
cell membrane inside
of the cell.
 It is a fluid that all the
organelles float in.
 It is sometimes called
the cytosol.

53. Cytoskeleton
 Cytoskeleton’s are made
of two parts: the
microtubules and the
microfilaments.
 The microtubules assist
in cell division by moving
the cells apart.
 Microfilaments are made
of protein and help with
muscle contractions.
 Both help support the cell
and give structure but do
allow for movement.

54. Cilia and Flagella
 Some cells have
flagella. They usually
only have one.
 Many cells have cilia
which can number in
the thousands.
 A flagella is like a
whip.
 Cilia are like tiny
paddles.
 Cilia and flagella are
made of microtubules.
Cilia
Flagella

55. Ribosomes
 Ribosomes are the most
numerous of the cell’s
organelles.
 Ribosomes are made of
proteins and RNA.
 Ribosomes are responsible
for creating proteins.
 Ribosomes are found free
in the cytoplasm and also
attached to the rough ER.
(endoplasmic reticulum)

57. Endoplasmic Reticulum
 The ER comes in two varieties, the rough ER and
the smooth ER.
 The rough ER contains ribosomes and makes
proteins.
 The smooth ER does not contain ribosomes and
makes lipids such as steroids.
 The rough and smooth ER are sometimes attach to
each other.
 Both ER are involved in cell product transport of
proteins and lipids.

59. Ribosomes
Nucleus

60. Golgi Apparatus
 The golgi is the
processing, packaging
and transport system.
 It is a system of
membranes that work
closely with the ER.
 The golgi modifies the
products for transport
throughout the cell.
 Exocytosis moves things
out of the cell.
 Endocytosis moves
things into the cell.

63. Lysosomes
 Lysosomes contain
enzymes that help
digest proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids,
DNA and RNA.
 These enzymes can
also digest old
organelles, viruses
and bacteria.
 Lysosomes are rare
in plant cells.

65. Mitochondria
 Mitochondria are the
powerhouses of the cell.
 Mitochondria create ATP for
the cell to use as energy.
 One cell many have
thousands of mitochondria
depending on its function.
 Mitochondria have two
membranes and have their
own DNA which only comes
from the mother.

67. Nucleus
 The nucleus is
surrounded by a
membrane called
the nuclear
envelope.
 The nucleus
contains all the DNA
for the cell.
 It directs all the
activities of the cell.
 The nuclear
envelope contains
pores so that RNA
can pass into the
cytoplasm during
protein synthesis.

69. Nucleolus
 The nucleolus is
found inside the
nucleus.
 It is responsible for
making the
ribosomes.
 There is usually only
one.

71. Vocabulary Cards
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and flagella
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough
and smooth)

72. Vocabulary Cards
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
nucleolus

73. Aging and Cells
 Gerontology is the scientific study of aging
and the problems associated with it.
 Although the body can make millions of new
cells, many cells such as nerve tissue and
some muscle cells have a limited ability to
divide or don’t replicate at all.

74. Aging and Cells
 When mitosis slows down, problems can
happen which are a normal part of aging.
 Telomeres are specific DNA sequences
found at the tips of chromosomes.
 After each turn of the cell cycle, the
telomeres shorten contributing to aging.

75. Aging and Cells
 Free radicals produce damage in lipids,
proteins or nucleic acids which contribute
the aging.
 Decreased skin elasticity causing wrinkles
also occurs as free radical damage
increases and collagen in the body is
depleted.

76. Aging and Cells
 Antioxidants such as vitamin E and C help
slow free radical formation.
 The rate of aging is a combination of factors
including diet, overall health, and genetics.

77. Cancer
• Cancer is a group of diseases
characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
• The excess tissue is called a tumor.
• The study of tumors is called oncology.
• Malignant tumors are cancerous and often
undergo metastasis which means it
spreads to other parts of the body.

78. Causes
• Several factors may trigger a normal cell
to lose control.
• Carcinogens are chemical agents of
radiation that produce cancer.
• Carcinogens induce mutations that cause
permanent change in a subject’s DNA.
• Carcinogens are associated with 60-90%
of all human cancers.

79. Causes
• Research is now being directed to cancer
causing genes called oncogenes.
• When activated, these genes can cause
cancer in a cell.
• Some cancers have a viral origin.
• Human papillomavirus or HPV causes
virtually all the cases of cervical cancer in
the world.
• A vaccine now exists for HPV.

80. Treatment
• Many cancers are removed surgically.
• If the cancer exists in many areas of the
body, radiation therapy or chemotherapy
may be used.
• Chemotherapy involves using drugs to
shrink or kill the cancer cells.

81. Treatment
• Radiation therapy breaks chromosomes
which slows or stops the spread of
cancerous cells.
• All the therapies target fast growing and
dividing cells so there are some side
effects to other fast growing body cells.

82. Treatment
• Patients often lose their hair, cells in their
stomach lining and intestines, and have
low white blood cell counts.
• Patients are susceptible to infections and
have nausea and vomiting.

83. Vocabulary Cards
carcinogen
oncogene
Metastasis
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