Dr. Michael Wohl - Advances in Motivating Change Among Disordered Gamblers: Why and How Memories of the Past Self Can Facilitate Motivation to Engage in Behavioural Change
Dr. Michael Wohl - Advances in Motivating Change Among Disordered Gamblers: Why and How Memories of the Past Self Can Facilitate Motivation to Engage in Behavioural Change
Presented at the New Horizons in Responsible Gambling Conference in Vancouver, February 2-4, 2015
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Similaire à Dr. Michael Wohl - Advances in Motivating Change Among Disordered Gamblers: Why and How Memories of the Past Self Can Facilitate Motivation to Engage in Behavioural Change
Similaire à Dr. Michael Wohl - Advances in Motivating Change Among Disordered Gamblers: Why and How Memories of the Past Self Can Facilitate Motivation to Engage in Behavioural Change (20)
Dr. Michael Wohl - Advances in Motivating Change Among Disordered Gamblers: Why and How Memories of the Past Self Can Facilitate Motivation to Engage in Behavioural Change
6. objectives
1. Discuss barriers to change
2. Advances in understanding barriers
3. Using knowledge to overcome those
barriers
4. Review new research on factors that
facilitate change
5. Future directions.
6
13. Readiness to change
Pre-contemplation: Will deny advantage of
quitting
Contemplation: Characterized by ambivalence
Preparation: May be trying to anticipate barriers.
Action: Continues to anticipate and deal with
barriers.
13
14. Barriers to Help-Seeking (Pulford et al., 2009)
14
78%
73%
84%
85%
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
Pride Shame
Seekers
Non Seekers
21. The Dark Side of Authenticity
Sports betters who were watching the
Stanley Cup Playoffs
Measures:
1.Authenticity while gambling
2.Identification as a gambler
3.Readiness to change
Lister, Wohl, & Davis, in prep
23. Light in the darkness
Authenticity whilst gambling
undermines behavioral
change
Results point to the fact that
some gamblers don’t feel
authentic.
23
26. People who are high in self-continuity:
Report Psychologically well-being (Dunkel, 2005)
A desire to achieve and maintain well-being (Chandler, Lalone,
Sokol, Hallett, & Marcia, 2003)
Have elevated levels of self-esteem (Diehl, Jacobs, & Hastings, 2006)
27. When change has befallen the self – anecdotal evidence
from the clinical setting (Nuske & Hing, 2011)
28.
29. Why is a focus on nostalgia innovative?
Therapy tends to focus on current negative states
(e.g., shame, guilt, avoidance).
Negative affect propels change
Nostalgia yields a positive emotional state
Therapy tends to look toward the future;
Nostalgia focuses on the past 29
33. Study 2: Self-discontinuity manipulated
Participants
80 Disordered Gamblers (60 males)
18-62 years old (M = 30.31, SD = 8.82, 1 unreported)
Procedure
Manipulation: Self-discontinuity vs. Self-continuity
Measure: Nostalgia (Iyer & Jetten, 2011) Readiness to Change (Biener & Abrams,
1991)
Kim & Wohl, in press, SPPS
34. Gambling Can [Does Not] Change the Self
34
Recent studies published in New England Journal of Medicine suggests that,
along with [despite] the potential negative consequences associated with
heavy gambling (e.g., financial, interpersonal problems), heavy gambling can
also result in losing your sense of self [does not change your sense of self].
That is, people who gamble heavily report having undergone fundamental
negative changes to their behaviors and moods and begin to dislike the
person they have become compared to the person they were before engaging
in gambling activities [people who gamble are the same person today,
compared to the person they were before engaging in gambling activities].
We would like to see how this is true for you.
39. Participants
223 Disordered Gamblers (115 males)
19-72 years old (M = 34.15, SD = 13.24, 4 unreported)
Measures
Nostalgia
Shame as well as guilt
Motives for gambling (enhancement, social, coping)
Have you tried to change? Have you sought professional
treatment?
Wohl, Santesso, Salmon, & Kim , in prep
40. » Enhancement: p=.19,
Exp(B)=1.24
» Social: p=.21, Exp(B)=.82
» Coping: p=.31, Exp(B)=.86
» Shame: p=.64, Exp(B)=.89
» Guilt: p=.99, Exp(B)=1.03
» Nostalgia: p<.001, Exp(B)=2.48
Have you tried to change your Gambling?
Multiple logistic regression
41. » Enhancement: p=.78,
Exp(B)=1.08
» Social: p=.96, Exp(B)=.98
» Coping: p=.02, Exp(B)=.50
» Shame: p=.30, Exp(B)=1.61
» Guilt: p=.03, Exp(B)=.35
» Nostalgia: p<.001, Exp(B)=4.61
Have you ever sought Professional Help for
Gambling?
Multiple logistic regression
42. » Enhancement: p=.66,
Exp(B)=1.27
» Social: p=.67, Exp(B)=1.24
» Coping: p=.51, Exp(B)=.72
» Shame: p=.93, Exp(B)=1.07
» Guilt: p=.78, Exp(B)=1.26
» Nostalgia: p=.02, Exp(B)=7.19
Have you tried to change your Gambling?
Three-Month follow up
Multiple logistic regression
43. Facilitating gamblers to see the past ‘non-addicted self’
has a different (and better) version of the self motivates
readiness to change.
Of course, not everyone who feels nostalgic will believe
they have the ability to change.
43
Nostalgia is a powerful motivator
44.
45. Believe that although people may
differ in basic aptitudes, interests, and
temperament, everyone can change,
grow, and improve.
Incremental Mindset
51. Results
Entity mindset – no relationship with nostalgia
on readiness to change
Incremental mindset – Strong positive
relationship with nostalgia on readiness to
change.
51
54. Self-efficacy
A key MI principle is self-efficacy for change.
People need to believe they can change and
successfully reduce their gambling
behaviour. Hope and faith are important
elements of change.
54
57. Authenticity: As a gambler or who one used to be?
Facilitating the gambler to see the past ‘non-addicted
self’ has a different (and better) version of the self
motivates readiness to change
The butterfly effect: Small changes can yield
disproportionate changes elsewhere (Berg & Miller, 1992)
Some belief in change might be good, but a lot could be
bad 57
What should I take from this?
58. EMOTION REGULATION
“… the processes by which individuals influence which
emotions they have, when they have them, and how they
experience and express these emotions.”
(Gross, 1998, p. 275)
Future Directions
59. 1. Decrease (or increase) physiological
arousal associated with emotion
2. Re-orient attention toward (or away) from the
emotion
(Some) Tasks in Emotion Regulation
(Gottman & Katz, 1990)
63. To provide session feedback:
• Open New Horizons app
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please raise your hand for a paper version