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1. (Formerly know as –
Institute for Technical Education)
131/13, Zone – II, MP Nagar Bhopal
+91-755-4700646, web - iteindia.in

2. Syllabus Overview
Basic Concept & Fundamental of PC.
CPU and Motherboards.
Basic I/O systems, Memory Systems.
Bus Structures.
Data storage devices.
Ports, connectors, and cables.
Printers and scanners, Display devices.
Portable computers and devices.
Operating System Installation.
Internet, Diagnostic Tools.
Electric, Electronics & Digital Components.
Networking, Network Security and maintenance.
Maintaining the PC environment.
Assembling a computer.

3. Syllabus Overview
Number System
Database Structure
LAN, MAN,WAN
Network Devices
OSI Model
Firewall
Internet
EFT, EDI
E-Commerce
M-Commerce
Opensoure Softwares
Redhat Linux

4. Hardware

5. Overview
Generations of Computer
Sizes of Computer
Classification of Computers
Components of CPU
Important features of CPU
Data Bus
Components of Motherboard
Primary Storage Devices
Secondary Storage Devices

6. Generations of Computer
ØThe First Generation ( 1940 – 56 )
ØThe Second Generation ( 1956 -63 )
ØTheThird Generation ( 1964 – 71 )
ØThe Fourth Generation (1971–Till Date)
ØThe Fifth Generation ( Future )

7. First Generation Computer
(Vaccum Tubes )

8. The First Generation
It UsesVacuumTubes
Machine Language
Storage in form of Punched Cards
Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers
> Computers are bulky & Big in Size
ØElectricity consumption is high
Ø Cost is veryyyyyy High
ØLarge air conditioners was necessary because the use of
Vaccum Tubes.
ØLower Internal Storage Capacity
ØLow speed of processing and slow input/output devices.
ØUse of Low Level Languages

9. The Second Generation
( Transistors )

10. The Second Generation
1956-1963 Transistor
–Faster
1. Smaller in size
2. Lower level of heat generation
3. More reliable
4. Higher internal storage capacity
5. Higher processing speed
6. Used magnetic tape as storage media
7. Use of High Level Languages

11. The Third Generation
üThe development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
üTransistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of
computers

12. The Third Generation
1. Smaller in size as compared to the Second Generation computers.
2. Higher internal storage capacity
3. Higher processor speed.
4. Use of database software
5. Use of data communication facilities
6. Use of keyboard as input device
7. Use of online system with remote terminals ( Mainframe )
8. Use of High Level Languages with more advance features
In this generation computers with large
memory capacity were developed.Also,
development of a faster and more efficient
input (keyboard) and output devices took
place in this generation.

13. The Fourth Generation
1. More compact and smaller in size thanThird Generation Computers.
2. Use of LSI andVLSI technology of IC
3. Enhanced capability of input and output devices
4. Introduction of Micro Computer usingVery High Speed of Microprocessor.
5. Development of more user friendly operating system and software
6. Use of hard disk as a storage device
7. Use of LAN (Local Area Network and WAN (Wide Area Network) for
information sharing purpose
8. Network and WAN (Wide Area Network) for information sharing purpose
9.Very High speed of Microprocessor

14. The Fifth Generation
(Future generation)
Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used today.
Expert Systems: programming computers
to make decisions in real-life situations (for
example, some expert systems help doctors
diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
Neural Networks: Systems that simulate
intelligence by attempting to reproduce the
types of physical connections that occur in
animal brains

15. Classifications of Computers
üMicrocomputer
üWork Station
üMinicomputer
üMainframe
üSupercomputer
Server May be any of the Above Computers
Majorly : - Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers

16. Mainframe Computers
( Big Iron )
• Mainframe
computers can
support hundreds or
thousands of users,
handling massive
amounts of input,
output, and storage.

17. Mini Computers
A minicomputer is a class of multi-
user computers that lies in the middle range of
the computing spectrum, in between the largest
Multi-User Systems (Mainframe Computers)
and the smallest single-user systems
microcomputers or Personal Computers.The
class at one time formed a distinct group with
its own hardware and operating systems, but
the contemporary term for this class of system
is Midrange, such as the higher-end SPARC
POWER and ITANIUM systems from Sun
Microsystems, IBM and HP.

18. Workstation
A workstation is a high
end microcomputer designed for technical or
scientific applications. Intended primarily to be
used by one person at a time, they are
commonly connected to a local area
network and run multi-user operating systems.
The term workstation has also been used to
refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a
PC connected to a network.

19. Micro Computer
A microcomputer is
a computer with a microprocessor as its central
processing unit.They are physically small
compared to mainframe and minicomputers.

20. Super Computers
The IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer at Argonne National Lab
runs over 250,000 processors using normal data center air
conditioning, grouped in 72 racks/cabinets connected by a high
speed, optical network.

21. Server
vServer May Be Any of the above Computers
vClient Machine depends on Server for various Services
vServer fullfills the requirement of client Machine
vServer Machine can be a Client of Any other Server

22. Components of CPU
vInput Devices tranfer the Data to Computer
vCPU receives the information if there is no Calculations in Job then
Data is passed directly to Ouput devices and there is any sort
of
Calculations then data is transfer to ALU for further
calculations
vControl Unit controls every thing in Computer System, what to do
and what not to do.

23. Important Feature of CPU
Cache Memory :
3 types of Cache memory is there : L1,L2,L3
L1 is Fastest but costly, L2 is cheper but slower in performance
whereas L3 is located in Motherboard between Microprocessor and
Memory (RAM) to increase the performance of System.
Clock Speed :
Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor
executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that
regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all
the various computer components
Socket : Two type of socker are there socket 7 & Slot 1
Density :
A CPU contains millions of transistors.These transistors are
separated from each other with a very small distance, measured in
microns. Over the years, this distance between transistors in the CPU is
reducing due to technology advancements i.e. density of transistors

24. Important Feature of CPU
—MMX:
MMX stands for Multimedia Extensions.The applications which
contain audio, video, special effects and images are known as multimedia
applications.The processor or CPU, which has these inbuilt instructions
for multimedia data processing, is known as processor with MMX features.
—Architecture:
The methods used by a CPU to process and communicate the
data inside CPU depend upon CPU architecture.A CPU employs multi
channels (pipes) tracks for transmitting data, and also employs an error
detection and correction mechanism for data on these channels for
proper transmission of data.

25. BUS
Use of Data Buses

26. Types of Buses
1.Data Bus
2.Address Bus
3.Control Bus
Buses are of 32 bit or 64 Bit

27. MotherBoard

28. Cabinet Insight

29. Mother Board

31. Components of
Motherboard
1. Processor Slot - Socket 7, Slot 1
2. BIOS: BIOS stand for Basic Input and Output System:The
BIOS is a small chip on the motherboard that maintain the
hardware settings required to attach various devices with
motherboard like keyboard, monitor, disk drives, etc.
3. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor): A PC
uses CMOS memory to store date, time and system startup parameters.
These parameters are handed every time whenever a computer is started.
A small Lithium-Ion battery is used on motherboard to power the CMOS
as well as the BIOS.

32. Components of
Motherboard
—Expansion Slots :
1.SIMM/DIMM
2.PCI SLOT
3.AGP SLOT
4.SCSI
—Port & Connectors
1.Serial Port (RS 232C) - Used to Connect Modem & Mouse
2.Parallel Port (LPT) - Used to Connect Printers
3.USB Port (Universal Serial Bus)

33. Storage Devices

34. Memory Hierarchy

35. Primary Memory
1.Processors Register
2.Cache Memory
3.Main Memory

36. Characteristics of
Storage:
1. Volatility of Information
(Volatile or Non-Volatile)
2. Access Ability
(Random or Sequential )
3. Ability to change or read or write
4. Types of address used for information
(File address or content address storage)
6. Capacity & Performance
(Storage Capacity, Density, Latency &
Throughput)

37. Primary Storage
1.Semiconductor Memory
Semiconductor memories are in the form of thin chip,
known as IC (Integrated Circuit). RAM & ROM
RAM : -
RAM ki Kahaniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii, Uske baad
There are two type of RAM : 1) Static 2) Dynamic
ROM :-
ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
1.BUBBLE Memory
2.Flash Memory
3.Video RAM

38. Secondary Storage
Primarly , There are two type of Secondary Storage :
ØMagnetic Type
ØOptical Type
Types of Auxiliary(secondary) Storage :
Magnetic
—Hard Disk
—Magnetic Tape
—Floppy Disk
Optical Type
—Compact Disk (CD)
—DVD
—WORM Disks

39. Calculation of Floppy
Storage Area
—3.5 inch floppy is double sided (means both sides of disk can
store the data), with 80 tracks per side and 18 sectors per
track with 512 bytes on every sector.
—Therefore, a floppy capacity is calculated as: Number of Sides
x Number of Tracks/Side x Number of Sectors/Track x
Sector's capacity i.e. = 2x80x 18x512 bytes

40. Important Areas in Floppy
Disk
In formatting of a floppy, following four areas/records are
created:
—Boot Record
—File Allocation Table
—Root Folder
—Data Area

41. Hard Disk : Data Access
Time
—Access Time:The time required to access data from disk is
known as access time.This time consists three components.
1.SeekTime:This is the time taken by Read / Write head to
move itself from its present Position (track) to position
(track) from which data is to be accessed.
2.RotationalTime:This is the time taken in rotation of disk
to move the position of the data, to be accessed, under the
Read/Write head.
3.DataTransferTime:This is the time taken in transfer of
accessed data from disk to primary memory

42. Magnetic Tape ,
Tape Cartridge
& Optical Storage
1) Magnetic Tape
2) Tape Cartridge
3) CDROM
4) DVDROM
5) Worm Disk
6) Blueray Disk

43. Input & Output Devices

44. Input Devices: Giving Commands
Input devices are types of hardware
devices that enable you to get programs,
data, commands, and responses into the
computer’s memory
Keyboard
Mouse
Stylus

45. 45
The keyboard allows the computer user to
enter words, numbers, punctuation, symbols, and special function
commands into the computer’s memory

46. 46
Mouse
lThe mouse is the most widely used pointing
device
lA mouse is palm sized
lAs the mouse is moved, its movements are
mirrored by the on-screen pointer

47. 47
OtherTypes of Pointing Devices
Joystick
Touch Pad
Touch
Screen
Trackball
Pointing
Stick
Pen

48. 48
MICR
Image Processing Systems: Scanners
lMagnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
– Used by banks to process checks
lOptical Mark Reader (OMR) – A scanning
device that senses the magnetized marks
from pencils
lOCR

49. 49
Alternative Input Devices
Scanners
Flatbed Barcode reader
Microphone – Speech
recognition

50. 50
Digital Camera
Video-conferencing
Web Cam
Alternative Input Devices

51. 51
Output devices are peripheral
devices that enable users to view or hear the
computer’s processed data

52. 52
Display Devices
DumbTerminal
SmartTerminal
IntelligentTerminal
Types of Display Adapters : -
MGA (Monochrome Graphic Adaptor)
EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor )
CGA (Color Graphic Adaptor)
VGA (Video Graphic Adaptor)
SVGA (SuperVideo Graphic Adaptor)

53. 53
Screen Resolution
Factors AffectingVideo Resolution :
ØResolution ( Pixels )
ØMemory

54. 54
Monitors
lA monitor is a peripheral device which displays computer output on a
screen.
lTypes of monitors:
-Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
-Liquid Crystal Display (LCD or flat-panel)

55. 55
Document Imaging & Image Scanning
Five Steps Involved in Document Imaging : -
1)Data Capturing
2)Indexing
3)Storage
4)Retrieval
5)Output/Printing
Question comes in following forms : -
ØOffice Automation
ØPaperless office
ØModern office management techniques

56. 56
Printers

57. lA printer is a peripheral device that produces a
physical copy or hard copy of the computer’s output
lTwo basic types:
l Impact printer
l Non-impact printer

58. Printer
s
IMPAC
T
NON
IMPACT
Line Charact
er
(Serial)
Drum Chain Dot
Matrix
Dai
sy
Wh
eel

59. 59
Impact
printer
Dot-matrix
Impact Printer
lAn impact printer is a printer that has a print head that
contacts the paper to produce a character
lIt uses ink ribbon
lIt is noisy, produces Near-letter quality printouts, and is
not commonly used today
lDot-matrix – Pins are used to make characters

60. 60
Inkjet Laser
Non-impact Printer
nThe non-impact printer is the most commonly used printer today
nIt works quietly compared to an impact printer

61. lInkjet printer, also called a bubble-jet,
makes characters by inserting dots of ink onto paper
lLetter-quality printouts
lCost of printer is inexpensive but ink is costly
nLaser printerworks like a copier
nQuality determined by dots per inch (dpi) produced
nColor printers available
nHigh initial costs but cheaper to operate per page

62. 62
Plotter

63. lA plotteris a printer that uses a pen that moves over a large
revolving sheet of paper
lIt produces high-quality images
lIt is used in engineering, drafting and map making.

64. 64
Audio Output
lAudio output is the ability of the computer to output sound
lTwo components are needed:
l Sound card – Plays contents of digitized recordings
l Speakers – Attached to sound card

65. Thankyou
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