Smart Energy

1. Smart Energy
Kenny Huang, Ph.D. 黃勝雄博士
Executive Council Member, APNIC
Member, Board of Directors, Mind Extension
huangksh@gmail.com

2. Smart Grid History
2
 Begins with the 2003 Northeast
Blackout
 Concept expanded with the
2007 Energy Independence and
Security Act
Source : complex.com, 2012
Energy Independence and Security Act 2007
 Title I: Energy Security through improved vehicle fuel economy
 Title II: Energy Security through increased production of Biofuels
 Title XI: Energy Transportation and infrastructure
 Title XII: Small Business Energy Programs
 Title XIII: Smart Grid

3. Traditional Electric Utilities
3
 Energy flows one way to customers
 Simple interactions and little information flows
Source : boundless (n.d.)

4. Electric Utilities with Smart Grid
4
Solar power
Wind power
Power
storage
Smart building
Smart house
Control centre
Hospital
Source : Dr. Kenny Huang

5. Energy Demand and Price
5
Source : Energy Information Administration, 2012
US: Energy brokers can serve residential, commercial and government entities that reside in
energy deregulated states.
UK: The entire market is deregulated.

6. Wind Energy in Denmark
6
2008 2020
Source : ECO-Grid EU – Developing the Prototype of the European Smart Grid, 2011

7. How Do We Store Energy
7
US (MW) Worldwide (MW)
PSH : pumped-storage hydroelectricity 23,000 110,000
CAES : Compressed air energy storage 110 477
Batteries 40 300
Others 5 10
Source : Dr. Ali Nourai; Energy Storage Association (n.d.)
Source : Wikipedia (n.d.)

8. US Refrigerator Energy Use
8
Source : The Art of Energy Efficiency: Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 1999

9. US Electricity Saving in Use of Energy-Saving Refrigerators
9
Source : The Art of Energy Efficiency: Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 1999

10. Smart Lighting
10
Lighting accounts for 30% energy use in US office building
Source : Advanced Power & Energy, UC Irvine, 2007
 Potential for lighting management
 Energy savings
 Up to 25-60% potential savings with energy efficient lighting
management technologies
 Personal lighting preference and satisfaction
 Lighting satisfaction correlated to productivity
 Diverse among individuals

11. CO2 Emissions Goals
11
Source : https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/,
Dec 22 2015
Paris 2015 Talks
Source : dailymail.co.uk, Dec 28 2015
Goal of Global carbon dioxide emissions:
Preventing temperatures rising by more than 2C above pre-industrial levels.

12. CO2 Emissions Effort
12
Global carbon dioxide emissions have fallen by 3% in 2014 and 2015
Source : dailymail.co.uk, Dec 28 2015

13. Increase Regulation
13
Source : eia.gov
EPA’s Clean Power Plan
 Mandates states to reduce emissions from power generation
 Will accelerate retirement of dirty generation assets, especially coal
 EIA projects 90 GW of coal retirements from 2014-2040 in US
 Generation must be made up by renewables

14. Renewables Are Affordable
14
Source: International Technology
Roadmap for Photovoltaic 2015 Report
Source : Rameznaam.com

15. Microgrids Opportunities
15
 Microgrids provide multiple
benefits
 Resiliency
 Emergency refuge
 Energy cost reductions
 Reduced environmental impacts
 States are increasingly pushing
microgrid development
 Led by NY, NJ, MA, IL, CA and
others
 Huge opportunities for novel
strategies to take advance state’s
goalsNY Prize First Stage Winners
Source : districtenergy.org

16. IoT Technologies for Smart Grids
• Pros:
– IoT grids allow energy distribution to be managed in real
time based on immediate data rather than historic
patterns of energy use (Predictive Maintenance)
– IoT grids and smart meters open the door to energy
services and payment tariffs that could dramatically reduce
business energy costs
– Remote/scheduled control electric appliances utilize the
value of automation.
– Consumption data provide great insight
• Cons:
– Market re-structure make technological change difficult
– smart grids/devices could lead to more security breaches
in the future
16

17. Automation Example: ZigBee Systems Architecture
17
Source : ZigBee, 2011

18. Smart Meter Integration
18
Source : Fujitsu,2015

19. Regional Breakdown of Smart Meter Installed Base
19
Source : Pike Research, BI Intelligence, 2015

20. 20
Source : Metering & Smart Energy International, 2015

21. Taiwan Power Grids and Sources of Energy
21
Source : Taiwan Power Company, 2015

22. TPC Advanced Metering Infrastructure Project
22
Existing mechanical meter units : 12 Million Units

23. Power Consumption Data
23
Source : AGL Energy, 2015
Data Interval : 48 consumption values per day => data rate < 0.6 bps
Account Number
NMI
Device Number
Device Type
Register Code
Rate Type Description
Start Date
End Date
Profile Read Value
Register Read Value
Quality Flag
4
12
6
10
8
10
8
12
4
1
1
attribute length
Total length=76 bytes/interval
reserved payload
up to 1000 bits

24. Smart Meter Data Traffic Scenario
24
Smart Meter
Penetration
Smart Meter
Installed Units
Total Data Traffic % of TW Mobile
*20% 2,400,000 1.44Mbps *7.9%
40% 4,800,000 2.88Mbps 15.8%
60% 7,200,000 4.32Mbps 23.7%
80% 9,600,000 5.76Mbps 31.6%
100% 12,000,000 7.2Mbps 39.5%
 Large scale of smart meter network delivers tiny data traffic. Can the upfront
cost of an IoT network be justified by the value of data delivery?
 DECC puts the cost per household of installing smart meters at £214.50.
British Gas saving per household stands at just £26 per year.(Telegraph, Nov 5 2015)
 The architecture of smart meter infrastructure remains ambiguous. Such as
quality of service; demarcation point; ownership of recurring cost.., etc.
 Smart meter data traffic has no impact on mobile operator’s network, but the
installed base will consume a considerable amount of resources of SGW.
 No incentive to the monopolistic electricity supplier.
*most likely scenarioSource : Dr. Kenny Huang

25. Causal Analysis : Thinking Out of The Box
25
Monopoly Electricity
Market
*Deregulation
Legislative Requirements
Competition and
Innovations
Renewable Energy and
Smart Infrastructure
Monopoly Electricity
Market
Renewable Energy and
Smart Infrastructure
Monopoly market hasn’t
been evolved by itself

26. 26