Diversity Studies Unit III

The Meaning of Difference
Section III (kony 12)
Diversity Studies. Dr. Crystal LC Huang

1. Differentiate the basic concepts of race,
ethnicity, gender, minority group,
components of culture, and the role of
cultural transmission in perpetuating inequality.
2. Practice behaviors that influence others to
respect those who are different from
themselves.
3. Accept responsibility for the implications of
personal biases.
State Required Competencies

Wisconsin State
Required Competencies
Focus on:
1. Understand ideology is critical to
comprehend the specific meanings
that are attributed to difference.
2. Examine potential legal, political, social
and/or economic outcomes of personal
behavior as they relate to diverse
populations.

1. Ideology vs. Hegemonic Ideology
2. Conveying Ideologies:
Natural-Law Language and Stereotype.
4. Social Institutions and
the Support of Ideologies
Essay III Key points
3. Darwinism vs. Social Darwinism

 Race and Ethnicity
 Sex and Gender
 Social Class
 Disability
 Sexual Orientations
 Religions
 Ageism
 Political Affiliations
 Physicality/Appearance
 Language/accents

3 Models of Mental Organization
Expressed in exclusive categories for purposes of theoretical clarity
Admitting to a range of
sophistication
From black-white, simple,
awkward rationalizations to
highly sophisticated, creative,
and intellectually resourceful
egocentric and sociocentric
rationalizations
developmental levels
From the fair-
mindedness that an
individual is able to
exercise to that of the
most profound thinkers
Critical thinking skills
internalized in the
service of balanced
truth, rationality,
autonomy and self
insight
internalized in the service of
one’s vested interests and
desires
Not Self-
Awareness
Self-
Awareness
The Self-Serving Critical
Person (Weak Sense)
The Fair-minded Critical
Person( strong sense)
No Self-
Awareness
Self-
Awareness
The Uncritical Person

The Johari Window
(Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham)
Known to self Not known to self
Known
to
Others
Not
known
to
others
Open
Self
Blind
Self
Hidden
Self
Unknown
Self

General Critical Thinking Model
A General Critical Thinking Method to
examine an ideology/hegemonic ideology
 What is said?
 How it is said? (Partial facts)
 Who says so? (power)
 To whom it is said?
 For whose best interest? (Benefits)
 What interests/benefits are gained?
 When it is said?
 Where it is said? (dissemination)
Examples:
Inquiries or counterpoints regarding the
definitions or understanding Diversity Studies. Dr. Crystal LC Huang

Apply Critical Thinking - SEADS
Model to examine an
ideology/hegemonic ideology
S- Identify sources (reliability, and validity)
E- Evidence (enough? objective?)
A- What are the assumptions
hidden behind that message?
D- What is the definition of the buzz words
or hot button issues in the message?
S- How biased? Slanted?
50 Assumptions : http://www.lifehack.org/articles/communication/50-wrong-assumptions-that-make-you-a-dumbass.html

We can make wrong assumptions about almost anything in life. Sometimes we make mistakes from them, sometimes they misguide us and sometimes we can even use them as an excuse.
They can be misleading or sometimes even irrational. There are assumptions about anything from work ethics, mathematics and even relationships and happiness. Here are fifty of the most
common misassumptions. Perhaps you have heard these or even said some yourself.
Just ignore it the problem will go away.
he person next to me is better off!
I have enough time for exam, I will start studying tomorrow.
I am being perfectly logical and fair and everyone that disagrees with me is just plain stupid.
They have the right to be loved.
Quick to attribute to malice what can be explained by ignorance.
My moral system is the social norm, if you don’t agree with me, something is wrong with you.
Rational persuasions are persuasive.
Being in a relationship gives you the right of ownership of your partner.
Things will work out.
They have sufficient informational for a rational decision.
What is important to them is as important to others.
The grass is greener on the other side.
I can get a partner as long as I’m smart and attractive and friendly.
It will not happen to me. One day, they will be wrong.
There are no lessons to be learned from history.
We all believe to be a bit smarter than somebody else, specially when our ego is involved.
We are free and we can be completely free, in thinking, behavior and actions…
The reward comes later.
I am not appreciated because no one has told me recently.
The harder you chase, the closer you get.
You can balance things by taking revenge.
Having more money can make them happy forever.
Having fun costs money.
I am important and I am right.
Everything happens for a reason.
Finding your true self is an on-going and endless process.
Any assumption made is wrong.
Love is respite to every other problem in life.
If you’ve seen one, you’ve seen them all.
Society watches you closely on whatever you do.
Good times will eventually come.
If I do this, people will think I am wrong.
All eyes are on you.
We can own something out there.
We all are here to conquer something.
Everyone is having an affair or cheating on their partner.
We are making it up as we go along, some better than others.
People are always completely to blame for their own actions regardless of the situation.
You can fake it to make it, when there is someone else who will readily do it with more talent.
My girlfriend splits up with me. ‘Ah, good thing I didn’t marry her and end up in a divorce.
My wife splits up with me. ‘Ah, good thing we don’t have children yet. Could have been far more stickier.
My wife who I have children with splits up with me. ‘Ah, good thing I’m not too old to remain single for the rest of my life.
Everyone else is paying close attention to everything you do and judging you for it.
They have been perfectly clear, so the onus of understanding is on the listener.
Assumptions about race and gender: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/frank-h-wu/whos-in-charge-our-assumptions-about-race-and-gender_b_7671868.html
http://theracecardproject.com/tag/assumptions/ race card archive
White skin is the best camouflage
0 Comments
C. Badour, MI. In America today, the best way to fly under the radar is to be white. Assumptions are made about blacks, asians, and hispanics based purely upon race,
which cannot be said about whites. Non-whites seem to stick out in America, as if being white is considered a social norm and being non-white […]

Constructionism
vs. Essentionalism Experiencing difference
The meaning of difference Bridging differences
Constructing and Bridging of Differences
Framework I
What is race?
What is sex and gender?
What is social class?
What is sexual
orientation/identity?
Framework II
Race and ethnicity
Sex and gender
Sexual orientation/identity
Social class
Disability
Framework III
Intersectionality
Law, public, and
economy
Language
Framework IV
Influencing public policy
What can we do?
-Becoming part of the solution
In defense of rich kids
Uprooting Racism

Section III- Meaning of Difference
Ideology
Charles Darwin:
1. Common Ancestry,
2. Traditional Christian belief;
Spencer : Social Darwinism
Agassiz and Morton: size of skull
Binet and Terman: IQ tests
Eugenics Movement; IQ test.
Science (Nature vs. Nurture);
Law, religion, politics,
the economy, military,
medicines, mass media, and
popular culture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPBHtjZmSpw M Moore History
Social Institutions
and the support of
Ideologies
Minstrel shows:
Happy slave, Zip
Coon, and
the Mammy
Stereotypes:
Asian Americans
African Americans
StereotypesNatural-Law
Language
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/stereotypes-list.html stereotype lists
Common
stereotype
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FmEjDaWqA4 History of racism

Framework Essay III: Key Points
 The concept of ideology is critical to
understanding the specific meanings
that are attributed to difference. The
readings in Part III focus on law and
politics, economy, science, and popular
culture as social institutions that
construct and interpret what difference
means.
 Review the concept of Ideology in next
slide
 Learn to de-constructed ideology

Key Concepts
 Aversive racism: Unrecognized/unaware prejudice that
affect behavior (p.341 Gaertner and Dovidio)
 Ideology- A widely shared belief that primarily reflects
the experiences of those with power, but is presented
as universally valid.
 Hegemonic- Dominating or ruling.
Hegemonic ideology is a belief that is pervasive in a
culture.
 Natural-Law Language- Language that treats human
behavior as bound by natural law inferring something is
inevitable, pre-determined, or cannot be changed.
List several natural-law language:
Natural- something is inevitable, pre-determined, or
outside human control. (e.g.,I am against racism, but it’s
only natural).

Definitions cont.
 Stereotype- A characterization of a category
of people as all alike, as possessing the same
set of characteristics and likely to behave in
the same ways.
Example:
Most/some great American athletes
are African American.
vs.
African Americans are good
athletes.
 Social Institution- Established system for
meeting societal needs, such as, the family.
 Social Darwinism: The belief that those
who dominate a society are necessarily the
fittest (p.344).
 Popular Culture: Forms of entertainment to
society such as movies and music.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7P0iP2Zm6a4 IAT
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=Jt0f5WyAoGU race p d
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MYHBrJIIF
U Jane

1. Aversive racism:
2. Ideology:
3. Hegemonic:
4. Hegemonic ideology:
5. Natural-Law Language:
6. Natural-Law:
A. Language that treats human
behavior as bound by natural law.
B. Dominating or ruling.
C. Something is inevitable, pre-determined,
or cannot be changed.
D. Unrecognized/unaware prejudice that affect
behavior (p.341 Gaertner and Dovidio)
E. A widely shared belief that primarily reflects
the experiences of those with power, but is
presented as universally valid.
F. is a belief that is pervasive in a culture.
In-class Matching quiz 6 points
http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/11/racially-coded-phrases-black-people/ 7 racially coded phrases

6. Stereotype:
7. Social Institution:
8. Social Darwinism:
9. Popular Culture:
10. Darwinism (Original) :
A. The belief that those who dominate a society
are necessarily the fittest
B. The “nature vs. nurture” debate offered
2 ways to explain human variation.
Explanations from the nature side were
biologically driven. Explanations from the
nurture side argued that human diversity
resulted from historical, environmental
and cultural difference.
C. Forms of entertainment to society
such as movies and music.
D. Established system
for meeting societal needs, such as, the family.
E. A characterization of a category of people as
all alike, as possessing the same set of
characteristics and likely to behave in the same
ways.
In-class Matching quiz 5 points

Relevant Video Files
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/ideology-examples.html Ideology examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6mJbquNKyY 10 minutes false consciousness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bnh_USI3vxg 7 minutes Explain ideology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX_Vzl-r8NY Institutional structural inequality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51DhvS9abyI Gramsci People’s concerns
https://www.facebook.com/Le360fr/videos/593202694166864/
Implicit images and biases of glasses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ygBjvKKQqM Westboro significant minority
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZ5Gom8CxzA Wesboro family documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJwAMa94_q0 Phelps family Westboro
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dMoK48QGL8 Monkey equality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOP5_rGtALw bloodline of elite
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UD4rFQwZhJ4 bloodline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mDNlftoOeU MEET THE ROCKEFELLERS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXybHZAKLIk 6 heart transplants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=js8E6C3ZnJ0 Hegemony
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eTTJMrINNo types of discriminations
Individuals or groups willfully participate in their
Own Oppression – false consciousness: Ideology

Ideology Examples7th grade8th grade9th gradeMiddle SchoolHigh SchoolCollege
image: http://www.yourdictionary.com/index.php/image/articles/18992.ThinkstockPhotos-496158460.jpg
Ideology is a set of shared beliefs within a group, such as a nation or social
class. This body of beliefs influence the way individuals think, act, and view
the world.
Common Ideology Examples
Political Ideologies
Here are some examples:
•Political parties embody a range of ideals covering government, economics, education, healthcare, foreign policy, and more. Some examples
are Republican, Democrat, Libertarian, and the Green Party.
•Classical liberalism is a capitalistic ideology which stands for a limited government with political freedom, civil liberties and laissez-faire
economic policies.
•Social or modern liberalism is liberalism which focuses on social and economic issues while ensuring individual freedom.
•Social democracy advocates a peaceful change from capitalism to socialism with a representative democracy including collective bargaining
and public services.
•Neo-liberalism embodies free trade, privatization, deregulation and laissez-faire economic policies.
•Bolshevism was primarily workers that wanted to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat, the working class.
•Marxism is socialism with the goal of a classless society. Principles include the class struggle, a labor theory of value and a proletariat
dictatorship.
•Leninism focused on a proletariat dictatorship based on Lenin’s theories of government.
•Communism promotes collective ownership of property with one political party controlling social and economic policy.
•Trotskyism advocated a revolution of the working class bringing freedom and democracy.
•Stalinism is an authoritarian ideology with one person having all the power. In Stalinism, political and ideological dissidents are strongly
suppressed.
•Maoism emphasizes the revolutionary power of the peasants and was the interpretation of Marxist and Lenin theories by Mao Zedong.
Cultural and Social Ideologies
Here are some examples:
•Concentration on the environment and green practices has led to an ecological ideology including green economics.
•Racism places the blame for certain social conditions on one or more races of people. This can lead to division among races and racial
prejudice and discrimination.
•Feminism advocates equality for women economically, socially and politically. It also deals with the rights of women, including reproductive
rights.
•Gender ideology is concerned with the attitudes of men and women on their place in society, their rights and responsibilities.
•Individualism deals with inherent worth of each individual and focuses on self-sufficiency and freedom.
•Anti-intellectualism includes the attitudes of people who let the government tell them how to view the world rather than become informed
themselves of the government’s policies. This gives the government more control since the people believe its propaganda.

list of ideologies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies
This is a list of political ideologies.
Many political parties base their political action and election program on an ideology.
In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals,
principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class,
and/or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political
and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns
itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties
follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a
group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The
popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who
sometimes act in their own interests.
Political ideologies have two dimensions:
Goals: How society should be organized.
Methods: The most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas
on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, autocracy,
etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes
the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For
instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an
ideology which supports that economic system.
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most
elusive concept in the whole of social science";[1] however, ideologies tend to

This is a list of political ideologies.
Content
1 Anarchism
1.1Anarchism without adjectives
1.2Individualist anarchism
1.3Religious anarchism
1.4Social anarchism
1.4.1Anarchist communism
1.5Other
2 Conservatism
2.1General
2.2Regional variants
2.3Other
3 Environmentalism
4 Gender equality
4.1Feminism
4.1.1General
4.1.2Non-Religious feminism
4.1.3Religious feminism
4.2LGBT
4.3Masculism
5 Liberalism
5.1General

A real life story for pondering:
God Makes Me a Slave
In class activity
Fatima Mint Mamadou is a young woman living in North Africa’s Republic of
Mauritania.
She has no idea what she was born. All she knows is tending camels, herding
sheep, hauling bags of water, sweeping, and serving tea to her owners.
This young woman is one of perhaps 90,000 slaves in Mauritania. In the
central region of this country, having dark brown skin almost means being
a slave to an Arab owner. She always accepted her situation. She has
known nothing else.
She explains in a matter-of-fact voice that she is a slave, as was her mother
before and her grandmother before that. “Just as God created a camel to
be a camel, “ she shrugs, “he created me to be a slave.”
In this region, slavery began 500 years ago, abut the time Columbus sailed to
the new World. As Arab and Berber tribes moved across the continent,
they raided local villages and made slaves of the people. In 1905 the
French colonial rulers of Mauritania banned slavery. After the nation
gained independence in 1961, the strong traditions still exist. People like
Fatima have no idea what freedom to choose means.
The next question is more personal:” Are you and other girls ever raped?”
Again Fatima hesitates. With no hint of emotion, she responds," of course,
in the night the men come to breed us. Is that what you mean by rape?”

IAT - implicit Association Test
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7
P0iP2Zm6a4&nohtml5=False implicit
association/bias: Psy crash
IAT – prejudice http://www.understandingprejudice.org/iat/
Project Implicit:
https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.htm
Harvard Univ.
https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html
Aversive Racism

Review the concept of Ideology
 The concept of ideology originated with
the work of Marx and Engels, particularly
in The German Ideology (1846).
 Ideology can be defined as a widely
shared belief or idea that has been
constructed and disseminated by the
powerful, reflects their experiences, and
functions for their benefit.
 Ideologies are anchored in the
experiences of their creators, thus
offering a partial view of the world. They
are presented as being universally valid
and are “produced by specifiable,
complex social conditions.”
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels

Terms- Hegemonic or ruling ideology
 - An ideology that so dominates
a culture as to become the
prevailing and unquestioned
belief is described in the 1920s
by Antonio Gramsci as
hegemonic or ruling ideology.
As Gramsci pointed out,
hegemonic ideologies often take
the form of commonsense beliefs
and are especially embodied in
stereotypes and natural law
language.

Classroom activities:
Ideology vs. Stereotype
 Examples from your
assignment
Everyone gives an example
Such as, homosexual is sinful;
Sodomy violates the laws;
Poor people are lazy;
Women are better home keepers…etc
Men are stronger and better breadwinner.
 Counterpoints
One extra point for
Inquiries or counterpoints regard the
definitions or understanding

Hegemony: When socially powerful people use their
influence to convince less powerful people it is in their best
interest to do what is actually in the most powerful people's
best interest, that's hegemony.
Ideological hegemony (false consciousness) arises in a situation
where a particular ideology is pervasively reflected
throughout a society in all principal social institutions and
permeates cultural ideas and social relationships.
IT is a system of thought control. Ideology is a linked set of
ideas and beliefs that act to uphold and justify an existing
or desired arrangement of power, authority, wealth and
status in a society.
Hegemony vs. Hegemonic Ideology

Hegemonic or ruling ideology.
Quiz: Give 2 examples of hegemonic
or ruling ideology in the US.
1._________________
2._________________

Terms - Natural Law Language
 The word “natural” usually implies that something is
inevitable, predetermined, or outside human control; and is
often used in the same way as human nature and instinct.
Consequences of using natural law language are
threefolds:
(1) in its equation of natural with inevitable, it ends
discussion;
(2) it treats behavior as predetermined, and thereby
overlooks the actual cultural and historical variation of
human societies;
(3)and it treats individuals as passive, lacking an interest
in or control over social life.
Natural-law language, which is used to convey hegemonic
ideas, tells us not to question the world around us. In this
sense it creates and maintains ideas about difference.

Natural Law Language
 Examples from your assignment
Such as Fatma : God made me a slave;
Foot Binding; FGM to keep female’s virginity to
be marriageable…etc.; Jesse Owen
 Counterpoints
One extra point for
Kony 12

1. Give 2 examples about natural law.
Give 2 examples about natural law language.
2. T/F Natural Law and Natural Law Language are the
same concepts in both animal and human worlds.
Why? _________________________________
3. Short answer: What are the 3 consequences
of using Natural Law Language?
1/.________________________________________
2/._______________________________________
3/.________________________________________
In-class Quiz 5 points

Terms
 Stereotype
 A stereotype is a prediction that “members of a
group will behave in a certain way.”
 Stereotypes explain life outcomes by attributing
some essential, shared quality to all those in the
same category.
 Stereotypes persist despite evidence to the
contrary because they are not formulated in a
way that is testable or falsifiable.
 Stereotypes differ from descriptions because
descriptions offer no prediction.
 Stereotypes deny the reality of historical and
cultural variation.
 Abner Louima, Trayvon Martin

Terms
 Stereotype vs. Description
 Which of the following is stereotype?
Most great American athletes are African
American => testable and explainable
African Americans are good athletes.
=> deny the inevitable differences among
the people in the category
 Jesse Owen
Short version

 Counterpoints
One extra point for
Stereotype

In-class Quiz 4 points
1. T/F Stereotype is different from description
because stereotypes offer no prediction.
2. Which of the following denies the reality of historical
and cultural variation?
(A) Stereotype (B) generalization (C) description

Best Answers - Chosen by Voters
I'M SKINNY, so I MUST be bulimic.
I'm BLONDE, so I MUST be a stupid ditz.
I'm JAMAICAN so I MUST smoke weed.
I'm ASIAN, so I MUST be smart.
I'm NOT LIKE EVERYONE ELSE, so I MUST be a loser.
I'm JEWISH, so I MUST be greedy.
I'm GAY, so I MUST have AIDS.
I'm a LESBIAN, so I MUST hate men.
I'm ARAB, so I MUST be a terrorist.
I SPEAK MY MIND, so I MUST be a *****
I'm RELIGIOUS, so I MUST shove my beliefs down your throat.
I'm an ATHEIST, so I MUST hate the world.
I DON'T HAVE A RELIGION, so I MUST be "evil" and not have any morals.
I'm REPUBLICAN, so I MUST not care about poor people.
I'm DEMOCRAT, so I MUST not believe in being responsible.
I am LIBERAL, so I MUST be gay.
I'm SOUTHERN, so I MUST be white trash.
I take ANTI-DEPRESSANTS, so I MUST be crazy.
I'm a GUY, so I MUST only want to get into your pants.
I'm IRISH, so I MUST have a bad drinking problem.
I'm INDIAN, so I MUST own a convenient store.
I'm MORMON so I MUST be perfect

I'm NATIVE AMERICAN, so I MUST dance around a fire screaming like a savage.
I'm a CHEERLEADER, so I MUST be a whore
I'm a DANCER, So i must be stupid, stuck up, and a whore
I wear short SKIRTS a lot, so I MUST be a slut.
I'm YOUNG, so I MUST be naive.
I'm RICH, so I MUST be a conceited snob.
I WEAR BLACK, so I MUST be a goth or emo.
I'm a WHITE GIRL, so I MUST be a nagging, steal-your-money kind of girlfriend.
I'm CUBAN, so I MUST spend my spare time rolling cigars.
I'm MEXICAN, so I MUST have hopped the border.
I'm NOT A VIRGIN, so I MUST be easy.
I FELL IN LOVE WITH A MARRIED MAN, so I MUST be a home-wrecking whore.
I'm a TEENAGE MOM, so I MUST be an irresponsible slut.
I'm POLISH, so I MUST wear my socks with my sandals.
I'm ITALIAN, so I must be in the mafia.
I'm EGYPTIAN, so I must be a TERRORIST!!
I GOT A CAR FOR MY BIRTHDAY, so I MUST be a spoiled brat.
I'm PRETTY, so I MUST not be a virgin.
I HAVE STRAIGHT A'S, so I MUST have no social life.
I DYE MY HAIR CRAZY COLORS, so I MUST be looking for attention.
I DRESS IN UNUSUAL WAYS so I MUST be looking for attention.
I'm INTO THEATER & ART, so I MUST be a homosexual.
I'm a VEGETARIAN, so I MUST be a crazy political activist.
I HAVE A BUNCH OF GUY FRIENDS, so I MUST be doing them all.

I HAVE A BUNCH OF GIRLS WHO ARE FRIENDS, so I MUST be gay.
I have BiG BOOBS, so I MUST be a hoe.
I'm COLOMBIAN, so I MUST be a drug dealer.
I WEAR WHAT I WANT, so I MUST be a poser.
‘
I'm RUSSIAN, so I MUST be cool and that how Russians roll.
I'm GERMAN, so I MUST be a Nazi.
I hang out with GAYS, so i must be GAY TOO.
I'm BRAZILIAN, so I MUST have a BIG BUTT.
I'm SALVADORIAN, so I MUST be in MS 13.
I'm POLISH, so I MUST be greedy.
I'm HAWAIIAN so I MUST be lazy.
I'm PERUVIAN, so I MUST like llamas.
Im a STONER so i MUST be going in the wrong direction.
Im a VIRGIN so i MUST be prude.
Im STRAIGHT EDGE so i must be violent.
I'm a FEMALE GAMER, so I MUST be ugly.. or crazy.
I'm BLACK so I MUST love fried chicken and kool-aid.
I'm BI so I MUST get around the block.
I'm ASIAN so I MUST have a small penis.
I'm a GIRL who actually EATS LUNCH, so i MUST be fat.
I'm SINGLE so I MUST be ugly.
I'm ASIAN so i must be a NERD that does HOMEWORK 24/7
I'm CHRISTIAN so I MUST hate homosexuals.
I'm MIXED so i must be SEXY
I'm MUSLIM so i MUST be covered up at all times.
I'm in BAND, so i MUST be a Band Geek .
I'm BLACK so I MUST believe JESUS WUZ A BROTHA

Wisconsinites:
you define Summer as three months of bad sledding...your definition of a small
town is one that only has one bar...
snow tires come standard on all your cars...
you refer to the Packers as "we"...
at least 50% of your relatives work on a dairy farm...
you can make sense out of the words upnort and Trivers...
you have ever gotten frostbitten and sunburned in the same week...
you can identify a Michigan accent...
you know what "cow-tipping" is.....
you learned to drive a tractor before the training wheels were off your bike...
"Down South" to you means Chicago...
traveling coast to coast means going from Superior to Milwaukee...
the "Big Three" means Miller, Old Milwaukee & PBR...
a brat is something you eat ...
you were offended by the movie "Fargo"...
you know that Eau Claire is not something you eat.....
you have no problem spelling Milwaukee..
you consider Madison "exotic"..
you got a passport to go to Minnesota...
your idea of foreign culture is listening to Da Yoopers...
you don't have a coughing fit from one sip of Pabst Blue Ribbon...
you've seen a hodag...
you used to think Deer Season was included as an official school holiday...

Cases of Stereotyping
Stereotyping and Asian-Americans
 Asian-Americans are often depicted as the
“model minority” in comparison to African-
Americans.
 Stereotypes about model minorities mask
economic, educational, and occupational
heterogeneity among Asian-Americans.
 In American culture, stereotypes are often
driven by the necessity to explain why some
categories of people succeed more than
others.

 American immigration policy explains the misguided
nature of the comparison between African and Asian
minorities.
 In 1965, Congress replaced the national-origin
quotas, which had been in place since 1921, with an
annual 20,000-person limit per nation regardless of
its size. Preference went to those with relatives in
the U.S. and then to those with occupational
skills needed in America. Those immigrating to the
U.S. since 1965, therefore, have had high
educational and occupational profiles.

 The high Asian-American educational and
occupational profile has yielded the country’s
highest median household income, but not its
highest individual income.
 Despite a higher educational profile, Asian-
Americans per capita income lags behind that
of non-Hispanic whites (Census Bureau 2000).
 The circumstances of arrival and resettlement for
Asians who have fled their home countries make
the refugee population exceedingly
heterogeneous and quite different from those
others who have immigrated to the U.S.

Stereotyping and African-Americans
 African-Americans (and other people of color)
are likely to understand discrimination as
institutionally based, while whites attribute it
to isolated events or individuals.
 Although whites recognize that discrimination
plays some part in higher rates of
unemployment and poverty, etc., the central
cause is usually understood to be the level of
effort and cultural patterns of the minority
groups themselves.

Stereotyping and African-Americans
 Alongside an increased commitment to
equality and integration, research reveals a
persistence in negative stereotypes about
blacks among whites, which effect
everything from support of social policies
to interpersonal interactions.
 Whites continue to be more fearful of a
black stranger than a white stranger.
 Whites and blacks disagree about the
extent of discrimination.

What is a Wisconsinite? Some stereotypes.
You know that Gotham is a real city...
You can actually pronounce and spell Oconomowoc...
you know what a bubbler is.....
the snow on your roof in August weighs more than you do...
your idea of creative landscaping is a statue of a cow next to your bluespruce...
you think there should be a "FIB go home" bumper sticker on every car north of
Madison...
Your neighbor throws a party to celebrate his new machine shed...
a Friday night out is taking your girlfriend shining for deer...
you go out for fish fry on every Friday...
you go to work in a snowsuit in the morning and return home wearing shorts...
when you tell someone where you are from and they say: 'I thought that was part
of Canada...
Bernie Brewer is your idol because he gets to dive in a giant beer mug...
your idea of the seasons is Winter, Spring and the 4th of July...
you know how to polka....
your idea of diversity is having black, white, and brown cows...
you drink "soda" and refer to your dad as "pop"...
formal wear is a flannel shirt, blue jeans and a baseball cap...
You tried to tap the "World's Largest Six Pack"...
your children describe their summer vacation out of state as a "trip to Door
County..."

you were unaware there is a legal drinking age...
you have to go to Florida to get a tan in August...
You have caught a fish in Lake Michigan and it glowed in the dark...
you define "swimming season" as Labor Day weekend...
your 4th of July Family Picnic was moved indoors due to frost...
you know where the city of Waunakee is AND can pronounce it...(by the
way, Waunakee is a village!)
You can visit Luxemburg, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, and Poland all in
one afternoon...
you have more fishing poles than teeth...
you decided to have a picnic this summer because it fell on a weekend...
you have been involved in a "drive-by hay bailing".....
10776

Social Institutions and
the Support of Ideologies
 During the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, social institutions (i.e. the
established mechanisms by which
societies meet their predictable needs,
such as economy, government, family,
religion, education, health care, and mass
media etc.) offered explanations of what
differences in race, class, sex, and sexual
orientation meant.
Ideology supported by social institutions,
in this book focusing on Science and
Popular Culture.

Terms - Original Darwinism
 The “nature vs. nurture” debate
offered 2 ways to explain human
variation.
Explanations from the
nature side were biologically driven.
Explanations from the
nurture side argued that human
diversity resulted from historical,
environmental and cultural
difference.
 The discussion of the meaning of
human difference always assumed
that people could be ranked as to
their worth.
The need to explain the
meaning of human
difference emerged
when 15th century
Europeans
encountered previously
unknown regions and
peoples.

Terms:
Social Darwinism continued
 In its broadest terms, Darwin’s
conclusions regarding:
(1) Evolutionary change challenged
“traditional, Christian belief in a single
episode of creation of a static, perfect
and unchanging world,”
(2) and implied that all humans share a
common ancestry.
 Darwin’s work coincided with the rise of
social thinker Herbert Spencer’s concept of
“survival of the fittest.”
Charles Darwin shifted the weight
of popular and scholarly opinions
toward the nature side of the
equation with the publication of
The Origin of the Species (1859)
and The Descent of Man (1871).

Social Darwinism
Everyone gives an example:
Such as survival of the fittest;
weakest links deserve their predicament;
Stop the welfare system;
Indian Removal Act of 1830…etc.
 Counterpoints
One extra point for

Terms: Social Darwinism
 Through Social Darwinism the prevailing social hierarchies could
be attributed to natural processes and justified as inherent
differences among categories of people. Thus, the ideology of
Social Darwinism was used to justify slavery, colonialism,
Capitalism, immigration quotas, the criminalization of
homosexuality, the forced relocation of Native Americans, and the
legal subordination of women
Spencer’s position, called social Darwinism, argued
that those who were superior naturally rose to the top
of the stratification ladder. He argued that the
specialization of tasks (the division of labor) was the
outcome of biologically mandated evolution; and the
sexual division of labor “was a product of the organic
law of progress.”

Terms - Social Darwinism-continued
 When the question of human difference was being
posed during the 1800s, it was in the context of many
historical changes, including:
 the Indian Removal Act of 1830
 the 1848 signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
ending the Mexican-American War
 the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act
 the debates over slavery and women’s suffrage
 the influx of poor and working-class immigrants
from Southern and Eastern Europe
 the much publicized trial of Oscar Wilde,
who was sentenced 2 years in prison for
homosexuality (Kinsey report)

How Social Darwinism was used to
justify social inequality
 Thus, the ideology of Social Darwinism was used to
justify slavery, colonialism, immigration quotas, the
criminalization of homosexuality, the forced
relocation of Native Americans, and the legal
subordination of women.
 Homosexuality was seen as the product of
“hereditary weakness.”
 The concept of the survival of the fittest supported
the belief that whites were superior to all people of
color.
 In 1873 biologist Edward Clarke argued that the
physical energy education required would
endanger women’s reproductive ability (an idea
first put forth by Spencer)

How Social Darwinism was used to
justify social inequality
 In the 1840s, scientists Louis Agassiz and
Samuel Morton theorized that there were
biological differences among different races.
 Eventually, Social Darwinism,
lacking a socially or historically grounded
explanation for social stratification,
was discredited.
 The scientific defense of immutable hierarchy was
eroded by the steady accumulation of contradictory
evidence, much of which was produced by scholars of
color who had formerly been denied access to higher
education.
 In the 1920s, the meaning of race was challenged by
increased interracial contact as a result of events such
as the Great Migration and the Harlem Renaissance.

How Popular Culture
convey and support ideology
 3 primary characters of the minstrel show
were the happy slave, Zip Coon, and the
mammy.
 The “happy slave” gave the impression that
blacks held in slavery were contented and cared
for.
 “Zip Coon” was a free black man characterized
by laughable attempts to emulate whites.
 “Mammy” was depicted as large, unattractive,
unthreatening, and contented, fulfilled by her work
with her white family.
 These characters hid the reality of slavery.

How Popular Culture
 Minstrel shows offered an ideology about
slavery constructed by and in the interests of
those with power.
 Minstrel shows legitimized the status quo.
 Within popular culture, the publication of
numerous slave narratives countered the
ideology conveyed through minstrel shows.
 Countering the images of the minstrel show,
slave narratives provided whites with the first
opportunity to see a shared humanity between
themselves and the enslaved.

Social Institutions race: institutional
 Counterpoints
One extra point for

How Popular Culture
Popular culture (the forms of entertainment
available for mass consumption) conveys
ideologies about difference and social
stratification.
 At the same time social Darwinism gained
popularity, minstrel shows, which offered a
defense of slavery, were first organized in the
United States.
 Minstrel shows wiki were musical variety shows in
which white males in “blackface” ridiculed
blacks, abolitionism, and women’s suffrage.
 3 primary characters of the minstrel show were
the happy slave, Zip Coon, and the mammy.

In-class quiz
Give 3 examples to
“How was the ideology of Social
Darwinism used to justify social
inequality ?”
1._______________________
2._______________________
3._______________________

Video clips relate to Diversity 6 major themes
Practical Theme- How can business go wrong?
What about diversity issues in other countries?
Examples- Europe; Canada and US
Specific themes
a. Race/Ethnicity- case studies; Jesse Owen
The Loving case mixed race
b. Social Class- who owns USA
c. Sexual Orientation- Got hates fags
d. Language beer; case two cat ; Accent case two
e. Disability

 Counterpoints
Jim Crow Laws: The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the
United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure
racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but
equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and
accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white
Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social
disadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern
United States. Northern segregation was generally de facto, from blacks
predominately living in urban ghettos.

Freedom Riders
Freedom Riders History
Part I
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Rosa Parks
A brief history in cartoon format
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zqh6Ap9ldTs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7WAXe7MBuw
Interview Douglas Blackmon
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPlk41mNDuM
Slavery by another name
History of Lynching
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiyQFG6uHgg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRfFfr-tYh0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qa5RGa_hAJw Toby
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-yuMoGFpGM&feature=related trade
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jc1RbUxQv4E Slavery history part1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsdosE10EjU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPXHrMDvBm0&feature=related part2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZkpU_ioRKw&feature=related part3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=is5sTaUImls&feature=related productivity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tfVpHYyDcY&feature=related black
and white
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMp20fZ6PSM&feature=related passing
History in brief – a cartoon version
Jim Crow Laws
Drapetomania was a supposed mental
illness described
by American physician Samuel A. Cartwright in
1851 that caused black slaves to flee
captivity. Today, drapetomania is considered
an example of pseudoscience, and part of the
edifice of scientific racism.

The phrase "Jim Crow Law" first appeared in 1904
according to the Dictionary of American English, although
there is some evidence of earlier usage.The origin of the
phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to "Jump
Jim Crow", a song-and-dance caricature of negroes
performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface,
which first surfaced in 1832 and was used to satirize
Andrew Jackson's populist policies. As a result of Rice's
fame, "Jim Crow" had become a pejorative expression
meaning "Negro" by 1838 and when the laws of racial
segregation – directed against blacks – were enacted at
the end of the nineteenth century they became known as
Jim Crow laws

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings
The free bird leaps on the back of the wind
and floats downstream
till the current ends and dips his wings
in the orange sun rays and dares to claim the sky.
But a bird that stalks down his narrow cage
can seldom see through his bars of rage
his wings are clipped and
his feet are tied, so he opens his throat to sing.
The caged bird sings
with fearful trill of the things unknown
but longed for still and his tune is heard
on the distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom
The free bird thinks of another breeze
an the trade winds soft through the sighing trees
and the fat worms waiting on a dawn-bright lawn
and he names the sky his own.
But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams
his shadow shouts on a nightmare scream
his wings are clipped and his feet are tied
so he opens his throat to sing
The caged bird sings with a fearful trill of things unknown
but longed for still and his tune is heard
on the distant hill for the caged bird sings of freedom.
------------Maya Angelou

A brief pre/review: In-class Quiz
1.__What is a social institution:
a. family b. religion c. education d. all of the above
2.__ T/F A stereotype is a prediction that members of
a group will behave in certain way.
3. ___T/F “It’s only natural to marry and settle down.”
The above statement is an expression of the natural Law.
4.___ T/F Most great American athletes are African
American. The above statement is a stereotype.
5.___ In the essay, which of the following 2 concepts
convey Ideology? (Pick two answers).
a. social institutions b. hegemonic ideology
c. natural law language d. stereotype

6.___ T/F Those in stigmatized categories do not control the
production or distribution of the prevailing ideas; their
experience is not likely to be reflected in the dominant
groups.
7.___T/F Antonio Gramsci argued that social control was
primarily accomplished by the control of ideas.
8.___ Which of the following concept refers to as
an unrecognized prejudice that affect behaviors
a. reverse discrimination b. reverse racism
c. aversive racism d. converse racism
9.__ T/F As description is to prediction, so as generalization
to stereotype.
10.__ T/F In the essay, there are 3 consequences following by
using natural-law language.

11.___ T/F Darwin’s idea that change in the physical
environment resulted in the perpetuation of some species
and demise of others bolstering a pre-existent concept of
survival of the fittest.
12.___T/F Darwinism and Social Darwinism, both
propounded the idea that those who are more advanced
naturally rise to the top of the social stratification.
13.___Which of the following scholars/researchers supported
Social Darwinism? A. Edward Clarke B. Louis Agassiz
C. Morton D. all of the above
14.__ T/F Scientists and scholars such as Herbert Spencer
Alfred Binet, Lewis Termin, and Karl Marx did not support
Social Darwinism.
15.__ T/F By 1942, there were 13 states that had laws
allowing the sterilization of criminals.

16.___T/F According to the texts, Social Darwinism affirmed
that difference meant defect.
17.__ One sociologist once pointed out that “under the
tutelage of Darwinism, the world returns again to the idea
that might (biological) as evidence of fitness has
something to do with ___.
a. ability b. family background c. right d. legality
18.__ T/F Charles Darwin developed the concept of
“Survival of the fittest” which led to Social Darwinism.
19. What are the three consequences as results of using
Natural Law Language?
20. List 3 social institutions that support hegemonic ideology
mentioned in the Essay.

Louis Agassiz and Samuel Morton

I don't want a nation
of thinkers, I want a
nation of workers.
- John D. Rockefeller Sr.

Question for reaching your potential-
by working hard and with talent, one’s
dream will come true….
Necessary conditions
Work Ethics, self-
discipline, motivation,
responsibility, some
degree of talents…etc.
Sufficient conditions-
Race, Gender, Genetics,
DES- social class,
cultural capitals
Combination of Necessary and Sufficient Elements
By choice
By chance, or by
design, or by Luck
By happenstance?
Genetics,
ascribed (+ And -)
Social-culture,
achieved ( + and -)
Tip of the iceberg
(your are here now)

 Race and Ethnicity
 Sex and Gender
 Social Class
 Disability
 Sexual Orientations
 Religions
 Ageism
 Political Affiliations
 Physicality/Appearance
 Language/accents… and more

3 Models of Mental Organization
Expressed in exclusive categories for purposes of theoretical clarity
The Uncritical Person
sophistication
From black-white, simple,
awkward rationalizations to
highly sophisticated, creative,
and intellectually resourceful
egocentric and sociocentric
rationalizations
developmental levels
From the fair-
mindedness that an
individual is able to
exercise to that of the
most profound thinkers
internalized in the
service of balanced
truth, rationality,
autonomy and
self-insight
internalized in the service of
one’s vested interests and
desires
No Self-
Awareness
Self-
Awareness
The Self-Serving Critical
Person (Weak Sense)
The Fair-minded Critical
Person (strong sense)
No Self-
Awareness
Self-
Awareness

A General Critical Thinking Method to
examine an ideology/hegemonic ideology
 Who says so?
 To whom it is said?
 For whose best interest?
 When it is said?
 Where it is said?
Examples:
Inquiries or counterpoints regarding the

Apply SEADS critical thinking model
to examine an ideology/hegemonic ideology
S- Identify sources (reliability, and
validity)
E- Evidence (enough? objective?)
A- What are the assumptions
hidden behind that message?
D- What is the definition of the buzz words
or hot button issues in the message?
S- How biased? Slanted?

Social Structures
History Biography
Individual
How does sociology make your mind-eyes sharp and see things differently?
Capitalism. Representative Democracy. Religiosity, social class, Diverse population
Revolutionary war,
waves of immigration,
wars against Native
Americans,
industrialization,
Slavery, Civil War,
Suffrage movement,
WWI, Union movement,
Great Depression,
WWII, Civil right
movement, Korean war,
Vietnam war, oil crunch,
gulf wars, war on Iraq…
Ascribed
(race,/ethnicity gender,
sexual orientation,
social class,
disability…etc) vs.
Achieved status;
Genetics vs.
Environment.
Family upbringing,
education, occupation,
peers, media…etc.

Social Forces Shape Who and What We Are
Individual
Internal
forces
External
forces
I and ME/
Individual
Positive
Forces
- push you up
Invisible
social Forces
Negative
Forces
- drag you downVisible
Social Forces
Genetics/
Biology
Environment/
social-culture

Constructionism vs. Essentionalism Experiencing difference
The meaning of difference Bridging differences
Individual
How differences were/are Constructed
and Ways to Bridge the Differences
Framework I
What is race?
What is sex and gender?
What is social class?
What is sexual orientation/identity?
Framework II
Race and ethnicity; Sex / gender
Sexual orientation/identity
Social class
Disability
Framework III
Intersectionality
Law, public, and economy
Language
Framework IV
Influencing public policy
What can we do?
Becoming part of the solution
In defense of rich kids
Uprooting Racism

Diversity Studies Unit III

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