Relative pronouns

1. Relative Pronouns (สรรพนามเชือมความ)
่
Things(Anima
Pronoun
ls)
1) Subject who , that that , (which)
2) Object of the that ,
that , (which)
verb (whom)
3) Object of the that ,
that , (which)
preposition (whom)
of which ,
4) Possessive whose
(whose)
1) เมื่อใช้เป็นประธาน (Subject)
1.1 ใช้กับคน (Persons) นิยมใช้ who (=ผู้ซึ่ง)
มากกว่า that
We like the woman who teaches us
German. มาจากประโยค 2 ประโยคคือ
We like the woman . และ The woman
teaches us German.
จะเห็นได้ว่า who แทน the woman จึงเป็น subject ของ verb
"teaches" ให้สังเกตว่า relative clause จะอยู่ชิดกับตัวที่มันขยาย
เสมอ
1.2 ใช้กับสัตว์ สิ่งของ (animals or things) นิยม
ใช้ that (=อันซึ่ง) มากกว่า which
The car that is going past now
belongs to me. เมื่อแยกประโยคจะได้
The car belongs to me. และ The car is
going past now.
จะเห็นได้ว่า that แทน the car และเป็น subject
ของ verb "is"

2. We went to the shop that sells ready-
made clothes.
I've just had some soup that tasted
like water.
Books that are written for students
are called textbooks.
2) เมื่อใช้เป็นกรรม (Object of the verb)
2.1 ใช้กับคน (Persons) ใช้ whom (=ผู้ซึ่ง)
The lady (that or whom) you met last
week came here yesterday.
เมื่อแยกเป็นสองประโยคจะได้ 2 ประโยคคือ
The lady came here yesterday. และ You
met the lady last week.
จะเห็นว่า the lady เป็น object ของ verb
"met"
The man (that or whom) you spoke
to last night is my boyfriend.
เมื่อแยกประโยคจะได้ จะได้ 2 ประโยคคือ
The man is my boyfriend. และ You spoke
to the man last night.
จะเห็นได้ว่า the man เป็น object ของ verb
"spoke to"
2.2 ใช้กับสัตว์หรือสิ่งของ (animals or things)
นิยมใช้ that มากกว่า which
The composition (that) you wrote
yesterday was good. เมื่อแยกประโยคจะได้
The composition was good. และ You
wrote the composition yesterday.
จะเห็นได้ว่า the composition เป็น object
ของ verb "wrote"

3. สำาหรับ relative pronoun ทีใช้เป็น object
่
ของ verb เรานิยมตัด relative pronoun
ทิ้งและตัดกรรมในประโยคเดิมทิงด้วย เช่น
้
- The teacher I love is ill today.
(subject + verb ละ relative pronoun ไว้)
- The friend he met at school went
abroad.
- The house we have just bought
cost a million baht.
- The dress you made yesterday
was beautiful.
- I like the photo you took at Hua-
Hin.
3) ใช้เป็นกรรมของบุพบท (Object of preposition)
เรานิยมละ relative pronoun ที่ทำาหน้าที่เป็น
object ของ preposition เช่นเดียวกับ
ในข้อสอง โดยใช้รุปประโยค subject + verb +
proposition ทังกับคนและสิ่งของ เช่น
้
3.1 ใช้กับคน (Persons)
- The woman the book was written by is
in hospital now. เมื่อแยกเป็น 2 ประโยค จะได้
The woman is in hospital now. และ The
book was written by the woman.
the woman เป็น object ของ preposition
"by"
3.2 ใช้กับสัตว์ สิงของ (animals or things)
่
- The bridge they went over a few
minutes ago was built in 1970.
เมื่อแยกเป็น 2 ประโยคจะได้
The bridge was built in 1970. และ They

4. went over the bridge a few
minutes ago.
เราอาจจะใช้ว่า
- The pen that you are using
with is cheap.
The pen which you are using
with is cheap.
The pen with which you are
using is cheap.(เป็นภาษาโบราณ)
The pen you are using with is
cheap.
ข้อควรระวัง จะใช้ preposition + that ไม่ได้
ให้ใช้ preposition + which...
ถ้า at/ in + which = where (เมื่อใช้กับ
สถานที่)
for + which = why (เมื่อใช้หมายถึง
เหตุผล)
on / at + which = when (เมื่อใช้กับ
เวลา)
- I have not fixed the date on which I'll
go abroad.
(= I have not fixed the date when I'll
go abroad.)
- Are those reasons for which you choose
to go to Africa instead of America?
(=Are those reason why you choose
to go to Africa instead of America?)
- This is the town in which I used to live.
(=This is the town where I used to
live.)

5. - What was the date on which you visited
me?
(= What was the date when you
visited me?)
- The time at which he heard the sound
of the gun is not known.
(=The time when he heard the
sound of the gun is not know.)
- She could not know the reason for
which her close friend had left her.
(=She could not know the reason
why her close friend had left her.)
- This is the time of year in which the
flowers appear.
(=This is the time of the year when
the flowers appear.)
- This is the place at which I found your
watch.
(=This is the place where I found
your watch.)
4. ใช้แสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ (Possessive)
4.1 เมื่อใช้กับคน (Persons) เช่น
- The boy is my cousin. The boy's hat
hangs here.
= The boy whose hat hangs here
is my cousin.
- This is the man. I am going to marry his
daughter.
= This is the man whose daughter
I am going to marry.

6. ให้สังเกตว่า whose ใน relative clause ข้าง
บนนี้ บางครั้งทำาหน้าที่เป็นประธาน
ของประโยค บางครังทำาหน้าที่เป็นกรรมของ
้
ประโยค และไม่ว่าจะเป็นประธานหรือกรรม
ให้วางไว้ชิด noun ทีมันขยายเสมอ
่ =
whose + noun +(subject) + verb
4.2 เมื่อใช้กับสัตว์และสิ่งของ ใช้ได้ 2 แบบ คือ
4.2.1 ใช้ of which เช่น
- Pass me the book. Its cover is
red.
= Pass me the book of
which the cover is red.
ใช้ ......of which +
subject + verb ........
4.2.2 ใช้ with + noun ซึ่งนิยทมากก
ว่าใช้ of which เช่น
- Pass me the book. Its cover
is red.
= Pass me the book with
the red cover.
- Please buy me a cat. Its tail is
long.
= Please buy me a cat with
a long tail.
ใช้ .......with +
(article) + adjective + noun ........
รูปประโยคข้างบนนี้ ใช้
กับ คนได้ เช่น
- The girl with long hair is my
sister.
ในทำานองเดียวกัน เราใช้
whose กับ สัตว์ สิ่งของ ได้ เช่น

7. - The box whose lid you
painted cost 20 dollars.
- The dog whose tail is short
is very fierce.
ข้อควรจำา
หลังคำาต่างๆ ต่อไปนี้ ให้ใช้ relative pronoun "that" เสมอ ไม่
นิยมใช้ who หรือ which
1. หลังคำาคุณศัพท์ขั้นสูงสุด (Superlative Adjective) เช่น
He is the cleverest boy that has ever studied in
this college.
This is the hardest problem that I have ever had
to face.
That is the biggest elephant that I have ever
seen.
2. หลังคำาแสดงลำาดับที่ (ordinal Numbers) เช่น
This is the second car that broke down.
The first thing that you must do is to help him
at once.
3. หลังคำาต่อไปนี้
everybody , everyone , anyone , anybody ,
someone , nobody , no , one , all , none , any , some , littel ,
much , few , everything , anything , nothing , only , very ,
It's ............. เช่น
Everything (that) I do seem to be wrong.
Everyonr that knew her liked her.
This is the only example that I can give you.

8. It was a clever boy that found the stolen goods.
Q1 - The people ....... moved in next door seem very
friendly
who
whom
which
Q2 - The man ..... answered the phone was rather rude
which
that
whom
Q3 - Where are the people ........ ordered the taxi?
that
which
----
Q4 - I've lost the paper ...... I had written her phone
number on
----
whose
that
Q5 - The day ...... I started work there was a disaster
which
that
where
Q6 - The man ....... interviewed you is the boss
that
----
which

9. Q7 - The man ....... house was robbed has still not been
paid by the insurance company
which
that
whose
Q8 - He's got three dogs, all of ..... are aggressive
which
that
----
Q9 - Who's moved the papers ...... I left on my desk?
who
whom
that
Q10 - You should complain to the people ....... supplied
it
----
who
which
Q11 - They arrested the man ...... was over the alcohol
limit
that
which
whom
Q12 - The men, ....... were in a hurry, didn't finish the
job properly
that
who
which
Q13 - The pub, ........ lost its licence, has been turned
into a shop
which
that

10. ----
Q14 - Two guys, ....... car had broken down, asked me
for a lift
whose
whom
which
Q15 - I'd love to meet the idiot ...... made these rules
that
which
whose
Q16 - Did you get everything ....... you wanted?
who
----
whose
Q17 - The boy ....... bag was stolen is over there
which
that
whose
Q18 - She failed the exam, ...... came as a great
surprise to us all
----
which
that
Q19 - The film, ...... lasted for three hours, was boring
that
which
----
Q20 - The flats, ....... will house over two hundred
families, were completed last month
----
that
which

11. Q21 - The boxer ...... career was ruined by health
problems was on TV last night
whose
whom
who
Q22 - The day ....... we met was the happiest of my life
----
which
whose
Q23 - You'll have to speak to the person ..... is in
charge
----
which
that
Q24 - He's the guy ...... brother was sacked for stealing
who
whose
whom
Q25 - Is there a shop nearby ...... sells stamps?
----
whose
which
Q26 - Is there a store around here ....... I can get some
stamps?
----
which
where
Q27 - They blamed me for everything ....... went wrong
----
whose
that
Q28 - Nothing ...... she said surprised me

12. ----
that
what
Q29 - I was to blame for everything ....... went wrong
what
that
----
Q30 - You'll have to try to get in touch with the
person ..... is responsible for staff training
----
who
which
Q31 - The man ........ wanted to see you left a few
minutes ago
----
who
which
Q32 - There were three applicants, none of ..... seemed
very competent
which
----
whom
Q33 - A lot of people were offended by the jokes ......
he told
where
that
who
Q34 - He works for a firm ...... produces software
that
----
who

13. Q35 - Companies ......shareholders control them have
little possibility of making their own decisions
that
whose
who