Nutrient requirements needed by cattle

1. BASIC BEEF CATTLE NUTRITION
Margie Lumanggaya-Bibat, MSA

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7. Why cows chewing their cud?
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13. Cattle Eating Habit
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14. What is Nutrition?
• Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of
food by the body processes which transforms food into
body tissues and energy.
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15. Utilization
Nutrients are utilized by the animals for:
Maintenance
Growth
Production
Reproduction
Health control
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16. Importance
• To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs
• And convert them to desirable products such as meat,
milk, eggs, fiber and work.
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17. What is Nutrient?
• A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in
the support of life and makes it possible for animals to
grow or provide energy for physiological processes.
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18. Digestible Nutrient
• The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down
(digested) and absorbed and used by the body.
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19. Feed Composition
• Feedstuff
composition, such as
water, carbohydrate,
protein, and fat,
helps determine how
cattle perform.
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Fig. 1 feed components

20. What nutrients does a cow needs?
•Water
•Protein
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids/Fats
•Minerals
•Vitamins
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ENERGY
(calories)

21. Factors affecting nutrients requirements
 Age
 Size
 Breed (Brahman influence, maternal)
 Stage of production (growing, gestating, lactating)
 Level of Production (milk, growth rate)
 Environment
 Thermal stress (insulation)
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22. Nutrients and Their functions
 Water
 the most important nutrient needed for all
animals.
 makes up more than one-half of most
animals’ bodies.
 It forms the basis of fluids in the body and is
essential for processes such as digestion,
blood circulation, and waste elimination.
 helps dissolve nutrients and also regulates
body temperature through perspiration and
evaporation.
 can be obtained from feed sources such as
forage.
 Beef cattle: 7-12 gallons per head
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Water requirements for CATTLE
 as weight increase, the amount of water needed also increases.
 Following are some thumb rules on water intake that may be
helpful.
 Daily water intake may vary from 3 to 30 gallons per day
depending on age, body size (weight), stage of production,
and the environment (mainly air temperature).
 As a rule of thumb, consumption will range from 1 gallon per
100 pounds of body weight during cold weather to nearly 2
gallons per 100 pounds of body during the hottest weather.
 Lactating cows require nearly twice as much water compared
to dry cows.
 Clean fresh water free of manure, dirt, and other debris is
important.

24. Nutrients and Their functions
 Carbohydrates
 are nutrients that provide the main source of
energy for activities the body performs.
 provides energy for growth, maintenance,
and reproduction.
 Help produce body heat for warmth.
 Come from plants and include sugars,
starches, and cellulose.
 main sources of carbohydrates in feed are
grains such as corn, oats, wheat, barley, rye,
and grain sorghum. Forages and hay are
also sources of carbohydrates.
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25. Nutrients and Their functions
 Protein
 is made up of amino acids that are necessary for healthy animals.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and are used for the
formation of tissues and muscle production.
 is needed for healthy growth, reproduction, and maintenance.
 can be obtained from both plant and animal sources.
 often the most expensive ingredient in feed.
• Crude protein refers to the total amount of protein in a feed while
digestible protein is the protein that can be digested and used by an
animal.
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26.  Plant proteins are more common in livestock feeds and include
soybean, cottonseed, linseed, peanut, and sunflower seed
meals.
 can be obtained from legume hays such as alfalfa or clover.
• Legumes are plants that produce or fix their own nitrogen.
 Sources of animal protein include tankage, fish meal, meat
scraps, and milk products.
 Animals need different amounts of protein, depending the on
needs. For example, young, growing animals need more protein
than older animals.
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Sources of Protein

27.  Lipids/Fats
fats are needed in small amounts they are a necessary part of
the diet.
provide energy and store excess energy.
help produce body heat and carry fat-soluble vitamins in the
body.
• Many sources of proteins are also sources of fats.
Fats are found in both plants and animals.
• Plant fats include oils that are within seeds, which are the
main source of fats in agricultural feeds.
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Nutrients and Their functions

28.  Lipids/Fats
fats are needed in small amounts they are a necessary part of
the diet.
provide energy and store excess energy.
help produce body heat and carry fat-soluble vitamins in the
body.
• Many sources of proteins are also sources of fats.
Fats are found in both plants and animals.
• Plant fats include oils that are within seeds, which are the
main source of fats in agricultural feeds.
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Nutrients and Their functions

29. • Minerals
 Primarily found in bones and teeth
 Important in blood for the carrying of oxygen
 Regulates heartbeat with potassium, sodium and calcium
 macrominerals
 microminerals
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Nutrients and Their functions

30.  Macrominerals
• are needed in larger amounts by the body
• calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and
potassium.
• They are required at comparatively high levels described as
per cent of diet or grams per day.
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Nutrients and Their functions

31.  Microminerals
 They are required only in very small amounts.
 Some minerals fed in excess amounts may cause a
deficiency in others
 Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Cobalt, Iodine,
Molybdenum, Selenium, Fluorine
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Nutrients and Their functions

32. • Vitamins
 Are only needed in small amounts
 Are essential for life and health
 Provide a defense against disease, promote
growth and reproduction
 Contribute to the general health of the animal
 Vit. A, B, C, D, K, E etc
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Nutrients and Their functions

33. Feed Resources
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FEED RESOURCES
Crop
Residues
Feed
Additives
Grazing
Areas
Fodders
By-
Products
Grains/Oil
seeds

34. Feed Classifications
1. Roughages
2. Concentrates
3. Supplements
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35. Common feeds for Ruminants
Forages
 is the natural cheapest
feeds for ruminants and
includes
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36. By-products roughages
• Most of these are highly
fibrous (rice straw, corn
tops, cane tops), low in
CP and TDN and have
poor digestion.
• Other source of
roughages includes
Alfalfa, Clover, Soybean,
Oat hay, Corn Silage
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Rice tops
Cane tops
Corn tops

37. Concentrate
• Unlike in developed countries,
little amount of grain is fed
ruminants locally. Copra meal,
rice bran, wheat pollard are
commonly used by-product
concentrates, contain from 20%
as in case of molasses to 21%
in copra meal.
• Other source of concentrates
includes Corn, Cottonseed,
Barley, Oats, Sorghum
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Copra meal
Wheat pollard
Rice bran

38. Use of Urea in Ruminant ration
• Urea has long used as partial protein
source ruminants in other countries.
• The following guidelines are
recommended for safe use of urea.
a. 1% of the ration (DM basis)
b. 2.3% of the concentrate mixture,
(air-dry basis) or
c. 25.30% of the total dietary protein
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39. Feeding Management
 An Art that need to know;
• Requirements of the animal according to milk yield &
lactation stages
• Nutrient composition of available feeds and
• How to combine different feeds to match the animal
requirements
 Should be
• Balanced approach
• Cost effective
• Sustainable
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40. Improvement in Utilization of Feed Resources
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41. Feeding Beef Cattle at different life stages
(Start from Pregnancy to End of Lactation Period)
• Calf Nutrition
Calves are born as
monogastric animals (simple
stomach)
So offer feed that must be
easy to digest (high quality
digestable proteins, energy,
vitamins and minerals)
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42. Calf Nutrition
• Energy is important first two
weeks because can not digest
starch, sugar or unsaturated fats.
• Colostrum feed at first feeding to
get higher amounts of protein,
minerals, immunoglobulins, and
antibodies. Lines to walls of
digestive tract to protect against
diseases.
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43. • Grains (Dry Matter)
stimulate production of
VFAs in rumen
• (acetic, propionic, butyric)
• Digestive system develops
from 2 weeks until 4-6
months and calf evolves
into ruminant
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Calf Nutrition

44. Heifer Nutrition
• Nutrition is important at this time
because reproduction depends on
sound, healthy animals.
• If underfed, diseased or have
parasites then puberty is delayed.
Low energy will lead to ovarian
inactivity. Low protein will cause
irregular or silent heats.
• 30-40% of adult weight at breeding
age (13-15 months)
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45. • Pasture is a good choice of forage
(high energy and less expensive)
• 3 lbs concentrate/ day
• 12% crude protein, 15% crude fiber
and .41% Calcium at 6 months,
.29% Calcium at 12 months
• Final 3 months of pregnancy heifer
will need extra nutrients for
developing calf
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Heifer Nutrition

46. Dry Cow Nutrition
• Low energy diet (less expensive)
• Pasture often used
• Important for successful lactation to follow
• Restore body energy and nutrient reserves
• Want to maintain 3+ to 4- body condition score
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47. Feeding in Pregnancy (Last 2 months)
For;
 Rapid growing foetus
 Develop body reserves for use in subsequent lactation
How;
 Give rest if in milk (forced drying)
 Feed concentrate 2 kg/day + good quality fodder, restrict
straw
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48. Close-up cows
• Move cows and heifers to
close-up pen at 2 weeks
before calving
• High dry matter intake to gain
nutrients for cow and calf to
reduce metabolic problems
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49. • Start grain feeding
• Increase CP to 15%
• Limit added fat 100 gm/d
• Low energy with adequate levels of minerals vitamins and
protein and watch forage levels (<50% DM)
• Decrease metabolic problems and maintain condition while not
lactating
• Decrease Calcium to begin to use stored Ca to prepare for
lactation changes
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Close-up cows

50. Early lactation (First 60 days)
• Most critical period
• Period of peak milk yield
• Higher the peak yield more will be the milk yield
throughout lactation until drying off.
• Good quality forage
• Maintain healthy level of fiber
• Avoid high starch level
• Undegradeable protein & digestible fiber
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51. Lactating Cows
• Highest energy diet (most
expensive)
• Supports not only growth,
reproduction and maintenance
but also production
• Free feed at all times to
increase and support
production
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52. Consequences of Feed Restriction in early
lactation as a traditional practice
• Low peak milk production & total lactation yield
• Drastic body weight losses in high potential cows
leading to;
• Metabolic diseases ( milk fever, acetonaemia, red water
disease etc)
• Delayed estrus resumption
• Long dry period
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53. Suggestions
• Select & mix different ingredients on basis of nutritional
profile for making concentrate mixture (change from
cakes to meals, e.g. SBM)
• Always add minerals especially take care of Calcium &
Phosphorus ratio in the rations
• Plan your feeding program to raise the peak milk yield
• Never restrict feed & water soon after parturition
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54. Suggestions
• Avoid large fluctuation in green fodder supply through
hay and silage making
• Make best use of local feed resources with relevant
supplementation & conservation
• Improve feeding value of straw through urea treatment
for fodder scarcity period
• Use feed additives to boost milk production.
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55. REFERENCE:
• Pressery, January 7, 2019, Why should I buy “grass-fed beef”?, Retrieved from
https://www.pressery.com/blog/2019/1/4/why-should-i-buy-grass-fed-beef.
• Courtney Horvath, Oct. 22, 2018, Ruminant Digestive System, Retrieved
fromhttps://prezi.com/p/wdycmkcnsbtp/ruminant-digestive-system/
• De Laval Milk production, March 18, 2007, Cow comfort: 11) Drinking, Retrieved from
http://www.milkproduction.com/Library/Scientific-articles/Housing/Cow-comfort-11/
• Dr. Rick Rasby, July 19, 2016, How much water do cows drink per day?, Retrieved from
https://beef.unl.edu/amountwatercowsdrink#:~:text=As%20a%20rule%20of%20thumb,water%20compared%20to%20dr
y%20cows.
• Hobby Farm, All Hay Is Not Equal: Choose Your Livestock’s Carefully, Retrieved from https://www.hobbyfarms.com/all-
hay-is-not-equal-choose-your-livestocks-carefully/
• Dreamstime, 2020, Corn Tops Tasles, Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-corn-tops-tasles-stalks-
blowing-breeze-image97924036
• Dairy Knowledge Portal, Sugarcane tops, Retrieved from https://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/sugarcane-tops
• Mawahab, 2018, Effect of Roughage Feed on Cattle Body Weight Gain, Retrieved from
https://steemit.com/steemstem/@mawahab/effect-of-roughage-feed-on-cattle-body-weight-gain
• Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute,
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afbini.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fconcentrate-feeding-dry-
period-has-no-effect-performance-and-health-next-
lactation&psig=AOvVaw1DfOJ_POn8hwv5yy4lJUOk&ust=1599392237230000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0Qjh
xqFwoTCOCPpMf20esCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
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56. REFERENCE:
• Roxanne Dickerson, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle - MP 391 Overview, Retrieved from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8361258/
• Dr.Ashraf Sahibzada, Apr 1, 2010, Using urea in straw part-2 Dr.Ashraf Sahibzada, Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6Z8C8AUQJ8
• Polifar Group Limited, 2013, Cattle Use Urea 46% Feed Additives, Retrieved from
https://polifarfeedadditive.en.made-in-china.com/product/zjvmuJNwSXWO/China-Cattle-Use-Urea-46-Feed-
Additives.html
• West Grains Trading, 2013, Wheat Pollard, Retrieved from http://westgrains.ph/product/wheat-pollard/
• Alibaba.com, 2012, Grade 1 Rice Bran for sale , Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/Grade-1-Rice-Bran-for-sale_50047503282.html
• Jos Livestock PTY ltd., http://www.josephlivestocksptyltd.com/product/philippines-copra-filipino-copra-
manufacturers-made-in-philippines/
• Alamy, 26 July 2016, Close View Of Growing Up Young Stalk's Tops Of Corn Maize Plant On The Agricultural
Field In Spring Summer - Image ID: GYFKTG, Retrieved from https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-close-view-
of-growing-up-young-stalks-tops-of-corn-maize-plant-on-120202784.html
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Faces.nmsu.edu%2Fpubs%2F_circulars%2FCR571%2
F&psig=AOvVaw10dZbkwuqgytnBdizcdpS-
&ust=1599392614657000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCIDs8JP40esCFQAAAAAdAAAAAB
AD
• Marcy Ward, Beef Cattle Supplement Delivery Systems, Retrieved from
https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_circulars/CR571/
• Road to discovery, August 8, 2012, Turning into a Cow?, Retrieved from
https://kushsrivastava.com/2012/08/08/turning-into-a-cow/
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57. Thank You
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