Winter Canola in Oklahoma by Brian Caldbeck, M.Sc.

Winter Canola in Oklahoma

Specific Considerations for Winter
Canola in the States Climate, Soils
and existing Crop Rotations

Caldbeck Consulting LLC ©

Winter Canola : Components of Yield

Phase 1: Plant Population Density
WATER

YIELD NUTRIENTS

Phase 2: Number of Pods / Plant
Number of Seeds / Pod
Individual Seed Weight


Nutrient and Water Needs for 45 bu. /ac.
2250 lb./ac. Winter Canola (approx)
Water (inches/ac.) Nutrients (lb./ac.)
Total: 9” to 11 ” from rain N: 120 -140 (3lb./bu. YG)
or soil reserves.
P & K Removal Basis
25% in fall (6 to 8 leaf)
75% in spring. P2O5: 30 to 35 (NRCS)
April 10th to June 10th K: 27 to 30 (NRCS)
1/10th “ to 15/100th “ per
day or 6 to 8 inches water
(start of flowering to
maturity)


Relative Water Requirements or
Transpiration Coefficient Ranges

• Corn: 2500 to 3000 gal. / bu. (56lb)
• Winter Canola: 4900 to 5300 gal. / bu. (50lb.)
( 75% in spring)
• Winter Wheat: 4900 to 5300 gal. / bu. (60 lb.)
(75% in spring)


Climatological Data Oklahoma


Winter Canola: A Biomass
and Oil Production Facility
For high yields, winter
canola exerts huge
demands on moisture. 6
to 8“ equivalent in 65 -75
days from beginning of
flowering to maturity
70 -90 lb. accumulation of
total dry matter / day (30
lb. seed / day) in a 45
bu./ac. crop plus high
rates of oil biosynthesis.
With optimal nutrients,
water, temperatures and
high yield potential
genetics dry matter
formation and seed yield
can double over numbers
above

Winter Canola Root Structures

Compacted Soil Loamy Sand with Silty Loam with Clay loam , ideal
Poor structure minimal water good fertility and root environment,
Devoid of oxygen nutrient and oxygen permeability for good infiltration of
in subsoil storage capacity water and oxygen water and aerated
sub-soil


SOIL TYPES
versus
Plant Available Field Capacity “ Water
(Estimates)

Sand Sandy Loam Silty Clay Clay
Sandy Silt Sand Loam
Effective
Root Zone " 24 28 40 44 40
Plant available
field capacity " 2.2 5.2 6.8 6.6 5.6
Range " 1.2 to 3.3 4.4 to 5.7 6.8 6.0 to 7.5 5.6


Plant Population Density as influenced
by Seeding/Planting Operations
VIABLE PLANTS / AC. PLANTS / AC.


PRIMARY CHALLENGE TO
SUCCESS OF WINTER CANOLA

T
DELTA T
80-90°F Southern US Regions
vs.
30-50 °F Spring Canola Regions


Establishing Winter Canola in
Oklahoma Winter Wheat Stubbles
Conventional or Min-Till No-Till
• Accelerate wheat straw • Chemical Fallow
degradation ↓allelopathy • Moisture retention /
• Encourage weed/volunteer accumulation in profile
seed bank • Very difficult to establish
germination/reduction viable stand in heavy wheat
residue even with no-till
• Water table/salinity wheat drills; allelopathy
• Incorporation of fertility, • Burning residue counter-
manure, litter or lime productive to soil fertility and
• Stale seedbed eliminates carbon balance of the crop for
excessive soil disturbance processors.
resulting in optimum depth • Better depth control /
control and consolidation consolidation

ALLELOPATHY
WHEAT RESIDUE LEACHATES INHIBIT CANOLA GERMINATION AND
GROWTH

S.E. Bruce1, J.A. Kirkegaard1, S. Cormack2 and J. Pratley2.
1CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601.
2 Farrer Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678.
ABSTRACT
Aqueous extracts of undecomposed residues of 2 wheat varieties
(cv. Janz and Swift) were tested for their effect on the germination
and radicle growth of lupins, oats and canola. Overall, the wheat
residues were more toxic to canola than the other species although
varietal differences were also evident. Both wheat cultivars caused
greater inhibition of radicle growth of the canola cultivars than the
other species. Extracts of Janz were more toxic to canola cv. Oscar
germination than the other species while Swift was more toxic to
oats cv. Echidna germination. These observations may explain the
poor emergence and vigour of canola sown into wheat straw.
Selection of canola varieties tolerant to wheat stubble phytotoxins
may be possible for increasing the yield potential of canola crops in
a wheat-canola rotation.
10th Intl. Rapeseed Congress, Canberra Australia, 1999
CALDBECK CONSULTING ©

Seeding Winter Canola with
Wheat Seeders
Single or Double Disc Openers
Narrow Seed Distribution 0.5 to 1.0”
vs.
Shovel/Sweep Openers 4” to 6”
Seed Spread (Northern Plains)
Wheat seeders in OK primarily
designed to seed in excess of 50 lb.
seed per acre

Winter Canola:
Seeds per lb. Variations


LINEAR
DISTRIBUTION
OF SEEDS, FIXED
WEIGHT PER
ACRE


Fluted Roller Metering Mechanisms
Geared down to very low rpm
resulting in “Dumping” of multiple
seeds down seed tube
Bunching of
Small Seed
Fluted
metering
roller


DRILLING
OR
SPILLING??

SPACING ISSUE
FURTHER MAGNIFIED
WITH SMALLER
SEED


Poor uniformity in Emergence,
Pounding Rain on structure less soil


“Throwing” Seed at a Poor Seedbed!!


Intra Row Clustering of Plants: Seeding on a “lbs. per acre basis”

Winter Canola: Yield Elasticity versus
Harvested Plant Population
Seeded at 3.2 lb. seed / ac. Seeded at 5.0 lb. / ac.
Hybrid Sitro: 70k seeds/lb. Hybrid Sitro 70k seeds/lb.
Yield 60 bu./ac. Yield 60 bu.ac

Commercial Winter Canola Production

Over-seeding Winter Canola is
counter-intuitive
• Manifestation of non-regular linear distribution of
plants within the canopy which is proven to decrease
yields (Huehn, 1998)
• Greater than optimal fall stands create severe inter-
plant competition; this has been demonstrated to
reduce the yield potential of the remaining viable
spring plants by 50 to 100% (Stoy 1983)
• Excessive or non-regular density influences crown
height which in turn influences plant viability and
stand loss

Hypocotyl Extension or
Elevated Crown ruptured by
Spring freeze/thaw cycles


Healthy Plant: Identical Conditions,
Frozen Soil Surrounding Stem
Preventing
Physical Rupturing.


Accu-Sul Elemental Sulfur


Treated Winter Canola Seed Blended with Tiger 90 Accu-Sul


John Deere Seeder with Retrofitted
Small Seed Attachment

Note: The large box on this seeder was being used to meter a Urea:MAP
starter blend into the 7.5” rows.

No-Till Winter Canola
(Wheat Seeders)
Limited Success in Heavy Wheat Residue
Limited Success in Heavy Corn Stalks

Acceptable Performance in Bean Stubble (not a very
common rotation) Silage Corn or Cotton Stalks


Stems at Physiological Maturity


Vascular Damage


Planting Winter Canola With Row
Crop Equipment
• Depth Control
• Residue management with Row Cleaners
• Extensive Research on Row Width Flexibility


TALL ORDER
FOR A
ROW CROP
PLANTER!


Plates Used In Vacuum
Planter Assembly


Strip-Till fb Planter in 2011 Wheat Stubbles


Strip-Till in Winter Wheat Stubble


Strip-Till into Corn Stalks

OKLAHOMA KANSAS


Regular No-Till in Corn Stalks


Twin Row: 7.5”/22.5”

Courtesy: RUBISCO SEEDS LLC ©


MAY OR SEPTEMBER??


20” Row No-Till Winter Canola


Additional Benefits of Row Cropping
Winter Canola
• Fertility Efficiency through Banding P & N
• High output equipment: tight planting window
• White Mold Management air/stalk diameter
• Precise Seed rates matched to moisture/soils
• Residue reflectance/moderation of soil temps
• Moisture Conservation with No-Till
• Superb Depth Control on Row Units


Planting Date and Plant Population
10/22/2009 10/15/2009


Phase 1 vs Phase 2 Yield Components

Phase 1 Phase 2
• Building the Yield Potential • Preserving the Yield Potential
• Strong Viable Plants • Number Pods / Plant
• Extensive Root Systems • Number of Seeds / Pod
• Uniform Distribution • Weight of Seeds
• Residue Management
• Optimal Nutrient Supply
• Weed and Insect Mgt.

Caldbeck Consulting ©

“Constricting the Fuel Line” through a
lag in rate of Photosynthesis
Source (Leaf Area Index 3 to 4)
High Metabolic Rates
Potential for Significant
Yield Loss

Photosynthesis Sink
40% due to shading
and reflection of light
until pods become light
active Caldbeck Consulting ©

Rate of Photosynthesis adjusts upwards as Pod Area Index
increases resulting in stabilization of Yield Potential


Evaluation of Winter Canola Germplasm

Average of Plot Entries
(3 years)

2006 2007 2008
OP 49.96 56.28 71.95
Hybrid 63.08 75.61 88.38
Plot 52.07 58.61 75.2
average


Heterosis or Hybrid Vigor In OK Winter
Canola: Current Status
Hybrids have demonstrated excellent yields in
Oklahoma State University Trials over multiple
years, frequently noted for their vigorous fall
establishment.

Commercial adaptation of hybrids is just beginning
as experienced farmers look toward increasing the
profitability of their winter canola enterprises
through increased bushels and higher seed oil
contents.

Winter Canola Herbicide Research
2010-2011


Variable Maturity: Soil Types, Rolling


Middle 1/3 of Pods on main stem: 90% Seeds Color changed


Top Pods on Main Stem: 10% Seed Color Change


Pre-Harvest Desiccation with Diquat @ 20 gpa carrier volume


Direct Harvesting Desiccated Winter Canola


Direct Harvesting with Vertical Side Knife


THANK YOU!
WISHING YOU CONTINUED SUCCESS
WITH
OKLAHOMA WINTER CANOLA

Brian Caldbeck: Caldbeck Consulting LLC
brian.caldbeck@caldbeckconsulting.com

Winter Canola in Oklahoma by Brian Caldbeck, M.Sc.

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